Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Analytical Reasoning:
Directions :All LSAT sample analytical resoning questions are based on a passage
or set of conditions. While answering a few of the questions, you would find it
useful to draw a rough diagram. To answer any LSAT sample analytical reasoning
question choose the answer you think is most appropriate among the given options.
Questions 1- 3
Three men (Tom, Peter and Jack) and three women (Eliza, Anne and Karen) are
spending a few months at a hillside. They are to stay in a row of nine cottages,
each one living in his or her own cottage. There are no others staying in the same
row of houses.
1. Anne, Tom and Jack do not want to stay in any cottage, which is at the end
of the row.
2. Eliza and Anne are unwilling to stay besides any occupied cottage..
3. Karen is next to Peter and Jack.
4. Between Anne and Jack's cottage there is just one vacant house.
5. None of the girls occupy adjacent cottages.
6. The house occupied by Tom is next to an end cottage.
1. Which of the above statements can be said to have been derived from
two other statements ?
A. Statement 1
B. Statement 2
C. Statement 3
D. Statement 5
E. Statement 6
Ans : D
Ans : C
3. Which among these statement(s) are true
? I. Anne is between Eliza and Jack.
II. At the most four persons can have occupied cottages on either side
of them. .
III. Tom stays besides Peter.
D. I only
E. II only
F. I and III only
G. II and III only
H. I, II and III
Ans : C
Questions 4 - 7
An employee has been assigned the task of allotting offices to six of the staff
members. The offices are numbered 1 - 6. The offices are arranged in a row and
they are separated from each other by six foot high dividers. Hence voices, sounds
and cigarette smoke flow easily from one office to another.
Miss Robert's needs to use the telephone quite often throughout the day. Mr. Mike
and Mr. Brown need adjacent offices as they need to consult each other often while
working. Miss. Hardy, is a senior employee and has to be allotted the office number
5, having the biggest window. .
Mr. Donald requires silence in the offices next to his. Mr. Tim, Mr. Mike and Mr.
Donald are all smokers. Miss Hardy finds tobacco smoke allergic and
consecutively the offices next to hers to be occupied by non-smokers.
4. The ideal candidate to occupy the office furthest from Mr. Brown would be
A. Miss Hardy
B. Mr. Mike
C. Mr. Tim
D. Mr. Donald
E. Mr. Robert
Ans : D
5. The three employees who are smokers should be seated in the offices.
A. 1, 2 and 4
B. 2, 3 and 6
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1, 2 and 3
E. 1, 2 and 6
Ans : D
6. The ideal office for Mr. Mike would be.
A. 2
B. 6
C. 1
D. 3
E. 4
Ans : D
7. In the event of what occurrence, within a period of one month since the
assignment of the offices, would a request for a change in office be put
forth by one or more employees ?
A. Mr. Donald quitting smoking.
B. The installation of a noisy teletype machine by Miss Hardy in
her office.
C. Mr. Robert's needing silence in the office (s) next to her own. .
D. Mr. Brown suffering from laryngitis.
E. Mr. Tim taking over the duties formerly taken care of by Miss. Robert.
.
Ans : E
Ans : B
9. The above argument would be highly empowered in case it were shown that:
A. Some of the elements in Serum D are extracted from the root of
a certain poisonous jungle wildflower.
B. Within a period of two weeks about 40% of the white mice, who were
injected with a harmless sugar solution also contracted jungle fever.
C. Almost all the white mice died within a period of two days after
the first symptoms appeared.
D. Normally the rate of jungle fever among white mice is less than 0.01%.
E. Invariably the blood of the victims of jungle fever victims contains
a high level of a certain toxic substance also found in serum D.
Ans : E
Ans : C
Questions 11 - 12
11. What response would the author of the above discussion come up with, in
the case of the objection that the weaklings far exceed strong people?
I. He would respond with the statement that the person making the
objection is a weakling.
II. He would respond by saying that weaklings will be miserable no
matter what happens.
III. He would respond with the statement that the strong would
be frustrated if the weaklings are destroyed.
D. I only
E. II only
F. III only
G. I and II only
H. II and III only
Ans : E
Ans : A
Come back with us to the real America leaving behind the turmoil of civilization.
The real America is still inhabited by the eagle, the buffalo, the mountain lion and
elk; it is still spacious, sprawling and majestic. Experience the freedom and serenity
still to be found in
Ans : A
14. The above paragraph is most likely to appear in which of the following?
A. A Hunter's Guide to The United States
B. Exploring the Great Outdoors
C. The Quiet Beauty of Alaska
D. How the Eagle Became Extinct
E. Returning to America
Ans : D
15. When I am elected, I will work towards effecting those changes for which I
have been fighting all these years. We will work together to do away with
the bureaucratic bogs which have existed ever since my opponent took
office. Everyone of you knows what I stand for; I invite my opponent to ...
Ans : B
16. We can never make our beliefs regarding the world certain. Even scientific
theory of a most rigorous and well-confirmed nature is likely to change over
a decade or even tomorrow. If we refuse to even try to understand, then it is
like resigning from the human race. Undoubtedly life of an unexamined kind
is worth living in other respects--as it is no mean thing to be a vegetable or
an animal. It is also true that a man wishes to see this speculative domain
beyond his next dinner.
From the above passage it is clear that the author believes that
Ans : E
Questions 17-21
Two or more essences out of a stock of five essences-- L, M, N, O, and P are used
in making all perfumes by a manufacturer. He has learned that for a blend of
essences to be agreeable it should comply with all the rules listed below.
A perfume containing L, should also contain the essence N, and the quantity of
N should be twice as that of L.
A perfume containing M, must also have O as one of its components and they
should be in equal proportion.
A single perfume should never contain N as well as
O. O and P should not be used together.
A perfume containing the essence P should contain P in such a proportion that the
total amount of P present should be greater than the total amount of the other
essence or essences used.
Ans : D
18. Adding more amount of essence N will make which of the following
perfumes agreeable?
A. One part L, one part N, five parts P
B. Two parts M, two parts N, two parts P
C. One part M, one part N, one part P
D. Two parts M, one part N, four parts P
E. Two parts N, one part O, three parts P
Ans : A
19. Among the following, the addition of which combination would make an
unagreeable perfume containing two parts N and one part P agreeable?
(A) One part L (B) One part M (C) Two parts N (D) One part O
(E) Two parts P
Ans : E
Ans : A
21. Among the below mentioned formulas, which can be made agreeable by
the eliminating some or all of one essence ?
A. One part L, one part M, one part N, four parts P
B. One part L, two parts N, one part O, four parts P
C. One part L, one part M, one part O, one part P
D. Two parts L, two parts N, one part O, two parts P
E. Two parts M, one part N, two parts O, three parts P
Ans : B
Ans : A
23. Everything that God knows necessarily is, because even what we ourselves
know necessarily is; and, of course, our knowledge is not as certain as
God's knowledge is. But no future contingent thing necessarily is..
Among the following statements, which naturally follows from the above:
Ans : C
Questions 24 - 25
Some lawyers are of the view that the observation of the intrinsic qualities of
pornography in any composition depends on literary criticism and hence it is a
matter of opinion. It is rather odd, though, that in a legal connection, serious critics
themselves quite often behave as if they believed criticism to be a matter of
opinion. Why be a critic - and teach in universities - in case criticism involves
nothing but uttering capricious and arbitrary opinions ?
Ans : D
Ans : B
26. In case T and Z are the individuals serving on committee B, how many of
the nine individuals should serve on committee C?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
E. 7
Ans : B
27. Of the nine individuals, the largest number that can serve together
on committee C is
A. 9
B. 8
C. 7
D. 6
E. 5
Ans : D
Ans : E
29. In case any of the nine individuals serves on committee C, which among
the following should be the candidate to serve on committee A?
A. Z
B. Y
C. W
D. T
E. S
Ans : C
30. In case T, S and X are the only individuals serving on committee B, the
total membership of committee C should be:
A. Z and Y
B. Z and W
C. Y and V
D. Y and U
E. X and V
Ans : A
31. Among the following combinations which could constitute the membership
of committee C?
A. Y and T
B. X and U
C. Y, X and W
D. W, V and U
E. Z, X, U and R
Ans : B
I. M is the daughter of N.
II. N is the son of O
III. O is the father of P.
Ans : D
33. Which among the following statements is contradictory to the above premises?
A. P is the father of M.
B. O has three children.
C. M has one brother.
D. M is the granddaughter of O.
E. Another party C, could be the mother of M.
Ans : A
Ans : D
The only people to attend a conference were four ship captains and the first mates
of three of those captains. The captains were L, M, N and O; the first mates were
A, D and G. Each person in turn delivered a report to the assembly as follows:
Each of the first mates delivered their report exactly after his or her captain. The
first captain to speak was M, and captain N spoke after him.
35. Among the following which is not an appropriate order of delivered reports?
A. M, A, N, G, O, L, D
B. M, D, N, G, L, O, A
C. M, N, A, L, D, O, G
D. M, N, A, O, D, L, G
E. M, N, G, D, O, L, A
Ans : E
36. In case L speaks after A, and A is the third of the first mates to speak,
then among the following statements which would be untrue?
A. O spoke immediately after G.
B. The order of the first four speakers was M, G, N, D.
C. O's first mate was present.
D. A was the fourth speaker after M.
E. The captains spoke in the order M, N, O, L.
Ans : D
Ans : A
38. In case A spoke immediately after L and immediately before O, and O was
not the last speaker, L spoke
A. second
B. third
C. fourth
D. fifth
E. sixth
Ans : C
39. In case G is M's first mate, D could be the person who spoke immediately
A. prior to T
B. prior to L
C. prior to V
D. after T
E. after V
Ans : D
40. In case A is the third of the first mates to speak, and L is the captain whose first
mate is not present, which among the following statements must be true?
