OXFORD INTERNATIONAL AQA EXAMINATIONS Name: MOMENT 1 Class Date: Time: 232 minutes Marks: 232 marks Comments: Page 1 of 87Qi. A kayak is a type of boat. Figure 1 shows a person sitting in a kayak. The person uses a paddle to make the kayak move. Figure 1 Paddle _ (a) The centre of mass of the kayak is labelled on Figure 1. What is meant by centre of mass? Tk wit whye Me masc iy doug Md be be checidaded Y a) (b) The kayak moves forwards with an initial momentum of 48 kg m/s. The person uses the paddle for 18 s. The average resultant force on the kayak during this time is 12 N forwards. Calculate the final momentum of the kayak. Use the Physics Equations Sheet. Lx I8 = E+ 4 f Final momentum = a f. G kg m/s «4 (c)_ The kayak now moves at a steady speed of 2.2 mis. Calculate the time taken for the kayak to move 55 m at this speed. Se Jf Page 2 of 87Time taken = a c s @ (4) When the person uses the paddle, the forces on the paddle create moments. What is meant by the moment of a force? ‘heniy ef fed of fuce a) (@) One end of the paddle is placed in the water. The water applies a force F to the Paddle at the position shown in Figure 2. The person applies a force of 84 N to the paddle. The paddle does not turn. Figure 2 rFe—_+ V 4.60 m ——> a4 N 0.60 m ~Pivot Determine F. Use the Physics Equations Sheet. Ob6ONG4 = | bO £0 y$4 -f Page 3 of 87d1-& N ® The table shows some data about kayaks. The greater the stability score, the less likely the kayak is to topple over. The greater the ease of turning score, the easier the kayak is to turn. ;,|Stability score] Ease of Ratio of Kayak [Fensthin}Wicth inl’ in arbitrary | turningin | length to units jarbitrary units} width A. 19 0.70 84 95, IB 2.3 0.60 60 82 3.8 IC 24 0.75 88 79 3.2 ID 25 0.65 76 76 3.8 IE 3.1 0.80 90 65 3.9 (f) Give one conclusion that can be made about the relationship between the length of a kayak and the ease of tuning, By SAC exe jg by b fle case cd uti Liste a) (g) Give two conclusions that can be made about the relationship between the shape of the kayak and its stability. Ru Ae yenssag wil Ad Stebel nene heagl| bd] sud 5 Ys @ ‘The design of a kayak affects how streamlined it is. (h) Whatis the effect on the drag force of having a longer, narrower kayak? Mc €S¢s a) (The ratio of length to width can be used as a measure of how streamlined a kayak is. Determine the ratio of length to width for kayak A. Page 4 of 87Ratio of length to width ? ” () Suggest which kayak A, B, C, D or E can move fastest. Tick one box. A a) (Total 18 marks) Q2. The diagram shows a spanner being used to undo a tight nut. 40. The nut was tightened using a moment of 120 newton metres. Use the following equation to calculate the force needed to undo the nut. Show clearly how you work out your answer. moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot J0= 0-3y% eo ~ Je fF Foce= 3a N (Total 2 marks) Page 5 of 87Q3. (@) The diagrams show a windsurfer pulling up the sail of a sailboard, The mast pivots at point P. A B c In which position, A, B or C must the windsurfer pull with the largest force? Give a reason for mare | De “lise he is b. lis Jian 4 Loye dis hee (2) (b) Once the mast is upright, the windsurfer and the sailboard are in equilibrium. (i) What does in equilibrium mean? CW AC a) (i) ‘The weight of the windsurfer is 700 newtons. Use the equation below to calculate the moment exerted by the windsurfer on the sailboard. Show clearly how you work aut your answer. moment = force x perpendicular distance from pivot o0Ye Ev Page 6 of 87Lp Moment = d 0 Nm @ (i) Use the relationship below to calculate the horizontal force of the wind on the sail, Show clearly how you work out your answer. total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment oqo = f Se ~ y£ I Force = 280 N @ (c) As the wind speed increases the windsurfer leans further out from the sailboard. This position allows the windsurfer and sailboard to stay in equilibrium. Explain why. bre xp al [LOO Ing. c buku, e aint Ma LSog Ce bwike Momond (nereeses @) (Total 10 marks) Q4, (a) The diagram shows a iifebelt. It is hanging freely from hook Y. () — Onthe diagram, mark with an X the point where you think the centre of mass of the lifebelt will be. Page 7 of 87” (ii) Explain why you have chosen this point. f y a @ (b) The drawing shows Susan on a diving board, She is 1.5 metres from point P and she weighs 500 N. Calculate her moment (turning effect) about point P. ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer i give the it 6 A L be 1 Moment about @) (©) Susan has a case with wheels. Page 8 of 87When she packs this case, she puts the heaviest items at the end where the wheels are. This means that the heaviest items are less likely to crush the other contents and it helps her to find things when she opens the case. Explain another advantage of packing her case in this way. To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words. Lewer Up Cte od mess which usties Lhe bog ote bbe! whch mab, Che hey Ly hel» to Le So fe PA & ba BE qv ink 4 (Total 10 marks) Qs. (a) _ Every object has a centre of mass. What is meant by the centre of mass? ee : Ye pred wire Me Utougl [ © DEC CALL, ty ‘ (b) The drawing shows a thin sheet of plastic. The sheet is 250 mm wide. Two holes, each with a radius of 2 mm, have been drilled through the sheet. 7 a) Page 9 of 87Describe how you could use: clamp and stand a steel rod 100 mm long and with a radius of | mm, a weight on a thin piece of string (= a plumb line) aruler pen which will write on the piastic sheet to find the centre of mass of the plastic sheet. To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words. Chap Me ou woh, [ap Ha tll ech Zs KL dole Heng pl nh line ith ae a Ded _dipasasFaiglt Low sph floe:f Leet dk “ebly Ide Lf, 0 4 6) (c) There is a trapdoor in the ceiling of a house. The trapdoor weighs 44 N. The drawing shows a side view of the trapdoor. Hinge (pivot) Catch (i) Complete the three spaces to give the equation which is used to calculate the Page 10 of 87“oes effect of a force. / Ih onal. [O/C Lx perpendicular between _ (7! Ag NCE line of action and pivot a (ii) Calculate the tuming effect, about the hinge, due to the weight of the trapdoor. ‘Show clearly how you work out your final ae aive ty py fe [7b Turning effect = ed @) (Total 10 marks) a6. The diagram shows a crane which is loading containers onto a ship. Large concrete blocks Weight of container =45000N (a) _ Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment of the container which is being loaded, perpendicular distance from the line of moment =forc® x action of the force to the axis of rotation ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. 18x 46 cop :Jeeee Moment of the container = aco 2 (b) Suggest and explain the purpose of the large concrete blocks. @) Page 11 of 87Llere MSS Can be chee fo male fle cae Sh bles SO CW = Alb @) (Total 6 marks) Q7. (@) The diagram shows a lampshade hanging from the ceiling. Draw an X on the diagram so that the centre of the X marks the centre of the mass of the lampshade. a (a) Complete the sentence using the correct word or phrase from the box. above below —totheleftof —_—_to the right of ‘A suspended object will come to rest with its centre of mass directly EL we the point of suspension. a (€) The diagrams show equipment that a student uses to find the centre of mass of a thin sheet of card Page 12 of 87Boss . Irregular piece of card ‘string Strong pin L ‘Weight Arrange these sentences in the correct order to describe how the student can find the centre of mass of the card. The sequence starts with sentence D and finishes with sentence E. ‘Aline is drawn on the card marking the position of the string, 4 The pin is put through one of the holes in the card and held in the boss. This is repeated using the other hole. Two holes are made in the card with each hole near to the edge of the card. The centre of mass is where the lines cross on the card. a mo0o w > The weight is tied to the string and then the string is hung from the pin > [DT At x E @) (Total 5 marks) Qs. Tractors are often used on sloping fields, so stabilty is important in their design. ‘On the diagram, the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the tractor. Page 13 of 87(a) _ Explain why the tractor ha’ not toppled over. You may add to the diagram to help you to explain. | 19 iW. fw of oc final” Waste Me _bese Se Na “vesulbnt th omen. @) (b) Give two features of the tractor which affect its stability and state how each feature could be changed to increase the tractor's stability Feature 1 Feature 2 @) (Total 5 marks) Qg. ‘A spanner gives a turning effect to undo a nut. (2) Complete the sentence. The turning effect of a force is called the Me WV force. of the a) (b) The diagram shows a spanner being used. Page 14 of 87Axis of rotation ) AC spanner Force (=20N) Use the equation in the box to calculate the spanner's turning effect in newton metres. [ tuming effect = perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. YW Pepe a 7 Turing effect (2) (©) _ Give two ways in which you can increase the spanner's turning effect. neve be distuce 2 Daerivese fo Joa (2) (Total 5 marks) Q10. (a) The