ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PAIN RELIEVER

ACTIVITY NO. 6

Group 9

BSED III-P

Member: Balmas , Regina Grace B. – recorder

Anza, May – performer
October 14, 2010 (Thursday; 7:30 A.M. – 12: Noon)

INTRODUCTION

Analgesics are any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain. Analgesics drugs
acts in various ways on the peripheral and central nervous system, they include paracetamol
which is non steriodal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID’s). In choosing analgesics, the sevirity
and response to other medication determine the choice of agents. The analgesics chooice is also
determined by the type of pain. Aspirin inhibit cyclooxgenase, leading to decrease in post
agladin production which reduces pain and also inflammation.

Paracetamol and aspirin are both active ingredients of pain relievers. Paracetamol has few
side effects and is regarded as safe, although intake above the recommended dose can lead to
liver damage, which can be severe, and life threatening, and occasionally kidney damage. The
use of aspirin in children under 16 suffering from viral disease has been linked by Reyes
syndrome severe liver disorder.

Manny of this pain reliever are solids over the counts drugs. Analgesics of samples are
one of the common tasks to ensure its benefits when used. This activity will allow analyzing
different samples of analgesics antipyretics to find out whether the active ingredients are aspirin
or paracetamol.

At the end of this activity we are expected to be able to determine whether the active
ingredients of pain reliever are aspirin or paracetamol by the color of the reaction in the two
samples. Using iron (III) chloride and H2SO4 to aspirin and potassium hexecyanofrrate (III) and
NaOH to paracetamol.

MATERIALS

In performing the color test for aspirin and paracetamol we use different materials such as
250 mL beaker, 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, micro spatula, 6 test tube with the test tube rack,
mortar and pestle, 2 pipettes, alcohol burner, test tube holder, 4 analgesics, 1% iron (III) chloride
sol’n (aspirin), 0.1 M H2SO4, potassium hexecyanofrrate (III) (paracetamol) and 0.5 M NaOH.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

Given a sample of each aspirin, paracetamol and unknown analgesic, we use the sample
as reference for the result in the unknown analgesics.

We start the activity by preparing 100 mL aqueous sol’n of iron (III) chloride
hexahydrate (FeCl36H2O) which is enough to test the given samples. Then we get 2 tablets of
analgesics samples and reduced it to powder form using mortar and pestle, and then put a pinch
of the grind sample to test tubes mark A and B. afterwards we dissolved o.1 g potassium
hexecyanofrrete t(III) in 100 mL of distilled water.

For testing the presence of aspirin, we add 2 mL of 0.1 M H 2SO4 to the samples in the test
tube A then we apply heat until the solutions boils and the solids are dissolve. While still hot we
mixed the solutions with the 1% iron (III) choloride sol’n in an Erlenmeyer flask.

For the parcetamol test same procedure but instead of 1% iron (III) chloride sol’n and
0.1 M H2SO4, we add 2 mL of 0.5 M NaOH to the test tube B and mixed it to potassium
hexecyanofrrate (III) in the Erlenmeyer flask.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

DATA AND RESULTS

SAMPLE TESTED ASPIRIN TEST PARACETAMOL TEST

1. biogesic negative positive
2. aspilets positive negative
3. decolgen negative positive
4. alaxan negative positive
5. aspen positive negative
6. bioflu Negative positive

DISCUSSION

There are two procedures we’ve done in testing the aspirin and paracetamol. To test the
analgesics that my contain aspirin the samples should be dissolved to the 0.1 M H 2SO4, and boils
it after the solutions have dissolved it should be mixed to 1% iron (III) choloride sol’n in an
erlenmeyer flask, if the color of the mixture change to deep blue purple it indicates that the
samples contains aspirin. Only aspilets and aspin are positive with this test.

In paracetamol test same procedure only that instead of 0.1 M H 2SO4 and 1% iron (III)
choloride sol’n in an erlenmeyer flask it should be 2 mL of 0.5 M NaOH to the test tube B and
mixed it to potassium hexecyanofrrate (III) in the erlenmeyer flask. When the mixture changes
its color from yellow to dark brown it indicates that the samples contain paracetamol. The
remaining samples which are the alaxan, biogesics, decolgen and bioflu are positive for this test.