A. A spoke sometime before L.
B. D spoke sometime before O.
C. L spoke sometime before O.
D. O spoke sometime before L.
E. O spoke sometime before N.
Ans : B
Ans : B
Ans : B
Ans : D
Ans : D
45. In case Nick displayed the symptoms of Disease A which would be true?
. Nick was bitten by a bee on February 6.
I. Nick ate food which contained the microbe A.
II. Nick also worked with Jack on February 6.
3. I only
4. II only
5. III only
6. I and II only
7. I, II and III
Ans : A
Questions 46 - 47
46. To fill in the blank in the above passage, select one of the options from
the below mentioned options:
1. we are always trying to undermine others’ endeavors.
2. my uncle Jeremy used to help me with my homework.
3. no one can be trusted, not even close friends.
4. our yearning for power prevents us from understanding our
existential purpose.
5. there are many occasions when we graciously offer our assistance.
Ans : E
47. Which among the following options would most strongly contradict
the author's attitude towards society?
1. The greatest strength of society is altruism.
2. The forces of good will ultimately triumph over evil.
3. Our short-term actions may ostensibly contradict our long-term goals.
4. We must all learn the art of selfishness.
5. Morality is the bedrock of a growing community.
Ans : A
48. It can be proved by an example that our words are devoid of meaning as they
cannot be distinguished from their opposites. People think that they are aware of
the difference between the meanings of 'bald' and 'having hair' Let us suppose
that an average twenty-one year old has X strands of hair on his or her head. We
say that such a person is not bald but has hair. But surely one hair less would
make no difference, and a person with X - 1 hairs on his or her head would be
said to have hair. Suppose we go on like this, decreasing one hair at a time, the
result would be the same. Then what difference would there be between
someone who has one hair and someone who has none? We call
them both bald. Thus, we cannot make a distinction between the terms
'bald' and 'having hair.'
Ans : D
49. Virus M helps in controlling the population of gnats; they manage to do this
by killing the moth's larvae. Though the virus is always present in the larvae,
it is only every six or seven years that the virus seriously decimates the
numbers of larvae, greatly reducing the population of the gnats. Scientists are
of the opinion that the gnats, usually latent, are activated only when the
larvae experience biological stress.
In case the above mentioned scientists are correct, it can be inferred that
the decimation of gnat populations by the virus M could be most probably
activated by the following conditions?
Ans : D
50. In a particular code, the digits from 0 to 9 inclusive are each represented by
a different letter of the alphabet, the letter always representing the same
digit. In case the following sum
BOPB
+SKB
--------
CVBQ
A. B cannot be 0.
B. B must be less than 5.
C. Q must be even.
D. O + S must be greater than 8.
E. C must be greater than B by 1.
Ans : B
There are three on-off switches on a control panel A, B, and C. They have to be
changed from an initial setting to a second setting according to the following
conditions : In case only switch A is the switch on in the initial setting , then turn
on switch B.
In case switches A and B are the only switches on in the initial setting, then turn on
switch C. In case all the three switches are on initially setting, then turn off the
switch C. For any other initial setting, turn on all switches that are off and turn off
all switches, if any, that are on.
51. In case in the initial setting is the switches A and B are on and the switch C
is off, then what could be the second setting?
A. A on, B on, C on.
B. A on, B off, C on.
C. A on, B off, C off.
D. A off, B on, C off.
E. A off, B off, C on.
Ans : A
52. In case switch B is the only switch on in the initial setting, what must be
the second setting?
A. A on, B on, C on.
B. A on, B on, C off.
C. A on, B off, C on.
D. A off, B off, C on.
E. A off, B off, C off.
Ans : C
53. In case all the three switches are on in the second setting, which among
the following could have been the initial setting ?
A. A on, B on, C on.
B. A on, B on, C off.
C. A on, B off, C on.
D. A on, B off, C off.
E. A off, B on, C off
Ans : B
54. In case switch A is off in the second setting, which among the following
could have been the initial setting ?
A. A on, B on, C on.
B. A on, B on, C off.
C. A on, B off, C on.
D. A on, B off, C off.
E. A off, B on, C off.
Ans : C
55. In case only switch B is on in the second setting, which among the
following could have been the initial setting ?
A. A on, B on, C on.
B. A on, B off, C on.
C. A off, B on, C off.
D. A off, B off, C on.
E. A off, B off, C off.
Ans : B
56. Which among the following initial settings leads to a second setting,
where only one switch is off ?
A. A on, B on, C off.
B. A on, B off, C on.
C. A off, B on, C on.
D. A off, B on, C off.
E. A off, B off, C off.
Ans : D
A bus has exactly six stops on its route. The bus first stops at stop one and then at
stops two, three, four, five, and six respectively. After the bus leaves stop six, the
bus turns and returns to stop one and repeats the cycle. The stops are at six building
that are, in alphabetical order L, M, N, O, P, and Q.
57. In case N is the fourth stop, which among the following must be the
stop immediately before P ?
A. O
B. Q
C. N
D. L
E. M
Ans : B
58. In case L is the second stop, which among the following must be the
stop immediately before M ?
A. N
B. L
C. P
D. O
E. Q
Ans : E
59. In case a passenger gets on the bus at O, rides past one of the stops, and
gets off at P, which of the following must be true ?
A. O is stop one.
B. Q is stop three.
C. P is stop four.
D. N is stop five.
E. L is stop six.
Ans : A
60. A survey recently conducted revealed that marriage is fattening. The survey
found that on an average, women gained 23 pounds and men gained 18
pounds during 13 years of marriage. The answer to which among the
following questions would be the most appropriate in evaluating the
reasoning presented in the survey ?
A. Why is the time period of the survey 13 years, rather than 12 or 14 ?
B. Did any of the men surveyed gain less than 18 pounds during
the period they were married ?
C. How much weight is gained or lost in 13 years by a single people
of comparable age to those studied in the survey ?
D. When the survey was conducted were the women as active as the men?
E. Will the gains seen in the study be retained over the lifetimes of
the surveyed persons?
Ans : C
61. Classical works occupy a unique and peculiar position. They are
imperishable as cultural landmarks, but the views expressed in some of the
works are often superseded by newer views. But the classics survive just
like ancient castles, as imposing features of the landscape, yet unsuited for
habitation unless remodeled.
The principal point put forth in the above passage is that classical works.
Ans : A
62. Experts in the field of forestry are now questioning the policy of attempting
to extinguish all forest fires instead of allowing them to run their course and
die out on their own. The study of forest fires indicates that in the long run,
forest fires may in fact, be beneficial to the ecology as a whole.
Among the following, which statement would logically follow from one of
the ’observations’ referred to in the passage above ?
A. Most of the forest fires are causes due to natural reasons like
lightning rather than as a result of human carelessness.
B. Every year the number of people dying as they attempt to fight forest
fires is greater than the number of people who would have died or
suffered injury if the fires were allowed to run their own course.
C. Accumulation of highly flammable dead brushwood and timber,
which could lead to massive uncontrollable fires is prevented by
frequent small forest fires.
D. The animal and plant life destroyed by forest fires seldom
represents endangered species.
E. Studies indicate that forest fires regularly occurred in the times prior
to human occupation of forest areas.
Ans : C
63. There is a theory that the dinosaurs inhabiting the earth were destroyed when
a huge heavenly body hit the earth. The impact of the heavenly body when it
struck the earth threw a mass of pulverized debris into the atmosphere. This
dust created a fog, which blocked the sunlight depleting plant life. This
resulted in the perishing of the plant-eating dinosaurs; the meat-eating
dinosaurs, who preyed on the plant-eaters inturn starved to death.
A. Enough dust has been sent into the atmosphere by modern volcanic
explosions to change the color of sunsets around the world for
several years.
B. Craters formed by heavenly bodies are plentiful in several areas of
the South west where many dinosaur fossils have also been found.
C. Studies conducted recently on the bone structure of dinosaurs
show that they were very agile and not ponderous awkward
animals as popularly believed.
D. The sedimentary rock strata of the earth formed from atmospheric dust
at the time the dinosaurs disappeared contains minerals and other trace
elements in proportions characteristic of the heavenly bodies.
E. Many meat-and plant-eating species of mammals who coexisted with
the dinosaurs continue to exist today, although with a slightly
modified appearance.
Ans : D
64. Which among the following is an acceptable order for showing the
educational films ?
A. A, C, B, D, E
B. A, C, D, E, B
C. B, D, C, A, E
D. B, D, E, A, C
E. E, B, C, A, D
Ans : D
65. In case C is shown earlier than E, which among the following will hold true ?
A. A is the first film shown.
B. B is the second film shown.
C. C is the third film shown.
D. D is the fifth film shown.
E. E is the fourth film shown.
Ans : D
66. In case D is to be shown earlier than A, then for which among the following
is there exactly one position from first through fifth in which it can be
scheduled to be shown ?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
E. E
Ans : C
67. Which among the following is a pair of films that CANNOT both be
shown earlier than E ?
A. A and B
B. A and D
C. B and C
D. B and D
E. C and D
Ans : E
68. In case D and E are shown as far apart from each other as possible,
which among the following would be true ?
A. A is shown earlier than B.
B. B is shown earlier than C.
C. C is shown earlier than E.
D. D is shown earlier than A.
E. E is shown earlier than B.
Ans : E
69. In case B, D and E are to be shown one after the other in the given order,
the two positions from first to fifth in which A could possibly be shown are
A. first and second.
B. first and fourth.
C. second and third.
D. third and fifth.
E. fourth and fifth.
Ans : B
70. In case exactly one film is shown between A and C, and exactly one film
is shown between B and D, which among the following will hold true ?
A. B is the film shown between A and C.
B. C is the film shown between B and D.
C. E is the film shown between A and C.
D. D is the last film shown.
E. E is the first film shown.
Ans : E
A. With the rise in the price of fuel, there is a rise in the number
of commuters using public transportation.