diagram shows a rectangle made out of a sheet of cardboard. Axis of symmetry t | | 4 _ a | Axis of 1 symmetry | Draw an X on the diagram so that the centre of the X is at the centre of mass of the rectangle, ” (b) The drawing shows a car tyre. Page 15 of 87(i) Where is the centre of mass of the tyre?, A L rte a) (ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i). le he were ae pl sont a) (Total 3 marks) ai. (a) The diagram shows a child's mobile. The mobile hangs from point P on the ceiling of the child's bedroom. (i) Mark the position of the centre of mass of the mobile by drawing a letter X on the diagram. Do this so that the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the mobile. a) (ii) Explain why you have chosen this position for your letter X. Page 16 of 87(b) Use the term centre of mass to explain why the ladder, in the situation shown, is unlikely to topple over. You may add to the diagram to illustrate your explanation. TE b y . : L aw {e. lafide. Ine off athin oj weigh TS 2GCE FlE DES @ (Total 6 marks) Q12. ‘The drawing shows a sign which hangs outside a shop. Page 17 of 87(a) (b) (©) Q13. Support Draw an X on the sign so that the centre of your X is at the centre of mass of the sign. a Use a ruler to draw one axis of symmetry on the sign. a ‘One force which acts on the sign is its weight. Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box. an accelerating The moment of the weight produces —_ a balancing effect. a (Total 3 marks) The diagram shows a small mobile crane. It is used on a building site. Page 18 of 87The distance, d, is measured to the front of the cab. The table shows information from the crane driver's handbook. Load in kilonewtons (kN) | Maximum safe distance, d, in metres (m) 10 6.0 15, 4.0 24 25 40 15 60 1.0 (a) Whatis relationship between the load and the maximum safe distance? bboy placveesing He leat “np clishux NL ( (2) (b) | The crane driver studies the handbook and comes to the conclusion that a load of 30 KN would be safe at a distance, a, of 2.0 metres. Is the driver correct? Explain your answer. 3 . > Z » e€§ peCange 2OKMALW - ( (2) Page 19 of 87(c)_ Whats the danger if the driver does not follow the safety instructor Crone wi] Z ) () Whatis the clockwise moment of the boy, B, about the axis of rotation? Vbb-2lp < bee Moment = koHd Nm a) (il) Use the information in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the weight, W, of the boy, B moment = force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. Page 36 of 87Weight of boy B = 3 2 N @ (Total 6 marks) Q26. ‘A company makes a wheel wrench with an extending handle. The company claims that the extending handle makes it easier to loosen the wheel nuts on a car. The diagram shows the wheel wrench being used without the handle extended (@) (i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the force on ‘the wrench. moment = force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. 0:5 50 2 Moment = } 5 newton metres @ (i) Units can be written in words or symbols. Which of the following is the unit for a moment written using symbols? Draw a ring around your answer. am Km aM NM : oO) Page 37 of 87(b) The whee! nut will not move and so the handle of the wrench is extended. Itis now easy to loosen the wheel nut using the same force as before. Explain why. ; r bk dt Aisdyce Me peose, diye Got will incvesse se “fo mad [acreases @) (Total § marks) Q27. ‘The diagram shows a design for a crane. The crane is controlled by a computer. Axis of rotation Steel cable Pulling force Motors and gears. The purpose of the motors and gears is to change the pulling force in the stee! cable. This is done so that the jib stays horizontal whatever the size of the load or the position of Page 38 of 87the load. Use the equation in the box to answer questions (a) and (b). moment = force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation (a) Calculate the moment caused by the load in the position shown in the diagram. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit. foce VEE ~3ee Woment=_ 232 [Im @) (b) Calculate the pulling force that is needed in the steel cable to keep the jib horizontal. ‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. Ole (2) (Total 5 marks) Q28. The diagram shows a gardener using a stee! bar to lft a tree stump out of the ground Axis of rotation Steel bar When the gardener pushes with a force of 300 N, the tree stump just begins to move. (@) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the 300 N force. moment = force x perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the axis of rotation Page 39 of 87‘Show clearly how you work out your answer. lx 3c = 860 Moment = 262 newton metres. @ (b) Using a longer stee! bar would have made it easier for the gardener to lift the tree stump out of the ground. Expiain why. ) Dishance inc Fee ol 0 dere? lnc reuse A Se ph niet in cree ect“ @ (Total 4 marks) Q29. (@) The diagram shows a pendulum. Point of suspension Pendulum bob Draw an X on the diagram above, so that the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the pendulum bob. ” (b) Alarge clock keeps time using the swing of a pendulum. Page 40 of 87(i) The frequency of the swinging pendulum is 0.5 hertz. Calculate the periodic time of the pendulum. Use the correct equation from the Physics _— Sheet. Periodic time = I seconds @ (ii) Caleuiate the number of complete swings the pendulum would make in 60 seconds. Use your answer from part (b)(i) in your calculation. 60. - 20 64N, 08m Pivot Calculate the moment of the 64 N force about the pivot, Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. Cc A 64 xo S = bl. C Moment of the force = 2 7) Nm @ (@) The design of the trolley is now changed to make it taller 64N >64N 1m 0.8m How does making the trolley taller affect the moment produced by the 64 N force about the pivot? Page 42 of 87Nomen incresges 68 hea CLs & a) (Total 8 marks) Q30. The diagram shows a man standing in an airport queue with his wheeled bag. The centre of mass ‘of bag and contents Bottom of bag x Pivot“ |__s00m | (@) The man applies an upward force to the handle of his bag to stop the bag from ‘The Roment ofthis force about the pivot is 36 Nm. Calculate the upward force the man applies to the handle of his bag. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. 3s - b Ot Force = be N (b) When the man lets go of the bag handle, the bag falls and hits the floor. @) Explain why, Page 43 of 87weig hf 15 auf he th Nome at Hyg A 44 Wl Lea seshha @ (©) During his holiday the man visits the Foucault Pendulum in Paris, France. ‘The pendulum makes 10 complete swings every 160 seconds. Calculate the frequency of the pendulum and give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. remem 9 £ rreqwency= 2°0 LQ ° (Total 7 marks) Q31. Forces have different effects. (2) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence. slowing stretching turning The moment of a force is the the force. effect of a (ii) (b) Some children build a see-saw using a plank of wood and a pivot. The centre of mass of the piank is above the pivot. Figure 1 shows a boy sitting on the see-saw. His weight is 400 N. Figure 1 Page 44 of 871.5m | | | Pivot Calculate the anticlockwise moment of the boy in Nm. Use the correct equation from Section A of the Physics Equations Sheet. )-S ko ~ foe a Anticlockwise moment Nm @ (©) Figure 2 shows a git! sitting at the opposite end of the see-saw. Her weight is 300 N. igure 2 1.5m 2.0m Pivot The see-saw is now balanced, The children move the plank. Its centre of mass, M, is now 0.25 m from the pivot as shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 The boy and girl sit on the see-saw as shown in Figure 3. Page 45 of 87(i) Describe and explain the rotation of the see-saw, All L te @) (ii) The boy gets off the see-saw and a bigger boy gets on it in the same place. The girl stays in the position shown in Figure 3. The plank is balanced. The ‘weight of the plank is 270 N. Calculate the weight of the bigger boy. wales Cd eu D6) pz) - PRG 2 75 LG @) (Total 10 marks) Q32. ‘A student carries out an investigation using a metre rule as a pendulum. (@) Diagram 1 shows a metre rule. Diagram 1 (i) Draw, on Diagram 1, an X to show the position of the centre of mass of the tule, a (i) State what is meant by the ‘centre of mass of an object le nd Wher E+ 10S S ft Page 46 of 872 be Caterk pf a (b) The student taped a 100 g mass to a metre rule. She set up the apparatus as shown in Diagram 2. ‘She suspended the metre rule from a nail through a hole close to one end, so she could use the metre rule as a pendulum. The distance dis the distance between the nail and the 100 g mass. Diagram 2 Nail: Metre rule _- Clamp stand (i) Draw, on Diagram 2, a Y to show a possible position of the centre of mass of the pendulum, a (ii) The student carried out an investigation to find out how the time period of the Pendulum varies with d. ‘Some of her results are shown in the table Time for 10 swings in seconds Mean time ai First | Second | Third | Mean for incm | test test test | value | 1 swingin seconds 100 | 153 15.4 155 | 154 1.54 300 | 147 146 147 | 14.7 1.47 50.0 | 153 156 154 | 15.4 1.54 Page 47 of 8770.0 | 165 | 166 | 165 [és ).68 or) Complete the table. You may use the space below to show your working @ In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Describe how the student would carry out the investigation to get the results in the table in part (i). You should include: + any other apparatus required + how she should use the apparatus + how she could make it a fair test + arisk assessment + how she could make her results as accurate as possible. Page 48 of 876) (©) Agraph of the student's results is shown below. 