CONCLUSSION

Samples of analgesics can be distinguished as containing aspirin or paracetamol, when

the samples change its color to deep purple in the aspirin test you could says that it contain
aspirin and to paracetamol test if the samples changes its color from yellow to dark brown the
samples contain paracetamol.

REFERENCES:

www.wikipedia.com.

Organic Chemistry; 5th edition; Philip S. Bailey Jr. and Christian A. Bailey
 CHLORINE IN PLASTICS

ACTIVITY NO. 8

Group 9
BSED III-P
Member: Balmas , Regina Grace B. – recorder
Anza, May – performer
October 14, 2010 (Thursday; 7:30 A.M. – 12: Noon)

INTRODUCTION

When plastics containing chlorine is heated with copper wire, copper chloride is formed
on the surface of the copper wire. The copper chloride easily vaporized into copper atoms and
produces the characteristics of blue-green light in the flame. In most cases, the plastic materials
are either polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyvinilidene chloride.

By testing the presence of chlorine in the different plastic materials by means of a flame
teat for copper wire, we are expected to be able to identify plastic materials which contain
chlorine. In general, we have to perform a flame test on copper wire so that we would be able to
determine if the samples contain chlorine.

MATERIALS

In this experiment we use thick copper wire, cork stopper, alcohol lamp and hot pads.
Among the samples of plastics we used are the following; credit card, plastic bag, cellophane,
bottle, saran wrap, clear folder and blade of electric fan.

PROCEDURE

We start the experiment by collecting the different kinds of plastics and synthetic
materials. Before starting the experiment we make sure first that the copper wire is clean and
then we prepare the alcohol lamp for heating. Afterwards the copper wire is heated in the hottest
part of the flame until the flame color does not change.

Then we get the samples of plastic materials by touching it with the hot copper wire
which will melts the materials in the copper wire, and we immediately hold the wire over the
flame and then observe the color of the flame. When we are already done observing we clean the
copper wire by burning the remaining samples to it, and until the flame does not change the color
anymore. To continue the experiment we repeat the procedure to test the remaining other plastic
materials.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATION

DATA AND RESULTS

SAMPLE COLOR OF FLAME PRESENCE OF CHLORINE

(POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE)
Credit card green Positive
Plastic bag No change Negative
Cellophane No change Negative
Bottle (cap and body) No change Negative
Saran wrap Blue and green Positive
Clear folder Blue, blue-green Positive
Blade of electric fan No change negative
 OXIDATION of OXYGEN – CONTAINING HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES

ACTIVITY # 5
Group 9
BSED III-P
Member: Balmas , Regina Grace B. – Performer
Anza, Mae – Recorder
October 14, 2010 (Thursday; 7:30 A.M. – 12: Noon)

INTRODUCTION:

Oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical

compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all
bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic. The increase in oxidation state of an atom
through a chemical reaction is known as an oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as
reduction.
The chemistry of carbon compounds is largely determined by the chemical nature of the
functional group present. Different families of carbon compounds maybe distinguished from one
another by their susceptibility to oxidation reactions.
In this activity we compare the chemical property of different oxygen-containing
hydrocarbon derivatives. The sample to be tested is different alcohol, an aldehydes, a ketone,
carboxylic acid and phenol. Performing this activity will enable us to compare the oxidation
properties of different types of alcohol; to identify the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon
derivatives that can be oxidized; and to relate the chemistries of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and
carboxylic acid. Likewise, to carry out chemical test to categorize the oxidation properties of
hydrocarbons derivatives and make inference based on observations.