B. Even if the price of fuel rises, the number of commuters using
public transportation will continue to decline.
C. The number of commuters using public transportation will rise, if
the price of fuel rises to a prohibitive level.
D. Most of the commuters using public transportation do not use
fuel, therefore fluctuations in the price of fuel is unlikely to
affect the number of commuters using public transportation.
E. The price of fuel is always low enough to make private transportation
cheaper than public transportation; therefore fluctuations in the price
of fuel is unlikely to affect the number of commuters using public
transportation.
Ans : C
Ans : D
73. Quite often it happens that a particular crisis or opportunity induces people to
find a practical use for things, which originally had no serious purpose. To
exemplify this principle, consider dolls and mannequins, programmed to move
and built for the delight of the wealthy in the eighteenth century; these were the
forerunners of the modern computer. Similarly, it is almost certain that
pets were the first domesticated animals. Domestication of animals seems to
have arisen as an amusement long before it had any practical application.
Ans : C
In case the above statement is true, which among the following will hold true?
Ans : B
75. It is popularly believed that teachers are more or less indifferent about the
microcomputer technology. This assumption is false, or at least dated. A
survey recently conducted indicated that 80 percent of the 7,000 surveyed
teachers revealed a high level of interest in microcomputers.
Among the following statements which would most damage the
above argument if proved to be true?
Ans : B
B's should present his paper immediately before C's presentation; their
presentations cannot be separated by the lunch break.
D must be either the first or the last scientist to present his paper.
76. In case C is to be the fifth scientist to present his paper, then B must be
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
E. sixth
Ans : D
77. B could be placed for any of the following places in the order of
presenters EXCEPT
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
E. fifth
Ans : C
78. In case F is to present his paper immediately after D presents his paper,
C could be scheduled for which of the following places in the order of
presenters?
A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Fifth
Ans : E
79. In case F and E are the fifth and sixth presenters respectively then which of
the following must be true?
A. A is first in the order of presenters.
B. A is third in the order of presenters.
C. A is fourth in the order of presenters.
D. B is first in the order of presenters.
E. C is fourth in the order of presenters.
Ans : C
In a small inn, one or more of the chefs have to perform duty during
dinnereveryday. The chefs are Nicholas, Antonio, and Jeremy.
None of them can be assigned to dinner duty two or more days in a row.
80. In case Antonio and Jeremy share the dinner duty thrice over a five-
day period, which among the following would be true?
A. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the first of the five days.
B. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the second of the five days.
C. Nicholas is on dinner duty alone on the third of the five days.
D. Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on the second of the five days.
E. Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on the fourth of the five days.
Ans : C
81. In case Nicholas and Antonio share dinner duty on Monday of some week,
and if Antonio and Jeremy share dinner duty on Thursday of the same week,
which of the following would be true for that week?
A. Antonio is on dinner duty alone on Tuesday.
B. Jeremy is on dinner duty alone on Wednesday.
C. Nicholas and Jeremy share dinner duty on Wednesday.
D. Nicholas is on duty alone on Tuesday, and Antonio is on
breakfast duty alone on Wednesday.
E. Jeremy is on breakfast duty alone on Tuesday, and Nicholas is
on breakfast duty alone on Wednesday.
Ans : E
82. Which among the following could be true of some four-day period?
A. On three of the four days, pairs of chefs were on dinner duty.
B. On one of the four days, all three chefs were on dinner duty.
C. Antonio drew twice as many dinner assignments as did Jeremy.
D. Nicholas drew three times as many dinner assignments as did Antonio.
E. Both Nicholas and Antonio drew three times as many
dinner assignments as did Jeremy.
Ans : C
83. Which among the following statements is the most probable taking into
consideration the source and the degree of seriousness with which they
are uttered?
A. Examiner: "The exam will be taken under the honor system: the
professors have the honor, and the students have the system."
B. Banker: "The low percentage of Jews in this bank has nothing to do
with discrimination. Jews don't seem to be interested in banking."
C. Book cover: "This book is sure to become the last word in its field."
D. Politician: "My opponent has an impeccable political and
personal record."
E. Artist: "Einstein's theory of relativity falsifies life."
Ans : D
84. Tom: It is likely that Greece will be humiliated in the Cyprus affair. In case
she fights Turkey, she will be defeated in battle; whereas if she doesn't fight,
letting Turkey win, she will be humiliated, as she would then seem impotent.
Sarah: In that case Greece could always call the Soviet Union to her
Ans : E
85. In case Sue sits between Pete and Harry, then Harry sits between Sue and
Mike. Harry won't be there unless Sue sits next to Mike. Hence, Sue will
not sit between Pete and Harry.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
E. None of the above
Ans : B
An increasing number of people prefer to retain their own individuality and their
own identity and consequently this has lead to a decline in the marriage rate.
86. Which among the following assumptions are used in the above premises?
I. When a person is married, he or she loses his or her own identity and is
no longer accountable to himself or herself.
II. Married persons do not find contentment as opposed to unmarried
people.
III. There has been a steady increase in the divorce rate.
D. I only
E. II only
F. III only
G. I and II only
H. I, II, and III
Ans : A
87. Among the following statements, which would weaken the above argument?
. The stability resulting from marriage offsets the negative aspects of
the dual responsibility of husband and wife.
A. Most people are not mature enough to be married.
B. Among most married couples the wife wants to have children.
C. There are a differing set of values honored by men and women.
D. It is advantageous to be single form a tax point of view.
Ans : A
88. Which among the following would strengthen the above argument?
. Very few people prefer to bring up a family.
A. Emotionally divorce is not an easy procedure.
B. 700 couples from 1000 surveyed couples complained that they
were losing their identity.
C. Married people have to make a considerable effort to make
the marriage last.
D. The financial complications arising from a divorce are
becoming decreasingly complicated.
Ans : C
89. Emma: Financially the private university is ruined. In case it raises its
tuition fees, the number of paying students will come down and if they
refrain from raising the fees the university will go bankrupt.
Ans : A
Questions 90 - 92
Mrs. Green wishes to renovate her cottage. She hires the services of a plumber, a
carpenter, a painter, an electrician, and an interior decorator. The renovation is to
completed in a period of one working week i.e. Monday to Friday. Every worker
will be taking one complete day to do his job. Mrs. Green will allow just one
person to work per day.
1. The painter can do his work only after the plumber and the carpenter
have completed their jobs.
2. The interior decorator has to complete his job before that of the electrician.
3. The carpenter cannot work on Monday or Tuesday.
90. In case the painter works on Thursday, which among the following
alternatives is possible?
Ans : B
91. In case the painter works on Friday, which among the following
statements must be untrue?
A. The carpenter may work on Wednesday.
B. The carpenter and the electrician may work on consecutive days.
C. In case the carpenter works on Thursday, the electrician has to work
on the previous day i.e. Wednesday.
D. The plumber may work before the electrician does.
E. The electrician may work on Tuesday.
Ans : C
Ans : E
93. According to the laws pertaining to the use of recyclable containers, beverages
are sold only in reusable containers. The people who object to such laws point
out that the collection of reusable bottles requires gasoline, and washing them
requires water; but, it takes less water to wash these containers than it does to
make throwaway bottles. The expenditure saved due to the saved water exceeds
the cost of the gasoline used to transport empty bottles.
Ans : C
94. A recently conducted study reveals that the prospects for success in later
schooling for 3-5 old children were improved by a particular educational
plan. From this it follows that the introduction of similar education plans for
all 3-5 year old children will lead to an improvement in their chances for
success in later schooling.
Which among the following would weaken the above argument if true?
Ans : C
Questions 95 - 97
Three girls Joan, Rita, and Kim and two boys Tim and Steve are the only dancers in
a dance program, which consists of six numbers in this order: One a duet; two a
duet; three a solo; four a duet; five a solo; and six a duet.
None of the dancers is in two consecutive numbers or in more than two numbers.
The first number in which Tim appears is the one that comes before the first
number in which Kim appears.
The second number in which Tim appears is one that comes after the second
number in which Kim appears.
95. Which among the following is a complete and accurate list of those
numbers that could be the last one in which Kim performs?
A. Three
B. Four
C. Five
D. Three, Four
E. Four, Five
Ans : E
Ans : D
Ans : A
Logical Reasoning
Directions : Each LSAT sample logical reasoning question in this part of the
assessment starts with a reading passage containing the information to be used to
choose between correct and incorrect logical conclusions. These conclusions are
based on the information in the passage. After this reading passage, you are given
a lead-in phrase that tells you to choose from among five different responses.
These possible responses are generated by correctly or incorrectly applying logical
thought to the information in the passage at the beginning of the question. They
can be thought of as different ways of completing a sentence that begins with the
lead-in phrase.
Each reading passage is based on actual Bureau of Labor Statistics documents but is
not necessarily a completely accurate representation of BLS work. It is important that
you accept every fact in the reading passage as true, when you evaluate the response
choices offered. You should use only the information in the passage as the basis for
accepting or rejecting any response choices. Be careful not to allow any "facts" that
are not clearly stated in the reading passage, or any outside knowledge you may
have of the "facts", to influence your thinking.
Ans : E
2. People should be held accountable for their own behavior, and if holding
people accountable for their own behavior entails capital punishment, then
so be it. However, no person should be held accountable for behavior over
which he or she had no control.
Which of the following is the most logical conclusion of the argument above?
Ans : B
3. There is clear evidence that the mandated use of safety seats by children
under age four has resulted in fewer child fatalities over the past five years.
Compared to the five-year period prior to the passage of laws requiring the
use of safety seats, fatalities of children under age four have decreased by 30
percent.
Which one of the following, if true, most substantially strengthens
the argument above?
Ans : A
4. Lycopene, glutathione, and glutamine are powerful antioxidants that neutralize the
free radicals that are produced in the body as a result of routine bodily
processes. An excess of these free radicals in your system causes rapid aging
because they accelerate the rate of cellular damage. Aging is simply the
result of this damage. Thus, to slow down aging it is necessary to supplement
your diet with these antioxidants on a daily basis.