2.00 1.80 1.60 f= Time for 1 swing in seconds 4.49 1.204 Distance din cm (i) Describe the pattern shown by the graph. Into reddy ten in f-a ’ @ (ii) The student thinks that the measurements of time for d= 10 cm might be ‘anomalous, so she takes a fourth measurement Her four measurements are shown below. 153s 154s 155s 1535 State whether you consider any of these measurements to be anomalous. Page 49 of 87 Seamed wth CanseverJustify your answer. Vi bistrot ede (2 (Total 16 marks) Q33. (@) Figure 1 shows a girl standing on a diving board. Figure 1 Point A. Weight of girl = 600N ight of diving board = 800N Support Calculate the total clockwise moment of the weight of the diving board and the weight of the girl about Point A. Give the unit. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet, [fy et} (Sx ba) 3800 Z Total clockwise moment about Point A = 2 ¢ 02 (b) Figure 2 shows the girl standing at a different place on the diving board. 4 ‘The support provides an upward force F to keep the diving board balanced. Page 50 of 87Figure 2 F 4 Point A 1 9 ‘Support c Weight of gir Water Figure 3 shows how the upward force F varies with the distance of the git! from Point A. Figure 3 o 1 2 3 4 s Distance of girl from Point A in metres. Explain, in tetms of clockwise and anticlockwise moments, why the upward force F incteases as shown in Figure 3. Dishan€ | neler Jct lide, Be hence ne eee Mbiledense pire Av iwullint Mirena =O @ (Total 7 marks) Page 51 of 87Q34, Figure 1 shows a girl standing on a diving board. Figure 1 Point A. 5 metres, = “Support 4 c Weight of girl = 600 newtons ‘Water (a) Calculate the moment of the girl's weight about Point A. Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet. 3 20 S eho o = Moment = 422 nemon metres (2) (b) Figure 2 shows the girl standing at a different piace on the diving board. The support provides an upward force F to keep the diving board balanced Figure 2 F 4 Point A 1 {Support ht of girl c ‘Weight of gi Water Complete the following sentence. The diving board is not turning. The total clockwise moment is balanced by the total A+ Ci Page 52 of 87co) (©) Figure 3 shows how the upward force F varies with the distance of the gir! from Point A. Figure 3 000 coo Ht Hf t He 4000: Loeer rt { 3000: t Fin t newtons t + 2000: Treat t 1000: + ghee EEE EEE 1 2 3 4 5 Distance of girl from Point A in metres ()__ Use Figure 3 to determine the upward force F when the girl is standing at a distance of 3 metres from point A. Upward force F = (ii) What conclusion should be made from Figure 32 S_ Als fante _''Ntis a) (Total § marks) Q35. Levers and hydraulic systems can act as force multipliers. (a) Figure 1 shows a girl trying to lift a large rock using a long rod as a lever. Figure 1 Page 53 of 87Girt The girl is pushing down on the rod but is just unable to lift the rock Which of the following changes would allow her to lift the rock? Tick (v) two boxes Change Tick (v) Move the pivot away from the rock Make the rod longer Push the rod upwards Push down on the rod with a greater force | L-—~ @ (b) Liquids are used in hydraulic systems because they are virtually incompressible. Explain how the spacing of particles in a liquid cause it to be virtually incompressible. gas dic leg are cbse legals i e n WoL — cé& Gov Mae Wer f @ (©) Figure 2 shows a man using a car jack to lift his car. Figure 2 Page 54 of 87© isabiistock Thinkstock Figure 3 shows a simple diagram of a car jack. Figure 3 Force acting ‘on car Effort force from man Liquid () The man pushes down with an effort force. This resuits in a much larger force acting upwards on the car. Use information from Figure 3 to explain how. Page 55 of 87“4 (i) Which of the following statements about the forces in Figure 3 is correct? Tick (v) one box. Tick (v) The force acting on the car moves a greater distance than the effort force. The force acting on the car moves less distance than the effort force. L The force acting on the car moves the same distance as the effort force. a) (Total 9 marks) Page 56 of 87