MATERIALS:

In performing the experiment we use different materials such as beaker, aspirator, pipette,
test tube, test tube rack, 10% K2Cr2O7 acidified with H2SO4 and the most important among the
materials used are the samples which includes 2% phenol, ethanol (ethyl alcohol), 2
propanol (isopropyl alcohol), propanone (acetone), ethanoic acid (acetic acid), methanal
(formaldehyde), methanoic acid (formic acid), and methanol. We also used hot plate.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Preparing and labeling the 8 test tube are the first thing we do. We place about 0.5 ml of
each sample in their respective test tube. We make sure that the sample goes into each labeled
test tube. Then, we add 0.5 ml of acidified potassium dichromate into each test tube. We identify
changes by considering this guide, that the oxidation of the sample by the dichromate produces
the bluish purple chromic sulfate. The final color will be greenish blue because of the presence
of unreacted orange dichromate in the same system.

Afterwards we determine which samples will turned greenish blue immediately, which
gave their color change slowly, and which samples did not change at all. We take down notes the
results then we now place the test tube containing the sample that change slowly or did not show
any changes in a hot plate. Then again we observed any changes.
 Considering the changes that happen we classify the samples as easily oxidized, slowly
oxidized, and not oxidized. We take notes also the color that results after each test.

RESULTS AND OBSERVATION

DATA AND RESULTS

NO. SAMPLE OBSERVATION OXIDIZED/

NOT
+K2Cr2O7 W/O +K2Cr2O7 W/
OXIDIZED
HEATING HEATING

1 ETHANOL LIGHT DARK GREEN NO

ORANGE

2 2-PROPANOL LIGHT LIGHT NO

ORANGE GREEN

3 METHANAL RED ORANGE BLUISH O

GREEN

4 PROPANONE ORANGE ORANGE NO

5 2% PHENOL ORANGE BROWNISH NO

6 METHANOIC ORANGE BLUISH O

ACID GREEN

7 ETHANOIC ORANGE ORANGE NO

ACID

8 METHANOL ORANGE LIGHT NO

GREEN

DISCUSSION:

Oxidation is the increase in oxidation state of an atom through a chemical reaction.

Hydrogen has an oxidation state of 1 and oxygen has an oxidation state of -2 when they are
present in most compounds.
Hydrocarbons are compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen.
In this activity we compare the chemical property of different oxygen-containing
hydrocarbon derivatives such as alcohols, aldehyde, ketone and carboxylic acid. By adding
0.5ml of acidified potassium dichromate into each test tube, changes take place. The oxidation of
the sample by the dichromate produces bluish purple chromic sulfate. The final color is greenish
blue cause by the presence of uncreated orange dichromate in the same system.
Among the sample used, methanol and methanoic acid (formic acid) turned greenish blue
immediately when heated, therefore they are easily oxidized. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), 2- proponal
( isopropyl alcohol), 2% of phenl and methanol ( 2-methyl-2-proponal) are the samples that
change its color slowly while propanone (acetone) and ethanoic acid (acetic acid) does not
change at all, means that they are unoxidized.
This results that only few oxygen-containing hydrocarbon derivatives has the ability to be
oxidized.
CONCLUSION:

Oxygen-containing hydrocarbon derivatives differ in their oxidation properties which

vary in oxidation state.
Samples do not change phase are considered as oxidize while those exhibit change in
color are easily oxidize. The oxidation state of samples is influence by their unique
characteristics and properties.

REFERENCES:

www.wikipedia.com.

Organic Chemistry; 5th edition; Philip S. Bailey Jr. and Christian A. Bailey

FUEL VALUES

ACTIVITY # 5
Group 9
BSED III-P
Member: Balmas , Regina Grace B. – Performer
Anza, Mae – Recorder
October 14, 2010 (Thursday; 7:30 A.M. – 12: Noon)

INTRODUCTION:

Fuels are substance that burn to give off a relatively large amount of heat. In an over-all
sense, burning is simply a combustion reaction between the fuel and oxygen. How much heat is
generated depends on what kind of fuel is used and how much of it is burned.
Fuels are materials burned to produce energy. In this experiment, we are going to
compare the burning characteristics and heat value of different hydrocarbons and alcohols. The
heat value of fuel is the amount heat produced when quantity of fuel is completely burned or
converted to heat.
The principal energy source in industrialized countries are the fossil fuels-cola,
petroleum, shale oil, peat and natural gas. Fossil fuels are composed mainly of hydrocarbons. It
is classified as nonrenewable, since it took several million years to convert the remains of living
biomass into these fossilized materials. These sources are not exhaustible, there is continues
search but economically practical source of energy.
Ethanol produces industrially from the fermentation of sugar containing materials, has
always been a candidate as fuel substitute for fossil fuels. It came from renewable sources. Most
often, the only limiting factor for its widespread use is the economy of its production.
The burning characteristics of alcohol and hydrocarbon fuels will be describe in this
experiment. We also have qualities comparison of the heat values of alcohol and hydrocarbon
fuels.