Ans : B
5. Is it wrong for doctors to lie about their patients' illnesses? Aren't doctors just
like any other people we hire to do a job for us? Surely, we would not
tolerate not being told the truth about the condition of our automobile from
the mechanic we hired to fix it, or the condition of our roof from the
carpenter we employed to repair it. Just as these workers would be guilty of
violating their good faith contracts with us if they were to do this, doctors
who lie to their patients about their illnesses violate these contracts as well,
and this is clearly wrong.
The conclusion of the argument is best expressed by which of the following?
A. Doctors who lie to their patients about their illnesses ........... violate
their good faith contracts with their patients.
B. Doctors often lie to their patients about their illnesses.
C. Doctors are just hired workers like mechanics and ........... carpenters.
D. It is wrong for doctors to lie about their patients' ........... illnesses.
E. Doctors, like mechanics and carpenters, enter into good ...........faith
contracts with us when we hire them.
Ans : D
Which of the following, if true, would best explain why the statistics
cited above are not surprising?
A. The state's taxpayers pay for prenatal care of all ........... immigrants.
B. Babies born in this state to undocumented immigrant ........... parents are
entitled to infant care benefits from ...........the state.
C. State benefits for prenatal care serve to promote ........... undocumented
immigration.
D. Babies whose mothers did not receive prenatal care ........... are just as
healthy as other babies.
E. Pregnant women who do not receive prenatal care are ........... more likely
to experience health problems than ........... other pregnant women.
Ans : E
7. Beautiful beaches attract people, no doubt about it. Just look at this
city's beautiful beaches, which are among the most overcrowded
beaches in the state.
A. Moose and bear usually appear at the same drinking ........... hole at the
same time of day. Therefore, moose and ........... bear must grow thirsty
at about the same time.
B. Children who are scolded severely tend to misbehave ........... more
often than other children. Hence if a child is ........... not scolded
severely that child is less likely to ...........misbehave.
C. This software program helps increase the work ........... efficiency of its
users. As a result, these users ........... have more free time for other
activities.
D. During warm weather my dog suffers from fleas ...........more so than
during cooler weather. Therefore, ...........fleas must thrive in a warm
environment.
E. Pesticides are known to cause anemia in some people. ...........However,
most anemic people live in regions where ...........pesticides are not
commonly used.
Ans : D
8. Our school district should not spend its money on the new Verbal
Advantage reading program. After all, our students get all the reading
practice they need by studying history and science.
Ans : C
Ans : C
10. Newspaper publishers earn their profits primarily from advertising revenue,
and potential advertisers are more likely to advertise in newspapers with a
wide circulation—a large number of subscribers and other readers—than
with other newspapers. But the circulation of the newspaper that is currently
the most profitable one in this city has steadily declined during the last two
years, while the circulation of one of its competitors has steadily increased.
Ans : E
TEST 2
Directions : Each LSAT sample logical reasoning question in this part of the
assessment starts with a reading passage containing the information to be used to
choose between correct and incorrect logical conclusions. These conclusions are
based on the information in the passage. After this reading passage, you are given
a lead-in phrase that tells you to choose from among five different responses.
These possible responses are generated by correctly or incorrectly applying logical
thought to the information in the passage at the beginning of the question. They
can be thought of as different ways of completing a sentence that begins with the
lead-in phrase.
Each reading passage is based on actual Bureau of Labor Statistics documents but
is not necessarily a completely accurate representation of BLS work. It is important
that you accept every fact in the reading passage as true, when you evaluate the
response choices offered. You should use only the information in the passage as the
basis for accepting or rejecting any response choices. Be careful not to allow any
"facts" that are not clearly stated in the reading passage, or any outside knowledge
you may have of the "facts", to influence your thinking.
Ans : E
2. People should be held accountable for their own behavior, and if holding
people accountable for their own behavior entails capital punishment, then
so be it. However, no person should be held accountable for behavior over
which he or she had no control.
Which of the following is the most logical conclusion of the argument above?
Ans : B
3. There is clear evidence that the mandated use of safety seats by children
under age four has resulted in fewer child fatalities over the past five years.
Compared to the five-year period prior to the passage of laws requiring the
use of safety seats, fatalities of children under age four have decreased by 30
percent.
Ans : A
Ans : B
5. Is it wrong for doctors to lie about their patients' illnesses? Aren't doctors
just like any other people we hire to do a job for us? Surely, we would not
tolerate not being told the truth about the condition of our automobile from
the mechanic we hired to fix it, or the condition of our roof from the
carpenter we employed to repair it. Just as these workers would be guilty of
violating their good faith contracts with us if they were to do this, doctors
who lie to their patients about their illnesses violate these contracts as well,
and this is clearly wrong.
A. Doctors who lie to their patients about their illnesses ........... violate
their good faith contracts with their patients.
B. Doctors often lie to their patients about their illnesses.
C. Doctors are just hired workers like mechanics and ........... carpenters.
D. It is wrong for doctors to lie about their patients' ........... illnesses.
E. Doctors, like mechanics and carpenters, enter into good ...........faith
contracts with us when we hire them.
Ans : D
Which of the following, if true, would best explain why the statistics
cited above are not surprising?
Ans : E
7. Beautiful beaches attract people, no doubt about it. Just look at this
city's beautiful beaches, which are among the most overcrowded
beaches in the state.
A. Moose and bear usually appear at the same drinking ........... hole at the
same time of day. Therefore, moose and ........... bear must grow thirsty
at about the same time.
B. Children who are scolded severely tend to misbehave ........... more
often than other children. Hence if a child is ........... not scolded
severely that child is less likely to ...........misbehave.
C. This software program helps increase the work ........... efficiency of its
users. As a result, these users ........... have more free time for other
activities.
D. During warm weather my dog suffers from fleas ........... more so than
during cooler weather. Therefore, ...........fleas must thrive in a warm
environment.
E. Pesticides are known to cause anemia in some people. ...........However,
most anemic people live in regions where ........... pesticides are not
commonly used.
Ans : D
8. Our school district should not spend its money on the new Verbal
Advantage reading program. After all, our students get all the reading
practice they need by studying history and science.
Ans : C
Ans : C
10. Newspaper publishers earn their profits primarily from advertising revenue,
and potential advertisers are more likely to advertise in newspapers with a
wide circulation—a large number of subscribers and other readers—than
with other newspapers. But the circulation of the newspaper that is currently
the most profitable one in this city has steadily declined during the last two
years, while the circulation of one of its competitors has steadily increased.
Ans : E
11. Although most of the fastest growing jobs in today's economy will require
a college degree, many of the new jobs being created-from home health
aide to desktop publisher-require knowledge other than that gained from
earning a degree. For workers in those jobs, good basic skills in reading,
communication, and mathematics play an important role in getting a job
and developing a career.
Ans : A
12. According to the National Agricultural Aviation Society (NAAS), without the
use of crop protection products to control insects, weeds, and diseases, crop
yields per acre will drop by more than 50 percent. The first aerial application of
insecticide occurred in 1921, and it was a huge success. By contrast, in today's
economy all aircraft that are classified as aerial applicators do more than just
apply insecticide; today, they also spread seed and apply fertilizer.
Ans : E
Ans : D
14. Lou observes that if flight 409 is canceled, then the manager could not
possibly arrive in time for the meeting. But the flight was not canceled.
Therefore, Lou concludes, the manager will certainly be on time. Evelyn
replies that even if Lou's premises are true, his argument is fallacious.
And therefore, she adds, the manager will not arrive on time after all.
Which of the following is the strongest thing that we can properly say
about this discussion?
Ans : B
15. Sally has never received a violation from the Federal Aviation
Administration during her 16-year flying career. Sally must be a great pilot.
Ans : D
16. The Japanese economic model created strong domestic industries through
subsidies from its Ministry of Trade and by closing off competitive foreign
firms to its domestic market. This strategy promised to help economic
growth by incubating domestic industries. New Japanese industries could
count on a known local demand and would be protected from competition
by tariffs and other barriers. The program could reduce the amount of
imports and therefore improve the nation's balance of trade.
Ans : C
17. Historically, famines have generally been followed by periods of rising wages,
because when a labor force is diminished, workers are more valuable in
accordance with the law of supply and demand. The Irish potato famine of the
1840s is an exception; it resulted in the death or emigration of half of Ireland's
population, but there was no significant rise in the average wages in Ireland
in the following decade.
Ans : D
18. Cars are safer than planes. Fifty percent of plane accidents result in
death, while only one percent of car accidents result in death.
Ans : B
19. The body of anyone infected by virus X will, after a week, produce antibodies to
fight the virus; the antibodies will increase in number for the next year or so.
There is now a test that reliably indicates how many antibodies are present in a
person's body. If positive, this test can be used during the first year of infection
to estimate to within a month how long that person has had the virus.
A. Antibodies increase in number only until they have defeated the virus.
B. Without the test for antibodies, there is no way of establishing
whether a person has virus X.
C. Antibodies are produced only for viral infections that cannot be
fought by any other body defenses.
D. If a person remains infected by virus X indefinitely, there is no limit
to the number of antibodies that can be present in the person's body.
E. Anyone infected by virus X will for a time fail to exhibit infection
if tested by the antibody test.
Ans : E
20. Ever since I arrived at the college last week, I've been shocked by the
poor behavior of the students. The student population is completely
lacking in proper social skills.
A. Students who are away from their parents often exhibit rude behavior.
B. The college numbers over 50,000 students.
C. The narrator is a student and has interacted with many students.
D. Social skills should not be expected of college students.
E. The narrator was reluctant to stay at the college.
Ans : B
Ans : C
Ans : A
23. Dear Editor: I feel obliged to comment on the unfair review you published last
week written by Robert Duxbury. Your readers should know that Mr. Duxbury
recently published his own book that covered the same topic as my book, which
you asked him to review. It is regrettable that Mr. Duxbury should feel the need
to belittle a competing work in the hope of elevating his own book.
