Machine Design

It is the branch of Engineering Science in which we deals the Design of Machine and
their practically parts.
 Load:-
Any External Force act on a Body is called Load.
Types of Load:-
1. Dead/Steady Load
2. Live/Variable Load
3. Impact Load
4. Suddenly/Shock Load
5. Point/Concentrated Load
6. Uniform Load
7. Inclined Load
8. Gradually Increasing Load
Dead/Steady Load:-
A load which does not change its position is called Dead/Steady Load
E.g. Glass.
Live/Variable Load:-
A Load Which Can Change Its Position is called Live/Variable Load.
E.g. Water
Impact Load:-
A Load which applied from its Initial velocity is called Impact Load.
E.g. Hammer.
Suddenly/Shock Load:-
A Load which does not applied from its initial velocity is called suddenly/shock Load.
e.g. “A Bullet fired from Barrel”,” Press Work”
Point Load:-
A load which is act on a point is called point load.
E.g. Drill
Uniform Load:-
A Load which acts equally at the plane.
E.g. Floor, Roof
Inclined Load:-
A Load which acts on any angle is called inclined load.
E.g. Stairs.
Gradually Increasing Load:-
A load which Increases from one point to another is called gradually increasing load.
e.g. “Water supplies on tank”
 Stress:-
The ratio between the resistance load/force per unit area is called Stress.
Its SI Unit is N/m2
Formula: s=f/a
 Strain:-
The ratio Between Change in length over original length is called Strain.
It has no Unit.
Formula: e = L/L
 Pressure:-
The ratio between loads per unit area is called pressure.
Its SI Unit is N/mm2
Formula: p=f/a
 Deformation:-
Change in length is known as Deformation.
Its SI unit is m.
 Types Of Stress:-
1. Normal Stress
(Force acting perpendicular to a cross section area)
2. Shear Stress
(Force acting parallel to a cross section area and deforms and form an angle)
 Types of Normal Stress:-
1. Tensile Stress
When the force is stretching the object, the stress experience by the object is called
Tensile Stress.
In that case, the length of the object Increases.
2. Compressive Stress
When the force is compressing the object, the stress experience by the object is
called Compressive Stress.
In that case, the length of the object decreases.
 Types of Strain:-
1. Tensile Strain
The Deformation occurs due to the tensile stress is called Tensile Strain.
2. Compressive Strain
The Deformation Occurs due to the Compressive Stress is called Compressive Strain.
3. Shear strain
The Deformation occurs due to the Shear Stress is called Shear Strain
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 Hooke’s Law:-
The Stress is directly proportional to strain with in Elastic Limit is Called Hooke’s Law.
Formula: E=PL/A L
 Young’s Modulus:-
The ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain is called Young’s modulus.
Tensile stress : Tensile strain
 Bulk Modulus:-
The ratio Between Compressive Stress and Compressive Strain is called Bulk Modulus.
Compressive Stress : Compressive Strain
 Rigidly Modulus:-
The Ratio between Shearing Stress and shearing strain is called rigidly Modulus.
Shear Stress : Shear Strain