University of Sharjah

Dept. of Civil and Env. Eng.

Chapter 5
Pumps &
Hydraulic Control Devices

Dr. Mohsin Siddique

Email: msiddique@sharjah.ac.ae
Dr. Tarek Merabtene
Email: tmerabtene@sharjah.ac.ae
1
Pumps
 Pumps convert mechanical energy to fluid energy

 A pump usually refers to a machine used for incompressible fluids

(water, oil); fans, blowers

 Types of pumps
 Positive displacement
 Centrifugal pump
 Axial flow pump
 Mixed flow pump

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Pumps: Types

 Positive Displacement Pump

 These types of pumps displace fixed

volumes of fluid during each cycle or
revolution of the pump.

 No longer used for distribution system

pumping in most water systems, but
portable units may be used for
dewatering excavations during
construction.

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Pumps: Types
 Centrifugal Pump

 Frequently used in water

distribution systems.

 Water enters the pump through

the eye of the spinning impeller
and goes outward from the
vanes to discharge pipe.

 A centrifugal pump consists of: a

rotating element (impeller) and
housing which encloses the
impeller and seals the
pressurized liquid.

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Pumps: Types
 Axial Flow pumps

 In axial-flow pumps, the flow

enters and leaves the pump
chamber along the axis of the
impeller, as shown in Figure

 In mixed flow pumps,

outflows have both radial and
axial components.

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 Total
dynamic
head
(TDH)

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Head Developed by Pump

Head developed by a pump. In this case ps/γ is negative.

The net head h delivered by the pump to the fluid
 pd Vd2   ps Vs2 
h  H d  H s     zd      z s 
  2g    2g 
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Performance of Pump
 Head and Capacity (Q)
 BHP (Brake Horsepower) and Capacity
 Efficiency and Capacity
 NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) and Capacity

(Q)
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Pump Curve vs System Curve

With increasing discharge (Q) head losses (hL) in pipeline increase

and at the same time head provided (h) by pump reduce.

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Specific Speed
 For pumps, the commonly used definition of specific speed (also called
shape number), ns , is given by

 where any consistent set of units can be used. In SI units, w is in rpm, Q in

m3/s, g in m/s2, and hp in meters.

 It is common practice in the United States to define the specific speed,

Ns, as

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Specific Speed Eqs.

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 Problem 1:
 It is desired to deliver 100L/s at a head of 270m with a single stage pump.
 (a). What would be the minimum rotative speed that could be used.
Assuming that the minimum practical specific speed, Ns, is 10.
 (b). For the conditions of (a) how many stages must the pump (Ns=10)
have if a rotative speed of 600 rpm is to be used.

Q1/ 2
3/ 4
N s hp
a. Ns  3/ 4
 
hp Q1/ 2
10270
3/ 4
  2106 rpm
100 / 10001/ 2

b.
Q1/ 2 6000.1
1/ 2
   19
3/ 4
hp
Ns 10
Total Reqd. Stages=270/50.6=5.34
hp  50.6m per stage 6 stage are required

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Total Dynamic Head
 To determine the size of the pump, one must know the total dynamic head
that the pump is expected to provide.
 Total dynamic head (TDH) consists of
 The difference between the center line of the pump and the height to
which water must be raised.
 The difference between the suction pool elevation and centerline of the
pump
 Frictional losses in the pump and fitting
 Velocity head
 Mathematically, it can be written as;
TDH = Hs + HL + Hv
 Hs = Total static head (difference between elevations of pumping source and point of delivery
 HL = Friction losses in pipes and fittings
 Hv = Velocity head due to pumping

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Total Dynamic Head (Head Added by Pump)

 If a pump has been selected, Bernoulli’s equation can be rearranged to solve

for the head added by a pump

P2  P1 V22  V12
ha    Z 2  Z1   h f
 
 Where,
ha =head added by pump (TDH)
hf = head loss in attached pipe and fittings
P =Atmospheric pressure
V =velocity
Z =elevation

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Calculation of the theoretical required
power of a pump

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Calculation for Pump Efficiency