The author of the letter above makes her point by employing which method
of argument?
Ans : A
Ans : E
25. Many people argue that the death penalty deters murder. However, the
notorious killer Ned Grandy deliberately moved to a state that imposes the
death penalty just before embarking on a series of ferocious murders. Thus, it
seems clear that the existence of the death penalty does not serve as a
deterrent to murder.
A. an appeal to emotion.
B. a flawed analogy.
C. a general conclusion based on a specific example.
D. circular reasoning.
E. an application of a general principle to a specific example.
Ans : C
26. Steve and JoAnne are both members of a certain club, though they are not
speaking to each other and refuse to work with each other. Cecily, the club
president, is appointing members to the fundraising committee, but she has
resolved that she will not appoint anyone without his or her explicit consent.
Steve tells Cecily, "I will not consent to appointment on that committee
unless I know whether JoAnne is to be a member of it." And JoAnne says, "I
will not consent to be a member of that committee unless I know whether
Steve will be appointed to it."
Ans : E
27. Russia's aggressive fishing in the prime fishing grounds of the Northern Pacific
has led to a sharp decline in the populations of many fish and a general increase
in the retail price of fish. This same pattern has occurred with far too
many of our scarce vital natural resources, resulting in high prices for
many products. It is likely then, that fish prices will continue to rise in the
near future.
Ans : E
28. During the past year, Boz Corporation, a cigarette manufacturer, has engaged in
a "corporate image" advertising campaign. One executive now urges that the
advertising be extended for another year because profits have increased by 29%
over the previous year. Another executive, however, is skeptical. She observes
that the increases are typical for the industry over the past year, although none
of their competitors have used corporate image advertising.
The most accurate way of summarizing the second executive's point would be:
A. She argues that the effect may not really be due to its supposed cause
because there has not been a sufficient lapse of time between the
cause and the effect.
B. She argues that the assignment of a cause for this effect is premature,
because there is as yet no well-established theory of such interactions.
C. She argues that corporate image advertising is unprofitable, since it
has evidently benefited competitors as much as the corporation that
paid for it.
D. She knows that effective advertising requires a constant influx of
new ideas and approaches, and she argues that one year of corporate
image advertising is enough for awhile.
E. She argues that the effect may not be due to its alleged cause since
the same effect is found elsewhere without that cause.
Ans : E
29. The senate candidate expressed outrage that few judges have any
background in technology, yet they try to resolve cases involving high tech
companies. He stated that not one federal judge has a degree or any
experience in computer technology.
A promising response to this concern, arguing that things are not as bad
as they might seem, could involve which of the following claims?
A. Most of the public policy questions in this area are really about the
morality and the value of scientific and technological
developments. They do not require much technical understanding
beyond that of a layperson.
B. Computer scientists, by and large, have little interest in politics and
public policy. It would be difficult to find scientists with the degree of
commitment required for a serious contribution to the judicial system.
C. There is a lack of people who are qualified in both technical and
legal areas of expertise.
D. There is very little opportunity for, and indeed little need for,
technical expertise in the judicial branch. There is therefore almost
no way for a technical specialist to rise through the ranks to a top-
level position in government.
E. The rewards of a life as a judge, in terms of both money and prestige,
are not high enough to attract top-flight technical experts to this area.
Ans : A
30. There has been a sharp increase in the subscription prices of many
professional and scholarly journals in the past seven years. Many
publishers ascribe the necessity for these increases to the easy availability
of photocopying facilities, which enable people simply to copy the articles
they want rather than buying the journal.
Ans : C
31. Smoking in bed has long been the main cause of home fires. Despite a
significant decline in cigarette smoking in the last two decades, there has
been no comparable decline in the number of people killed in home fires.
Each one of the following statements, if true over the last two decades,
helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy above EXCEPT:
A. Compared to other types of home fires, home fires caused by
smoking in bed usually cause relatively little damage before they are
extinguished.
B. Home fires caused by smoking in bed often break out after the
home's occupants have fallen asleep.
C. Smokers who smoke in bed tend to be heavy smokers who are less
likely to quit smoking than are smokers who do not smoke in bed.
D. An increasing number of people have been killed in home fires
that started in the kitchen.
E. Population densities have increased, with the result that one home
fire can cause more deaths than in previous decades.
Ans : B
32. Mrs. Mason is gifted with psychic powers that enable her to foretell future
events. In the past, Mrs. Mason has predicted such actual events as the
election of President Clinton, the stock market crash of 1987, and the St.
Louis Cardinals' 1982 World Series victory. These are just a few of Mrs.
Mason's accurate predictions.
Ans : A
Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
Ans : B
Ans : C
If all of the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must
also be true EXCEPT:
Ans : E
36. Studies of fatal automobile accidents reveal that, in the majority of cases in
which one occupant of an automobile is killed while another survives, it is
the passenger, not the driver, who is killed. It is ironic that the innocent
passenger should suffer for the driver's carelessness, while the driver often
suffers only minor injuries or none at all.
Ans : A
37. The editors of Business Today magazine conducted a poll of its readers
regarding the proposed increase in the rate of income tax paid on profits
from the sale of stocks. More than 60% of the readers opposed the proposed
tax. The editors announced that the majority of Americans opposed any
increase in the tax on profits from stock sales.
Which one of the following statements, if true, would most weaken the
editor's conclusion?
Ans : D
38. Several movie versions of Charles Dickens' Tale of Two Cities have been
made. The original movie version made in 1939 is the best because it is
closest in spirit to the original novel.
Ans : E
Reading Comprehension
Directions:
Each LSAT sample reading passage in this section is followed by questions based
on the content of the reading passage. Read the passage carefully and chose the
best answer to each question. The questions are to be answered on the basis of
what is stated or implied in the passage.
Ans : E
Ans : C
Ans : D
Ans : D
Ans : B
2. Disequilibrium at the interface of water and air is a factor on which the transfer of
heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air depends. The air within about a
millimeter of the water is almost saturated with water vapor and the temperature of the
air is close to that of the surface water. Irrespective of how small these differences
might be, they are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface
mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water
vapor content. The turbulence, which takes its energy from the wind mixes the air. As
the speed of wind increases, so does the turbulence, and consequently the rate of heat
and moisture transfer. We can arrive at a detailed understanding of this phenomenon
after further study. The transfer of momentum from wind to water, which occurs when
waves are formed is an interacting-and complicated phenomenon. When waves are
made by the wind, it transfers important amounts of energy-energy, which is
consequently not available for the production of turbulence.
Ans : B
2. The wind over the ocean usually does which of the following according
to the given passage?
I. Leads to cool, dry air coming in proximity with the ocean surface.
II. Maintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer between the ocean
and the air.
III. Results in frequent changes in the ocean surface temperature.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III
Ans : A
Ans : E
4. According to the given passage, in case the wind was to decrease
until there was no wind at all, which of the following would occur?
A. The air, which is closest to the ocean surface would get saturated
with water vapor.
B. The water would be cooler than the air closest to the ocean surface.
C. There would be a decrease in the amount of moisture in the air
closest to the ocean surface.
D. There would be an increase in the rate of heat and moisture transfer.
E. The temperature of the air closest to the ocean and that of the air
higher up would be the same.
Ans : A
3. The Food and Drug Administration has formulated certain severe restrictions
regarding the use of antibiotics, which are used to promote the health and growth of
meat animals. Though the different types of medicines mixed with the fodder of
the animals kills many microorganisms, it also encourages the appearance of
bacterial strains, which are resistant to anti-infective drugs.
It has already been observed that penicillin and the tetracyclines are not as effective
therapeutically as they once used to be. This resistance to drugs is chiefly caused
due to tiny circlets of genes, called plasmids, which are transferable between
different species of bacteria. These plasmids are also one of the two kinds of vehicles on
which molecular biologists depend on while performing gene transplant experiments.
Existing guidelines also forbid the use of plasmids, which bear genes for resistance to
antibiotics, in the laboratories. Though congressional dabate goes on as to whether
these restrictions need to be toughened with reference to scientists in their laboratories,
almost no congressional attention is being paid to an ill advised agricultural practice,
which produces deleterious effects.
Ans : C
Ans : A
3. According to the above passage the author believes that those who
favor the stiffening of restrictions on gene transplant research should
logically also.
A. Approve and aid experiments with any plasmids except those,
which bear genes for antibiotic resistance.
B. Inquire regarding the addition of anti-infective drugs to livestock feeds
C. Oppose the using of penicillin and tetracyclines in order to
kill microorganisms
D. Agree to the development of meatier live-stock through the use
of antibiotics
E. Approve of congressional debate and discussion regarding science
and health issues.
Ans : B
4. The attitude the author has with reference to the development of bacterial
strains that render antibiotic drugs in effective can best be described as
A. indifferent
B. perplexed
C. pretentious
D. insincere
E. apprehensive
Ans : E
4. Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, manages to alter the approach taken in
many previous studies by making an attempt to apply literary rather than
sociopolitical criteria to its subject. Rosenblatt points out that criticism of Black
writing has very often served as a pretext for an expounding on Black history. The
recent work of Addison Gayle's passes a judgement on the value of Black fiction
by clearly political standards, rating each work according to the ideas of Black
identity, which it propounds.
Though fiction results from political circumstances, its author react not in
ideological ways to those circumstances, and talking about novels and stories
primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
Affinities and connections are revealed in the works of Black fiction in Rosenblatt's
literary analysis; these affinities and connections have been overlooked and ignored
by solely political studies.
Rosenblatt's work does leave certain aesthetic questions open. His thematic analysis
allows considerable objectivity; he even clearly states that he does not intend to
judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially
since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For example,
certain novels have an appearance of structural diffusion. Is this a defeat, or are the
authors working out of, or attempting to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? Apart
from this, the style of certain Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on
expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the
prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a
theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expressions?
