Production Logging

Tools & Interpretation

Production logging Tools
Introduction & Applications

Tools and sensors

Survey Planning

Interpretation

Software Practice
History

• Cased hole logging began with the use of temperature

surveys to locate fluid entries in a wellbore.

• In the 1940’s, flow rate and pressure measurements were

added to temperature surveys.

• Further development saw the introduction of surface-

recording instruments.
History

• By the mid-1960’s, other PL instruments had been

developed, particularly in multiphase flow.

• Also new interpretation methods evolved for the more

complex flow situations being encountered.

• Today a large suite of PL measurements are available in

both single-phase and multi-phase flows.
Definition & Usage .

• Traditionally: A number of well logging techniques run on

completed injection or production wells.

• Expanded to :Include all applications that start at the early

stages of drilling and that last through the life of the well.
Definition & Usage .

• The purpose: Is to evaluate fluid flow inside and outside

pipe.

• In some cases, to evaluate the well completion directly such

as cement-bond log.

• Cased-hole formation-evaluation logs, are sometimes

regarded as production logs.
Definition & Usage .

• PL traditionally applied for problem well diagnosis.

• In the advanced stages of production, PL is one of the few

means available to monitor the vertical distribution fluids.

• Good well completion are vital to efficient reservoir

performance, PL is a primary method of well evaluation.
Definition & Usage .

• PL like most well tests, rely on indirect measurement to

obtain desired results.

• For this reason, log interpretation is of critical importance in

production logging.

• Almost all PL interpretation relies on an understanding of the

fluid movements in and around the wellbore.
 What is production logging?

Production logging is the measurement of fluid parameters

on zone by zone basis to yield information about the type and

amount of fluids with in wellbore to do reconciliation of

down hole inflow with surface rates and reservoir model.

Applications
PLT
Applications:

• Production and injection profile

distribution.

• Zonal productivity.

• Plugged perforations.
PLT
Applications:

• Changes in the production or injection

profile.
PLT
Applications:

• Changes in flowing fluids: water or Gas breakthrough.

PLT
Applications:

• Source of high:

 GOR

 Water Cut.
PLT
Applications:

• Detection of leaks and cross flow.

PLT
Applications:

• Data for work over planning:

 Repair the well.

 Improve productivity.

• Completion and Treatment

effectiveness.
Production Logging
Tools
Standard PL Tool string
 GAMMA RAY
Depth Correction:

The tool ‘0’ depth is set at surface when the log is run. The first

task in the data QAQC is to set the log data consistently with

the other available information: completion, perforations, etc.

This can be achieved by loading a reference Open-Hole or

cased-Hole Gamma Ray and shifting the acquired data so that

the PL and Open-Hole or Cased-Hole curves overlay.

Pressure max - 15000 psi

Temperature max - 350 F

Single Phase
 CCL
Depth Correction:

An alternative to the Gamma Ray for depth correlation is a CCL measurement that will react

in front of the Casing Collars, at known depths. The magnetic field of the permanent

magnets in the CCL tool becomes distorted as the device passes a casing collar. The distortion

is amplified within the tool and sent up hole.

Pressure max - 25000 psi

Temperature max - 500 F

Single Phase
 CALIPERS
ID calculation :

Calipers are mechanical devices used to calculate the cross-section of the wellbore. They
are critical since the cross-section must be known to convert velocities to flow rates.
Calipers can be integrated in the spinner tool or as a separate device. They usually
measure the diameter in two orthogonal directions; in this case they are referred to as X-
Y calipers. For such calipers, the ID at every depth is calculated as: √(𝑥^2 + 𝑦^2)

Single Phase
 CALIPERS
ID calculation :

Single Phase
 CALIPERS
ID calculation :

**Calipers are critical even in cased-holes with Known ID, as the completion diagram
may not reflect the reality due to Scales or Corrosion. Single Phase
 Pressure
Principle of Measurement (Quartz Pressure Single (QPS)):

Wellbore pressure is transmitted through an isolating metal bellows to a volume of

silicone oil which surrounds the quartz pressure crystal. Changes in hydrostatic
pressure alter the resonant frequency.