MATERIALS:

In this experiment we use different materials such as 50 ml beaker, ethanol,

thermometer, denatured alcohol, tripod, hexane, wire gauze, gasoline, Pipette, kerosene,
aspirators, aluminum container. We also use water. Water is the one being heated using the
different samples.

PROCEDURE:

The first thing to do is to prepare the set-up. We make sure that the fuel container just
right for the height so that its flame reaches the bottom of the beaker containing the water.
We pipette exactly 1mL of fuel sample assign in our group into aluminum container.
Then we place 10 mL of water in the beaker. We read and record the initial temperature, and
then ignite the fuel below it. Then we take down notes also the increase in temperature of the
water until the fuel has been use up. Then we record the highest temperature reached by the
water. We also describe the kind of flame produce by the fuel sample.
After doing all those thing we now clean the container and cool down the beaker at room
temperature. This must be done so that the result will not be affected. To test the other samples
we repeat the procedure using different samples.
RESULT AND OBSERVATION

A.BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF FUELS

FUEL BURNED OBSERVATIONS
GASOLINE RED ORANGE ( COLOR OF THE FLAME),
WITH BLACK SMOKE
N-HEXANE BLUE AND DARK RED ( COLOR OF THE
FLAME) W/O SMOKE
ETHYL ALCOHOL BLUE( COLOR OF THE FLAME) W/ ODOR

B.CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE
FUEL t1 t2 t
GASOLINE 30 C 37.5 C -7.5 C
N-HEXANE 34 C 48 C -14 C
ETHYL ALCOHOL 35 C 52 C -17 C

DISCUSSION:

Many fuels hydrocarbons such as methane and propane ( ) example

compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. Other fuel such as ethanol (
) contain oxygen in addition to carbon and hydrogen. These “oxygenated” fuels are currently
mandated in many urban areas because they are believed to lead to less pollution. In this
experiment we observed the flame of each fuel sample, as well as the change in temperature.
In burning characteristics of fuels we burn; gasoline, n-hexane and ethyl alcohol. While
burning, we observe that the color of the flame using gasoline is red orange with black smoke; n-
hexane is blue and dark red without smoke; and ethyl alcohol flame is blue with notable color.
We carefully record and observed also the change in temperature of water when ignited
with different fuel sample. Using gasoline the initial temperature of water is 30°C which
increased to 37.5 °C, when ignited; n-hexane’s initial temperature is 34°C raised to 48°C; and
ethyl alcohol’s initial temperature is 35°C and the final temperature is 52°C.
Based on the color change of the fuels, ethyl alcohol are the best fuels that can be use
because it does not produce polluted air unlike gasoline. In terms of heat values, ethyl alcohol is
again the best source of energy since it has the highest amount of heat produced when it is
completely burned.

CONCLUSION:

Fuel is any material that produces energy when they are burnt in air, mostly usable heat.
Hydrocarbons and alcohols are the two main fuels used today. They differ in burning
characteristics. Also has high temperature compared to hydrocarbon.
The amount of fuel burned, the amount of water heated and the set up used are the variables in
this experiment that should be controlled to arrive in a n accurate result.

REFERENCES:
www.wikipedia.com.

Organic Chemistry; 5th edition; Philip S. Bailey Jr. and Christian A. Bailey

BICOL UNIVERSITY
 COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

DARAGA, ALBAY

LABORATOR
Y REPORT IN
ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED BY:

ANZA, MAY M.

BALMAS, REGINA GRACE B.