Irrespective of such omissions, what Rosenblatt talks about in his work makes for an
astute and worthwhile study. His book very effectively surveys a variety of novels,
highlighting certain fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's
Autobiography of an Ex-Coloured Man. Black Fiction is tightly constructed, and
levelheaded and penetrating criticism is exemplified in its forthright and lucid style.
Ans : D
Ans : A
3. The author is of the opinion that Black Fiction would have been
improved had Rosenblatt:
A. Undertaken a more careful evaluation of the ideological and
historical aspects of Black Fiction
B. Been more objective in his approach to novels and stories by
Black authors
C. Attempted a more detailed exploration of the recurring themes in
Black fiction throughout its history
D. Established a basis for placing Black fiction within its own
unique literary tradition
E. Calculated the relative literary merit of the novels he
analyzed thematically.
Ans : E
Ans : B
Ans : C
6. From the following options, which does the author not make use of
while discussing Black Fiction?
A. Rhetorical questions
B. Specific examples
C. Comparison and contrast
D. Definition of terms
E. Personal opinion.
Ans : D
Ans : E
5. Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only
human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to
evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing
constraints - ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that ''come naturally'' in archetypal
situations in any culture. Our ''frailties'' - emotions and motivs such as rage, fear,
greed, gluttony, joy,lust, love-may be a very mixed assortment quality: we are, as we
say, ''in the grip'' of them. And thus they give us oursense of constraints.
Unhappily, some of those frailties our need for ever-increasing security among them are
presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to
be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We
would need to comprehend throughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how
badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.
1. The author implies that control to any extent over the ''frailties''
that constrain our behavior is though to presuppose
A. That those frailties and adaptive are recognized as currently
beneficial and adaptive
B. That there is little or no overlay of cultural detail that masks their
true nature.
C. That there are cultures in which those frailties do not ''come
naturally'' and from which such control can be learned
D. A full understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how
they function now
E. A thorough grasp of the principle that cultural detail in human
behavior can differ arbitrarily from society to society.
Ans : D
Ans : E
Ans : A
Ans : E
6. The existence of mammals on the earth can be traced back to at least the Triassic
time. The rate of development was retarded, till evolutional change suddenly
accelerated in the oldest Paleocene. This resulted in an increase in average size,
larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life, during
the Eocene time. Further improvement was seen during the Oligocene Epoch, with
the appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. The Miocene and
Pliocene times are especially significant as they mark the culmination of various
groups and a continued approach toward modern characters. It is in the Miocene
time that the mammals reached their peak with reference to variety and size.
The ability of the mammals to adapt to various modes of life finds a parallel in the
reptiles of the Mesozoic time, and apart form their greater intelligence, the
mammals apparently have not done much better than the corresponding reptilian
forms. Undoubtedly the bat is a better flying animal than the pterosaur, but at the
same time the dolphin and whale are hardly more fish like than the ichthyosaur. Quite
a few of the swift-running mammals inhabiting the plains, like the horse and the
antelope, must excel any of the dinosaurs. Although the tyrannosaur was a more
weighty and robust carnivore than perhaps any carnivorous mammal, the lion and
the tiger, by virtue of their superior brain are far more efficient and dangerous beasts
of prey. It is significant to note that various species of mammals gradually adapted
themselves to various kinds of lifestyles, some took to grazing on the plains and
were able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), others started living in rivers and
swamps (hippopotamus, beaver), inhabiting trees (sloth, monkey), burrowing
underground (rodent, mole), feeding on flesh (tiger, wolf), swimming in the water
(dolphin, whale, seal), and flying in the air (bat). Human beings on account of their
superior brain have been able to harness mechanical methods to conquer the
physical world and adapt to any set of conditions.
1. From the following, choose the most appropriate title for the
above passage?
A. From Dinosaur to Man
B. Adaptation and Extinction
C. The Superior Mammals
D. The Geologic Life Span
E. Man, the Vanquisher of the Physical World.
Ans : B
2. According to the passage the chronological order of the geologic periods is:
A. Paleocene, Miocene, Triassic, Mesozoic
B. Paleocene, Triassic, Mesozoic, Miocene
C. Miocene, Paleocene, Triassic, Mesozoic
D. Mesozoic, Oligocene, Paleocene, Miocene
E. Mesozoic, Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene
Ans : E
Ans : C
Ans : E
Ans : A
6. It is clear from the passage, that the evidence used to discuss the life
of past time periods
A. was developed by Charles Darwin
B. was unearthed by the author
C. has been negated by more recent evidence
D. was never truly established
E. is based on fossilized remains
Ans : E
Ans : D
7. For a period of more than two centuries paleontologists have been intrigued by
the fossilized remains of pterosaurs, the first flying vertebartes. The issues, which
puzzle them, are how these heavy creatures, having a wingspan of about 8-12
meters managed the various problems associated with powered flight and whether
these creatures were reptiles or birds.
Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles.
Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that
they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger
of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and
reptilian, with sharp claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing,
which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three
short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaurs walked or
remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only urn upward in an
extended inverted V- shape along each side of the animal's body.
In resemblance they were extremely similar to both birds and bats, with regard to
their overall body structure and proportion. This is hardly surprising as the design
of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs
and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. There
is a difference, which is that the bones of the birds are more massively reinforced
by internal struts.
Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T.H.
Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying
implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature.
Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might
streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur
specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hair like fossil material was
the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.
Some paleontologists are of the opinion that the pterosaurs jumped from s dropped
from trees or perhaps rose into the light winds from the crests of waves in order to
become airborne. Each theory has its associated difficulties. The first makes a
wrong assumption that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bat's and could serve as
hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second
hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees
without damaging their wings. The third calls for high aces to channel updrafts.
The pterosaurs would have been unable to control their flight once airborne as the
wind from which such waves arose would have been too strong.
Ans : D
2. The view that, the pterosaurs rose into light winds from the crest of
the waves to become airborne, is viewed by the author as
A. revolutionary
B. unlikely
C. unassailable
D. probable
E. outdated.
Ans : B
Ans : C
Ans : B
Ans : A
Ans : B
Ans : A
8. Certain scraps of evidence bear out those who hold a very high opinion of
the average level of culture among the Athenians of the great age. Pericles's
funeral speech is undoubtedly the most famous evidence from Athenian
literature, that its level was indeed high. However, Pericles was a politician,
and it is possible that he was flattering his audience. We know that thousands of
Athenians sat hour after hour in the theater listening to the plays of the great
Greek dramatists. The Greek plays, particularly the tragedies, maintained an
extremely high intellectual level throughout, with no letdowns, no concessions
to the lowbrows or to the demands of ''realism'', like the gravediggers scene in
Shakespeare's Hamlet. The music and dancing seen in these plays were also of an
equally high level. The best modern parallel can be seen in the restrained,
difficult opera of the 18th century. The comparison is no doubt dangerous, but
can you imagine almost the entire population of an American city (in suitable
installments, of course) sitting through performances of Mozart's Don Giovanni or
Gluck's Orpheus? Perhaps the Athenian masses went to these plays because of a
lack of other amusements. They could at least understand something of what
went on, since the subjects were part of their folklore. Undoubtedly the theme of
grand opera is not part of the folklore of the American people.
1. From the passage it is evident that the author seems to question
the sincerity of
A. politicians
B. playwrights
C. opera goers
D. ''low brows''
E. gravediggers.
Ans : A
Ans : C
Ans : E
The healthy attitude of human nature can be seen in the nonchalance of boys who
are sure of a dinner, and would disdain as much as a lord to do or say aught to
conciliate one. A boy is in the parlor what the pit is in the playhouse; independent,
irresponsible, looking out from his corner on such people and facts as pass by, he
tries and sentences them on their merits, in the swift, summary way of boys, as
good, bad, interesting, silly, eloquent, troublesome. He never cumbers himself
regarding consequences, about interests and he gives an independent, genuine
verdict. You should court him: he will not court you. But the man is, as it were,
clapped into jail by his consciousness. As soon as he has once acted or spoken with
eclat, he is a committed person, watched by the sympathy or the hatred of hundreds,
whose affections must now enter into his account. There is no Lethe for this. Ah,
that he could pass again into his neutrality.
These are the voices, which we hear in solitude, but they grow faint and inaudible as
we enter into the world. Everywhere society is conspiring against the manhood of
every one of its members. Society is joint – stock company, in which members
agree, for the better securing of his bread to each shareholder, to surrender the liberty
and culture of the eater. The virtue in most request is conformity. It is averse to self-
reliance. What it loves is names and customs and not realities and creators.
No law can be sacred to me but that of my nature. Good and bad are but names very
readily transferable to that to this; the only right is what is after my constitution, the
only right is what is after me constitution, the only wrong what is against it. A man
is to carry himself in the presence of all opposition as if every thing were titular and
ephemeral but he. I am ashamed to think how easily we capitulate to badges and
names, to large societies and dead institutions. Every decent and well-spoken
individual affects and sways me more than is right. I ought to go upright and vital,
and speak the rude truth in all ways.
I shun father and mother and wife and brother, when my genius calls me. I would
write on the lintels of the doorpost, whim. I hope it is somewhat better than whim at
last, but we cannot spend the day in explanation. Except me not to show cause why I
seek or why I exclude company. Then, again, do not tell me, as a good man did not
to-day, of my obligation to put all poor men in good situations. Are they my poor? I
tell thee, thou foolish philanthropist, that I grudge the dollar, the time, the cent, I
give to such men as do not belong to me and to whom I do not belong. There is a
class of person to whom by all spiritual affinity I am bought and sold; for them I
will go to prison, if need be; but your miscellaneous popular charities; the education
at collage of fools; the building of meeting – house to the vain end to which many
now stand; alms to sots; and the thousandfold Relief Societies; - though I confess
with shame I sometimes succumb and give the dollar, it is a wicked dollar which by
and by I shall have the manhood to withhold.