Pressure max - 15 000 psi

Temperature max - 350 F Single Phase
 Pressure
Applications:
 For comparison with surface rates
 well stable ?
 Leaks ?

 Gas – Oil – Water contacts

 Using pressure gradient

 Fluid properties at down hole conditions

 The curve reflects changes in the borehole fluid composition (density).
 The major reason to measure the pressure is to be able to accurately
predict the PVT properties of the fluids.

 Well Performance
 Bubble point pressure compared to flowing pressure indicates if gas-liquid
flow is expected
 IPR can be constructed from shut-in pressure and flowing pressure.
Single Phase
 Temperature
Principle of Measurement:
Temperature instrument is based on elements with resistance that vary with temperature,
the variable-resistance element is connected with a constant-current circuit so that a
voltage response proportional to temperature is obtained.

Pressure max : 15 000 psi

Temperature max : 350 F Single Phase
 Temperature
Applications:

• Temperature is one of the most useful “auxiliary" measurements made in production

logging.

• Combined with pressure it helps compute the PVT parameters..

• In addition it will detect very small fluid entries:

 The derivative of temperature VS depth (dT/dZ) can be used to clarify fluid entries in

complex environments.

 Gas entries, for example, are characterized by a sharp reduction in temperature.

• It is the only tool in the string that “sees" behind casing, hence it can be used to detect

channeling.

Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter

Flow meters measure flow……….

Hence they are used to detect flow phenomena , for example:

• Where is the flow coming from?

• Are all perforations flowing?

• Is there cross flow?

• Are there any leaks?

Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Principle of operation :

Include internally located magnet in a coil

which connected to the blades of the spinner. Spinner Output

When the blades rotate, the magnet rotate in t

the coil generating a pulse several times per

revolution measuring the rotational speed of

the blades in RPS .

Spinners are of various types, material and Output in RPS

shapes, depending on usage.

Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Flow meter Types - Diverter Flow meter:
Flow meter funnels the flow of the well through a 1- to 11/2 inch
diameter tube in which a spinner velocity is recorded.

Application:
 Good for low rate > 2000 bbl/d.
 Velocity measurements in the presence of recirculation.

Limitations:
 Station logging only therefore a poor spinner calibration.
 Velocity measurement requires non-linear correction for
deviation and Holdup.
 May affect flow regime.
Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Flow meter Types – Full-bore Spinner:
The full-bore spinner does not, as its name suggests, cover the entire pipe cross section.
Typically a full-bore spinner sweeps only about 40% of the casing cross-sectional area.
The blades collapse in order to pass the tubing and other restrictions.
Application:
 Run for a wide range of flow rates and
completion sizes.
 Leak detection & cross flow.
Advantages:
 X-Y Caliper.
 Horizontal & Highly deviated wells.
 Usable from 41/2” & Above.
Limitations:
 Bottom only tool.
 High rate injection can collapse the blades. Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Flow meter Types – In-Line Spinner:

Application:
 Used to log in completions with restricted
diameters (tubing, Small casing , etc.).
 Log inside sand screen/Slotted liner.
 Tubing leak detection.
 Back up for a full-bore spinner.

Limitations:
 Threshold velocity 3 to 4 times higher than
a full-bore spinner.

Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Flow meter Types – FSI-Mini Spinner:
Used in an array of five mini-spinners recording velocities on the vertical axis of the pipe,
from the bottom to the top.

Application:
 Local measurement of Axial
velocities.
 Measuring phase velocities in
segregated flow.

Limitations:
 Low side spinner is susceptible to
damage by well debris.

Single Phase
 Spinner Flow meter
Spinner Performance- Large Spinners are Better.

Single Phase