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 Head Added by Pump

 Problem 2: A pump is being used to

deliver 35gpm of hot water from a tank
through 50feet of 1-inch diameter smooth
pipe, exiting through a ½ inch nozzle 10
feet above the level of tank. The head loss 10’ 50’
due to friction in the pipe is 26.7 feet. The
specific weight of water is 60.6 lb/ft3.
 Determine the head added by pump.
Calculate the power delivered to
water by the pump? If the
efficiency is 60%, calculate the
power delivered to the pump

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Pump Power and Efficiency

 Power

 Efficiency

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 e=0.046mm

Apply energy eq. at water

level in both tanks, we get
 P V 2  P V 2
Z     hp   Z     HL
  2g     2 g 
 1  2
26 h p  Z  H L
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28
 1  e / D 5.74 
 2 log  0.9 
f  3.7 Re 

e/ D
e

e/ D
30
e/ D
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Pumps in Series and Parallel

 Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide an

additional head or flow rate capacity.
Pumps in Series

 When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their

resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding
their heads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.

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Pumps in Parallel

 When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their

resulting performance curve is obtained by adding their
flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.

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Variable Speed Pump (Affinity law)
Cavitation

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Cavitation
For any operating pump,
a cavitation parameter, σ,
is defined by the relation:

where hp is the head added by

the pump.
For all pumps, there is a critical
value of the cavitation parameter,
σc below which cavitation in the
pump can be expected to occur.
This critical value of the cavitation
parameter is usually provided by
the pump manufacturer and
generally places a limit on the Values of σc as a function of
operating range of the pump specific speed
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 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• The absolute dynamic head at the pump inlet (suction) in
excess of the vapor pressure

Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) can be defined as two parts:

• NPSH Available (NPSHA): The absolute pressure at the suction port of the pump. NPSHA is
a function of your system and must be calculated,
• NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum pressure required at the suction port of the pump
to keep the pump from cavitation. NPSHR s a function of the pump and must be provided
by the pump manufacturer.
** NPSHA MUST be greater than NPSHR for the pump system to operate without cavitation.
You must have more suction side pressure available than the pump requires.
Cavitation

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Cavitation

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Calculation of the theoretical required
power of a pump

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Calculation for Pump Efficiency

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Pump Power and Efficiency

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Pumps in Series and Parallel

 Pumps can be arranged in serial or parallel to provide an

additional head or flow rate capacity.
Pumps in Series

 When two (or more) pumps are arranged in serial their

resulting pump performance curve is obtained by adding
their heads at the same flow rate as indicated in the figure below.

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Pumps in Parallel

 When two or more pumps are arranged in parallel their

resulting performance curve is obtained by adding their
flowrates at the same head as indicated in the figure below.

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Variable Speed Pump (Affinity law)
 Thank You

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Hydraulic Control Devices

 Controls
 Check valve (CV)
 Pressure relief valve
 Pressure reducing valve (PRV)
 Pressure sustaining valve (PSV)
 Flow control valve (FCV)

 Pumps: need a relationship between flow and head

 Reservoirs: infinite source, elevation is not affected
by demand
 Tanks: specific geometry, mass conservation applies
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Check Valve

 Valve only allows flow in one direction

 The valve automatically closes when flow begins to reverse
open closed

 Warning:
Check valves can cause large transient pressure differences if the flow backwards
through them can occur before the check valve closure is complete. Network
transients analysis must be done to check the pressure effect. Note that modern
check valves are better designed to reduce transient pressure.
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Pressure Relief Valve
closed open
pipeline

relief flow

Low pipeline pressure High pipeline pressure

Valve will begin to open when pressure in the pipeline

________ a set pressure (determined by force on the spring).
exceeds
Where high pressure could cause an explosion (boilers, water heaters, …)

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Pressure Regulating Valve
sets maximum pressure downstream

closed open

High downstream pressure Low downstream pressure

Valve will begin to open when the pressure

___________ is _________
downstream less than the set point
pressure (determined by the force of the spring).
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Pressure Sustaining Valve
sets minimum pressure upstream

closed open

Low upstream pressure High upstream pressure

Valve will begin to open when the pressure
________ is _________
upstream greater than the setpoint pressure
(determined by the force of the spring).
Similar to pressure relief valve
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Flow Control Valve (FCV)

 Limits the ____ ___ through

flow rate
the valve to a specified value,
in a specified direction
 Commonly used to limit the
maximum flow to a value that
will not adversely affect the
provider’s system

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 Thank You

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