If you refuse to conform, you can experience the displeasure of the world. Hence,
a man should know how to estimate a sour face. The by – standers look askance
on him in the public street or in the friend's parlor. In case this aversion originates
from contempt and resistance similar to his own, it might result in a sad
countenance; but the sour faces of the multitude, like their sweet faces, have no
deep cause, but are caused by reasons as diverse as the direction of the wind and
what he reads in the newspapers. Yet is the discontent of the multitude more
formidable than that of the senate and the collage.
Another factor, which frightens us from self – trust in our consistency; a
reverence for our past act or word, because the eyes of others have no other data
for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them.
But why should you keep your head over your shoulder? Why drag about this
corpse of your memory, lest you contradict somewhat you have stated in this or
that public place? Suppose you should contradict yourself; what then?
This is a rather silly consistency in our minds, which is adored by little statesmen
and philosophers and divines. Uniformly a great soul has almost nothing to do, he
could just occupy himself with his shadow on the wall. Speak what you think now
in hard words; and to-morrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again,
though it contradict everything you said to-day. – ''Ah, so you shall be sure to be
misunderstood.'' - Is it so bad, then, to be misunderstood? Pythagoras was
misunderstood, and Socrates, and Jesus, and Luther, and Copernicus, and Galileo,
and Newton, and every pure and wise spirit that ever took flesh. What can be
considered to be truly great is to be misunderstood.
1. Which of the following statements would best describe the main theme
of the above passage?
A. "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little mind."
B. "Eternal youth means eternal independence."
C. "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist."
D. "Colleges are designed to educate fools."
E. "Infancy conforms to nobody."
Ans : C
Ans : A
Ans : D
Ans : B
5. "Society is a joint-stock company etc." is one way which the author shows
A. The anti-culture attitude of the public
B. Society is highly organized and structured
C. The self-rejection of society
D. The lack of room for solitude in our world
E. The public's interest in the stock market
Ans : C
6. " I would write on the lintels of the doorpost, whim." What does
the author mean by this statement:
A. That one should renounce his immediate family
B. That signposts have an important educational function in
our society’
C. That an impulsive action may have a subsequent rational explanation
D. That one must never be held responsible for what one says and does
E. That everyone should do foolish things occasionally
Ans : C
7. Which of the following statements best summarizes the spirit and sense
of the above passage?
A. "Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind."
B. "With consistency, a great soul; has simply nothing to do."
C. "Do not think the youth has no force, because cannot speak to you
and me."
D. "The virtue in most request is conformity."
E. "A man must know how to estimate a sour force."
Ans : A
10. Furthermore, insofar as any conclusion about its author can be drawn from
five or six plays attributed to him, the Wakefield Master is without
exception considered to be a man of sharp contemporary observation. He
was, probably clerically educated, as indicated by his Latin and music, his
Biblical and patristic lore. Even today he is remembered for his his quick
sympathy for the oppressed and forgotten man, his sharp eye for character, a
ready ear for colloquial, vernacular turns of speech and a humor alternately
rude and boisterous, coarse and happy. Therefore in spite of his conscious
artistry as can be seen in his feeling for intricate metrical and stanza forms,
he is regarded as a kind of medieval Steinbeck, indignantly angry at,
uncompromisingly and even brutally realistic in presenting the plight of the
agricultural poor.
It is now fairly accepted to regard the play as a kind of ultimate point in the
secularization of the medieval drama. Therefore more stress has been laid on
it as depicting realistically humble manners and pastoral life in the bleak of
the west riding of Yorkshire on a typically cold night of December 24th.
After what are often regarded as almost ''documentaries'' given in the three
successive monologues of the three shepherds, critics go on to affirm that the
realism is then intensified into a burlesque mock-treatment of the Nativity.
Finally as a sort of epilogue or after-thought in deference to the Biblical
origins of the materials, the play slides back into an atavistic mood of early
innocent reverence. In actuality, the final scene is the culminating scene and
also the raison d’etre of the introductory ''realism.''
Superficially the present play supports the conventional view of its mood of
secular realism. At the same time, the ''realism'' of the Wakefield Master is of a
paradoxical turn. His wide knowledge of people, as well as books indicates no
cloistered contemplative but one in close relation to his times. Still, that life was
after all a predominantly religious one, a time which never neglected the belief
that man was a rebellious and sinful creature in need of redemption . So
deeply (one can hardly say ''naively'' of so sophisticated a writer) and
implicitly religious is the Master that he is less able (or less willing) to
present actual history realistically than is the author of the Brome Abraham
and Isaac. His historical sense is even less realistic than that of Chaucer who
just a few years before had done for his own time ''costume romances,'' such
as The Knight's Tele, Troilus and Cressida, etc. Furthermore, used highly
romantic materials, which could excuse his taking liberties with history.
Ans : D
Ans : D
Ans : E
11. The establishment of the third Reich influenced events in American history
by starting a chain of events which culminated in war between Germany and
the United States. The complete destruction of democracy, the persecution of
laws, the war on religion, the cruelty and barrbarism of the Nazis and
especially, the plans of Germany and her allies, Italy and Japan, for world
conquest caused great indignation in this country and brought on fear of
another world war. While speaking out against Hitler's atrocities, the
American profile generally favored isolationist policies, and neutrality. The
neutrality acts of 1935 and 1936 prohibited trade with any belligerents or
loans to them. In 1937 the president was empowered to declare an arms
embargo in wars between nations at his discretion
Ans : C
2. The Neutrality Act of 1939 favored Great Britain because
A. the British had command of the sea
B. the law permitted U.S.A. to trade only with the allies.
C. it antagonized Japan
D. it led to the Land - Lease Act
E. it agreed with the British on the principle of the
Atlantic Charter
Ans : A
Ans : D
4. One item occurring 1937 that the author does not mention in
the list of actions that alienated the American Public was
A. The persecution of religious groups
B. Nazi barbarism
C. The pacts with Italy
D. German plans for conquest of the world
E. The burning of the Reich tag.
Ans : E
Ans : A
Ans : C
Ans : B
12. There was in increase of about 10 % in the investment in the public sector, like
electricity, irrigation quarrying, public services and transport; even though the
emphasis leaned towards transport and away from the other sectors mentioned.
A 16-17% growth in investment, including a 30% increase in investment in
business premises has been recorded in trade and services. Although there
continued to be a decline in the share of agriculture in total gross investment in
the economy, investment grew by 9% in absolute terms, largely spurred on by a
23% expansion of investment in agriculture equipment. Housing construction
had 12% more invested in it in 1964, not so much owing to increase demand, as
to fears of impending new taxes and limitation of building.
There was a rise of close to 11% in the total consumption in real terms
during 1964 and per capita personal consumption by under 7%, as in 1963.
The undesirable trend towards a rapid rise in consumption, evident in
previous years, remains unaltered. Since at current prices consumption rose
by 16% and disposable income by 13%, there was evidently a fall in the rate of
saving in the private sector of the economy. Once again a swift advance in
the standard of living was indicated in consumption patterns. Though fruit
consumption increased, expenditure on food, especially bread and staple
items, declined significantly. There was a continuing increase in the outlay
on furniture and household equipment, health, education and recreation. The
greatest proof of altered living standards was the rapid expansion of
expenditure on transport (including private cars) and personal services of all
kinds, which occurred during 1964. The changing composition if purchased
durable goods demonstrated the progressive affluence of large sectors of the
public. On the one hand increased purchase of automobiles and television
sets were registered, a point of saturation was rapidly being approached for
items like the first household radio, gas cookers, and electric refrigerators.
Ans : B
2. According to the author the trend towards a rapid rise
in consumption is "undesirable" as:
A. there was an increase in the expenditure on frills and luxuries
B. the people were affluent
C. there was a rise in the standard of living
D. people were eating less
E. people were saving less
Ans : E
Ans : B
Ans : E
13. Visual recognition involves storing and retrieving memories. Neural activity,
triggered by the eye, forms an image in the brains memory system that
constitutes an internal representation of the viewed object. When an object is
encountered again, it is matched with its internal representation and thereby
recognized. Controversy surrounds the question of whether recognition is a
parallel, one-step process or a serial, step-by-step one. Psychologists of the
Gestalt school maintain that object are recognized as wholes in a parallel
procedure : , the internal representation is matched with the retinal image in a
single operation. Other psychologists have proposed that internal
representation features are matched serially with an object's features.
Although some experiments show that, as an object become familiar, its
internal representation becomes more familiar, its internal representation
becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more
parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at
least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the matching process
in visual recognition is
A. Not a natural activity.
B. Not possible when an object is viewed for the very first time.
C. Not possible if a feature of a familiar object is changed in
same way.
D. Only possible when a retinal image is received in the brain as
a unitary whole.
E. Now fully understood as a combination of the serial
and parallel process.
Ans : A
Ans : C
Ans : B
Just indicating its position in space is not enough while describing any
physical event, which involves motion. How position changes in time also
needs to be mentioned. Thus to give an accurate picture of the operation of a
New York - Chicago express, one must mention not only that it goes from
New - York to Albany to Syracuse to Cleveland to Toledo to Chicago, but also the
times at which it touches each of those points. This can be done either by means
of a timetable or a visual chart. If the miles between New York and Chicago are
plotted horizontally on a piece of ruled paper and the hours and minutes are
plotted vertically, then a diagonal line properly drawn across the page illustrates
the progress of the train in two - dimensional space - time continuum. This type
of graphic representation is familiar to most newspaper
readers; a stock market chart, for example, pictures financial events in a two
- dimensional dollar - time continuum. Similarly for the best picturization of
the flight of an airplane from New York to Los Angeles a four - dimensional
space - time continuum is essential. The latitude, longitude and altitude will
only make sense to the traffic manager of the airline if the time co - ordinate is
also mentioned. Therefore time is the fourth dimension. If a flight has to be
looked at, perceived as a whole, it wouldn't work if it is broken down into a
series of disconnected take - offs, climbs, glides, and landing, it needs to be
looked at and perceived as a continuous four - dimensional space - time
continuum curve.
