The increasing demand for energy sources, the oil industry, the depletion of non-

renewable supplies, and environmental conservation have all been issues that should be
adequately addressed in the coming generations if living organisms on this planet ought to live.
Switching to renewable, sustainable, cost-effective, and ecologically friendly alternative energy
sources can fulfill the minimal necessity of fuel usage while simultaneously protecting the
environment. The concept "biofuel" refers to liquid, gaseous, and solid fuels that are primarily
made from biomass. Biofuels are used for a variety of reasons, including energy security,
environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and rural socioeconomic challenges.

According to Dermibas (2008) bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas,

bio-synthetic gas (bio-syngas), bio-oil, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, and biohydrogen are all
examples of biofuels. The majority of traditional biofuels, such as ethanol made from maize,
wheat, or sugar beets, and biodiesel made from oil seeds, are made from traditional agricultural
food crops that require high-quality agricultural land to thrive. Biomass could be processed
directly into liquid fuels, known as "biofuels," to address transportation fuel shortages, unlike
some other renewable sources of energy. Ethanol and biodiesel are the two most popular forms
of biofuels being used nowadays, both of which are from the first generation of biofuel
technology.   Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and cyanobacteria can ferment sugar or
gaseous intermediates into fuel building assets and chemicals in this process, which can be done
ecologically or chemically. Sugars and other intermediary processes, such as bio-oil and syngas,
can also be treated with a catalyst to eliminate any unnecessary or reactive chemicals, improving
storage and handling properties. Due to its abundant macronutrients for plant growth, livestock
manure was traditionally poured directly into soil as fertilizer (Powell and Rotz 2015). In
oxygen-depleted areas, this waste is now employed to make methane-rich biogas
(Ashekuzzaman and Poulsen 2011). Methanogenic bacteria manufacture this clean-burning
biogas from lignocellulosic materials in manure to generate power and heat energy (Maranon et
al. 2011). Furthermore, the potential of employing cow manure has been underutilized, with just
a small portion of the lignocellulosic part of this green source being converted into biogas by
microbes, resulting in vast amounts of anaerobically digested cow manure (Diaz et al. 2016).
 Manure is a resource that benefits plant development and supplies organic material to
improve soil structure by containing undigested and partially digested dietary nutrients.
Carbohydrates — carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) — from grass and cereal grains, for
example, are energy-producing nutrients in animal feed. Proteins (in the form of amino acids)
and fats (or lipids) are two other nutrients that are largely made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) (N). Energy is lost through manure (feces and urine), gases
produced by fermentation in the gastrointestinal (digestive) tract of animals, and through heat
during the digestion process. Several techniques have the ability to convert the energy in manure
into bio-energy that can be used. (Zongliu,2017).

Manure can be an alternative energy source for livestock farmers. An anaerobic digester
will partially convert manure to energy in the form of biogas which contains methanol. Carbon is
the major chemical element in manure, and the bacteria digest the carbon with the release of
biogas. However, in order to derive their energy from carbon, the bacteria require that nitrogen
be available in the raw material. While the primary focus of those biofuels like ethanol is
alternative fuel, cow manure can be used for both electricity and fuel. In both applications, the
concept behind energy production is the collection of methane gas that is a product of manure
because methane is the primary gas that is turned into energy when burning natural gas, there is a
huge potential for collecting methane gas from cow manure.

References:
 Bioenergy Technologies Office, Retrieved from:
https://www.energy.gov/eere/bioenergy/biofuel-basics
 Dermibas A., (2008). Biofuels sources, biofuel policy, biofuel economy and global biofuel
projections, retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0196890408000770
 Yan, Q., Liu, X., Wang, Y. et al. Cow manure as a lignocellulosic substrate for fungal
cellulase expression and bioethanol production. AMB Expr 8, 190 (2018). Retrieved from:
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0720-2
 Xiao, M., (2017). Turning Cow Manure into Energy. Retrieved from
http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2017/ph240/xiao-m2/