AGENDA

• Introduction to Grundfos
• Basic pump theory
• Q&A
• Lunch
• Market and application introduction:
• Industry products
• Application areas
• Cases
• Q&A
 Different types of centrifugal pumps
Single-stage

Inline single-stage Horizontal norm pump Horizontal norm pump

TP range long-coupled close-coupled
NK and NKG range NB and NBG range
 Different types of centrifugal pumps
Multistage

Horizontal multistage pump

CM range

Vertical inline Immersible Submersible

multistage pump multistage pump multistage pump
CR range SP range
MTR range
 Other pump designs

Centrifugal Positive displacement Dosing pump

wastewater pump pump
DME range
SE range NOVAlobe range
Construction of pump curves

m3
 Effects of reducing speed

n1= 2900 rpm

Q1 x (n2/n1) = Q2
4
2 x (1450/2900) = 1 m³/h
n2= 1450 rpm
H1 x (n2/n1)2 = H2
4 x (1450/2900)2 = 1 m 1

P1 x (n2/n1)3 = P2
1 x (1450/2900)3 = 0,125 kW P2
1

0,125

1 2 Q
Pump curve

PH

ηP

P2
Power formula
Where ;
PH is the hydraulic power in Watt

PH  Q x H x g x ρ / 3600 Q is the flow in m³/h

P2  PH / η P H is the head in meter

g is the acceleration of gravity 9.81 m/s
P1  P2 / η M ρ is the density of the liquid in kg/m³
or P2 is the power input to the pump or the power

P1  U x I x cos  x 3 output from the motor

P is the efficiency of the pump in the duty point
M is the efficiency of the motor
P1 is the power input to the motor
U is the voltage on the main grid in Volt
I is the current from the main grid in Amp.
Cosφ is the power factor
Efficiency curve

P
P = PH / P2
Efficiency curve
Pumps connected in parallel - Equal sized pumps
Pumps connected in parallel - Equal sized pumps

"Steep"
A. pipe characteristics
Not suitable

B. "Flat" pipe characteristics

Suitable

Q
Pumps connected in parallel - Different sized pumps
Pumps connected in series - Equal sized pumps
Pumps connected in series - Equal sized pumps

"Steep"
A. pipe characteristics
Suitable

"Flat" pipe characteristics

Not suitable

B.

Q
Pumps connected in series - Different sized pumps
Closed system
Open system with positive geodetic head
Open system with negative geodetic head
 Adaptation of
Pump Performance to
Actual Duty Point
Bypass control
Bypass control
Throttle control
Throttle control
Throttle
control
Δh = valve loss

P2 in duty point
is 76,6 kW
 Modifying impeller diameter

2 2 4
Qn D  H D  P D  η
  n  ; n   n  ; n   n  ; n  1
Qx  Dx  Hx  DX  Px  Dx  ηx
 Modifying impeller diameter

2 2 4
Qn D  H D  P D  η
  n  ; n   n  ; n   n  ; n  1
Qx  Dx  Hx  DX  Px  Dx  ηx
Modifying
impeller
diameter
 Speed control

2 3
Qn nn Hn  nn  Pn  nn  ηn
 ;    ;    ;  1
Q x n x Hx  n x  Px  n x  η x
 Speed control

2 3
Qn nn Hn nn Pn nn ηn
 ;   ;   ;  1
Q x nx Hx nx  Px n x η x
 Effects of variable speed

n1= 2900 rpm

Q1 x (n2/n1) = Q2
10
25 x (1450/2900) = 12,5
n2= 1450 rpm
H1 x (n2/n1)2 = H2
10 x (1450/2900)2 = 2,5 2,5

P1 x (n2/n1)3 = P2
1,2 x (1450/2900)3 = 0,15 P2
1,2

0,15

12,5 25 Q
 Speed control

0,1
n 
η x  1  (1  η n ) x  n 
 nx 
Speed
control
Speed control
Oversynchronous operation
Speed control - Oversynchronous operation

New duty-point;
Q = 450 m³/h @ H = 57,5 m
Speed control - Oversynchronous operation
New duty point: 450 m³/h @ 57.5 m head.
Needed power in the new duty point

Q x h x gx ρ 450 x 57,5 x 9,82 x 1000

P2    89.005Watt  89kW
3600 x η p 3600 x 0,793

Needed speed to2 reach the duty2 point

n  H2 x n 1 57,5 x 2980 2
H2  H1 x  2  ;n 2    3.101rpm
 n1  H1 53,1

Needed frequency
f x 60 n x p 3101 x 1
n2  ;f  2   51,7Hz
p 60 60
Suction Conditions
Suction Conditions

What is the maximum depth from which a

pump can draw water?

h; Max. suction lift

Hb ; 10.13m [barometric pressure]
Hf; Friction loss in pipes and foot valve
Hv; Vapour pressure
NPSH
Hs; Safety margin = minimum 0.5 meter

h = Hb – Hf – Hv – NPSH - Hs
 What is NPSH ? - Net Positive Suction Head

Δh = NPSH
 What is NPSHA ?

NPSHA 
Pabs , in  Pvapour 
g

NPSHA Δh ~ NPSHR

NPSHA > NPSHR

 Cavitation and NPSH

Imploding
vapour bubbles

a = front of impeller vanes a = front of impeller vanes

b = back of impeller vanes b = back of impeller vanes
Calculation of risk of cavitation

h; Max suction lift

Hb ; 10.13m [barometric pressure]
Hf; Friction loss in pipes and foot valve
Hv; Vapour pressure
NPSH
Hs; Safety margin = minimum 0.5 meter

h = Hb – Hf – Hv – NPSHR - Hs
Viscosity and density
 Viscosity - How to measure it ?
Dynamic viscosity: Is called centipoises (cP) and is measured in Pa·s.
Kinematic viscosity: Is called centistokes (cSt) and is measured in mm 2/s

Example.
Water has a viscosity of 1 cSt at 20°C, while motor oil typically has a viscosity of more than 500 cSt at the same temperature.

cP 73
cSt    68,8mm 2 / s
Specificgravity 1,061

centistokes (cSt) is the unit used when sizing a pump in WinCaps/WebCaps, as it influences the pump curve.

centipoises cP relates to the lubricating capability of a liquid. We therefore use cP when discussing a medium’s
ability to lubricate the bearings in a pump.
Density
Density is a measure of the weight of a liquid.
Normally measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3.
 Viscosity and density influence on the pump

Grundfos recommendations:

The minimum permitted viscosity for a pump depends on the

pump model. It is therefore recommended to refer to the
relevant pump data booklet for the specific value.

For example, Grundfos CR pumps are capable of pumping

liquids with a viscosity down to 0.15 cP while remaining
sufficiently lubricated.