Ans : D
Ans : A
Ans : C
Ans : E
5. The underlying tone of this selection is
A. persuasive
B. deferential
C. candid
D. instructive
E. gently condescending
Ans : D
Ans : B
Ans : A
15. From the 197 million square miles, which make up the surface of the globe, 71
per cent is covered by the interconnecting bodies of marine water; the Pacific Ocean
alone covers half the Earth and averages near 14,000 feet in depth. The portions
which rise above sea level are the continents-Eurasia, Africa; North America, South
America, Australia, and Antarctica. The submerged borders of the continental
masses are the continental shelves, beyond which lie the deep-sea basins.
The ocean are deepest not in the center but in some elongated furrows, or long narrow
troughs, called deeps. These profound troughs have a peripheral arrangement, notably
around the borders of the pacific and Indian oceans. The position of the deeps, like the
highest mountains, are of recent origin, since otherwise they would have been filled
with waste from the lands. This is further strengthened by the observation that the deeps
are quite often, where world-shaking earthquakes occur. To cite an example, the "tidal
wave" that in April, 1946, caused widespread destruction along Pacific coasts resulted
from a strong earthquake on the floor of the Aleutian Deep.
The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas the
available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart. However, the floor
of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of special surveys since
1920. A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south
between Africa and the two Americas and numerous other major irregularities
diversify the Atlantic floor. Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the
oceanic floors are as rugged as mountainous regions of the continents. Use of the
recently perfected method of submarine topography. During world war II great
strides were made in mapping submarine surfaces, particularly in many parts of the
vast Pacific basin.
Most of the continents stand on an average of 2870 feet above sea level. North America
averages 2300 feet; Europe averages only 1150 feet; and Asia, the highest of the larger
continental subdivisions, averages 3200 feet. Mount Everest, which is the highest point
in the globe, is 29,000 feet above the sea; and as the greatest known depth in the sea is
over 35,000 feet, the maximum relief (that is, the difference in altitude between the
lowest and highest points) exceeds 64,000 feet, or exceeds 12 miles. The continental
masses and the deep-sea basins are relief features of the first order; the deeps, ridges,
and volcanic cones that diversify the sea floor, as well as the plains, plateaus, and
mountains of the continents, are relief features of the second order. The lands are
unendingly subject to a complex of activities summarized in the term erosion, which
first sculptures them in great detail and then tends to reduce them ultimately to sea
level. The modeling of the landscape by weather, running water, and other agents is
apparent to the keenly observant eye and causes thinking people to speculate on what
must be the final result of the ceaseless wearing down of the lands. Much before there
was any recognizable science as geology, Shakespeare wrote "the revolution of the
times makes mountains level."
Ans : C
Ans : B
Ans : A
Ans : E
Ans : D
Ans : B
Ans : C
Ans : D
16. A clear answer to whether the languages of the ancient American peoples were
made use of for expressing abstract universal concepts can be sought in the case of
Nahuatl, which like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of
extensive compounds. By combining radicals or semantic elements, single
compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract
universal character.
The tlamatinime ("those who know") were able to use this rich stock of abstract
terms to express the nuances of their thought. They also availed themselves of other
forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some
derived from Toltec coinages. Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is
the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms,
or even contraries, complement each other to evoke one single idea. The juxtaposed
terms, used as metaphor, suggest specific or essential traits of the being they refer
to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression.
Ans : A
Ans : D
17. Few areas of neuron behavioral research seemed more promising is the early
sixties than that investigating the relationship between protein synthesis and
learning. The conceptual framework for the research was derived directly from
molecular biology, which had shown that genetic information is stored in nucleic
acids and expressed in proteins why not acquired information as well.
Before the actual connection between protein synthesis and learning could
be established however we began to have douche about whether inhibition
of protein synthesis was in fact the method by which puromycin produced
amnesia. First, ocher drugs, glutavimides themselves potent protein
synthesis inhibitors either failed to cause amnesia in some situations where
it could easily be induced by puromycin or produced an amnesia with a
different time course from that of puromycin. Second, puromycin was
found to inhabit protein synthesis by breaking certain amino acid chaim,
and the resulting fragments were suspected of being the actual cause of
amnesia is some eases. Third, puromycin was reported to cause
abnormalities in the train, including seizures. Thus, not only were
decreased protein synthesis and amnesia dissociated, but alternative
mechanism for the amnestic action of puromycin were readily suggested.
Ans : A
Ans : D
Ans : C
Ans : C
Ans : E
Ans : E
Ans : A
18. In any country, the wages commanded by the laborers who have comparable
skills but who work in various industries are determined by the productivity of the
least productive unit of labour, i.e. the unit of labour which works in the industry
which has catatest economic disadvantages. We will represent the various
opportunities of employment in a country like united states by Symbols. A standing
for a group of industries in which we have exceptional economic advantage over
foreign countries; B for a group in which our advantages are less; E , one in which
they are still less; D, the group of industries in which they are the least of all.
When our population is so small that all our labour can be engaged in the group
represented by A, productivity of labour and (therefore wages) will be at their
maximum. when our population increases so that some of the labour will have to
work in group B, the wages of all labour must decline to the level of productivity in
that group. But no employer, without government aid, will yet be able to afford to
hire labour to exploit the opportunities, represented by E and D, unless there is a
further increase in population.
But suppose that the political party in power holds the belief that we should
produce everything that we consume, that the opportunities represented by E and
D should also be exploited. The commodities, that the industries composing C and
D will produce have been hitherto obtained from abroad in exchange for
commodities produce by A and B. The government now renders this difficult by
imposing high duties upon the former class of commodities. This means that
workers in A and B must pay higher prices for what they buy, but do not receive
higher prices for what they sell.
After the duty has gone into effect and the prices of commodities that can be
produced by C and D have risch sufficiently enterprises will be able to hire labour at
the wages prevailing in A and B and establish industries in C and D. So far as the
remaining labours in A and B buy the products of C and D ,the difference between
the price which they pay for these product and the price they would pay it they were
permitted to import those products duty-free is a tax paid not to the government, but
to the producers in C and D, to enable the later to remain in business. It is on
uncompensated deduction from the natural earnings of the labourers in A and B. nor
are the workers in C and D paid as much, estimated in purchasing power as they
would have received if they had been allowed to remain in A and B under the earlier
conditions.
Ans : E
2. No employer, without government aid will yet be able to afford to hire
labour to exploit the opportunities represented by C and D because
A. The population has increased
B. Productivity of labour is not at the maximum
C. Productivity would drop correspondingly with the wages of labour
D. We cannot produce everything we consume
E. Enterprises would have to pay wages equivalent to those obtained by
workers in A and B while producing under catater disadvantages.
Ans : E
Ans : A
Ans : A
19. MARK HUGHES is a master of the fine art of survival. His Los Angeles-based
Herbalife International Inc. is a pyramid outfit that peddles weight-loss and nutrition
concoctions of dubious value. Bad publicity and regulatory crackdowns hurt his
U.S. business in the late 1980s. But Hughes, 41, continues to enjoy a luxurious
lifestyle in a $20 million Beverly Hills mansion. He has been sharing the pad and a
yacht with his third wife, a former Miss Petite U.S.A. He can finance this lavish
lifestyle just on his salary and bonus, which last year came to $7.3 million.
He survived his troubles in the U.S. by moving overseas, where regulators are less
zealous and consumers even more naive, at least initially. Today 77% of Herbalife
retail sales derive from overseas. Its new prowling grounds: Asia and Russia. Last
year Herbalife's net earnings doubled, to $45 million, on net sales of $632 million.
Based on Herbalife's Nasdaq-traded stock, the company has a market capitalization
of $790 million, making Hughes 58% worth $454 million.
There's a worm, though, in Hughes apple. Foreigners aren't stupid. In the end they
know when they've been had. In France, for instance, retail sales rose to $97 million
by 1993 and then plunged to $12 million last year. In Germany sales hit $159 million
in 1994 and have since dropped to $54 million.
Perhaps aware that the world may not provide an infinite supply of suckers,
Hughes wanted to unload some of his shares. But in March, after Herbalife's stock
collapsed, he put off a plan to dump about a third of his holdings on the public.
Contributing to Hughes' woes, Herbalife's chief counsel and legal attack dog,
David Addis, quit in January. Before packing up, he reportedly bellowed at
Hughes, "I can't protect you anymore." Addis, who says he wants to spend more
time with his family, chuckles and claims attorney-client privilege.
Trouble on the home front, too. On a recent conference call with distributors,
Hughes revealed he's divorcing his wife, Suzan, whose beaming and perky image
adorns much of Herbalife's literature.
Fallow himself is no angel, but his lawsuit, which was posted on the Internet,
brought out other complaints. Randy Cox of Lewiston, Idaho says Herbalife
"destroyed my business" after he and his wife complained to the company that they
were being cheated out of their money by higher-ups in the pyramid organization.
Ans : A
2. Daniel Fallow:
A. Was a former attorney for Hughes
B. Was a former distributor of Herbalife
C. Co-founded Herbalife
D. Ran Herbalife's German unit
Ans : B
Ans : C
Ans : C
Ans : D
6. In the year in which Hughes' salary and bonuses came to US$ 7.3 million,
what was the retail sales for Herbalife in France?
A. $12 million
B. $159 million
C. $54 million
D. $97 million
Ans :A
7. At the time when this article was written, if Herbalife had had a market
capitalisation of $ 1 billion, what would have been Hughes' share?
A. $420 million
B. $580 million
C. $125 million
D. $500 million
Ans : B