BSED III-P

SUBMITTED TO:

PROF. MA. CORAZON BARRAMEDA

BOILING POINT DETERMINATION AND SIMPLE DISTILLATION
ACTIVITY NO. 4

Group 9
BSED III-P
Member: Balmas , Regina Grace B. – Performer
Anza, May – Recorder
October 14, 2010 (Thursday; 7:30 A.M. – 12: Noon)

Introduction:

Distillation is a traditional technique used to separate and purify liquids in the chemistry lab
and throughout industry. It uses the difference in boiling points of liquids to separate these
liquids from other substances in solution.

A liquid has a specific boiling temperature at standard pressure conditions. If there are two
liquids in a solution, the liquid with the lowest boiling point can be boiled out of the solution
without removing a significant amount of the other liquid. By vaporizing the liquid and
condensing it in another container, one can obtain a pure sample of the liquid. Any impurities
and liquids with higher boiling points remain in the original container.

This technique was originally suggested by Aristotle about 2000 years ago to get pure water
from sea water. Now, distillation is used to reduce the high mineral content of hard water or sea
water, and the result is the bottled water that you can buy in a grocery store. Another old practice
is the distillation of alcohol from the fermented products of various fruits and grains to make
alcoholic beverages.
Another part of this lab is boiling point determination. If a thermometer is added to the
distillation apparatus, the vapor of a boiling liquid will condense on the thermometer bulb. Since
a substance condenses at the same temperature that it boils, the temperature at which the vapor
condenses on the thermometer will be the boiling point. The boiling point is useful in the
identification of liquids, much like the melting point is useful in identification of solids

MATERIALS:

In boiling point determination and simple distillation we just observe a set up of a simple
distillation. Based on the discussion of students who set it up, the materials are distilling flask,
thermometer, condenser, adaptor, cork, burner, iron stand(2), iron ring, wire gauze with heating
mantle, iron clamp, rubber tubing, Erlenmeyer flask, graduated cylinder, basin and pail, water
and the sample to be distilled which is pancit-pancitan and Madre de cacao.

PROCEDURES:

In distillation and boiling point determination, the set up is being assemble based on the
diagram provided by the instructor. The steps in preparing a distillation set up start by placing a
volume of sample assigned by the instructor to be distilled in the distilling flask. Then, connect
the rubber tubing attached in the water flow inside the water jacket of the condenser. Make sure
that the water output rubber tubing has the necessary receiver of the water coming from the
condenser. Heat the distilling flask and note the temperature when the first drop of distillate
appeared. Maintain temperature at 78.3 C, until all the water vapor ceases and no more of it is
condensed.

When all is done record the volume of the distillate, calculate for % yield and repeat
using another sample.

DISCUSSION:

The organic teaching labs employ distillation routinely, both for the identification and the
purification of organic compounds. The boiling point of a compound – determined by distillation
– is well-defined and thus is one of the physical properties of a compound by which it can be
identified. Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-
volatile material. Because different compounds often have different boiling points, the
components often separate from a mixture when the mixture is distilled.

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase of a
compound equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid. The external pressure
is usually the atmospheric pressure. For instance, consider a liquid heated in an open flask. The
vapor pressure of the liquid will increase as the temperature of the liquid increases, and when the
vapor pressure equals the atmospheric pressure, the liquid will boil. Different compounds boil at
different temperatures because each has a different, characteristic vapor pressure: compounds
with higher vapor pressures will boil at lower temperatures.

Boiling points are usually measured by recording the boiling point (or range) on a
thermometer while performing a distillation. This method is used whenever there is enough of
the compound to perform a distillation. The distillation method of boiling point determination
measures the temperature of the vapors above the liquid. Since these vapors are in equilibrium
with the boiling liquid, they are the same temperature as the boiling liquid. The vapor
temperature rather than the pot temperature is measured because if you put a thermometer
actually in the boiling liquid mixture, the temperature reading would likely be higher than that of
the vapors. This is because the liquid can be superheated or contaminated with other substances,
and therefore its temperature is not an accurate measurement of the boiling temperature.

If you are using the boiling point to identify a solid compound which you have isolated in the
lab, you will need to compare its boiling point with that of the true compound. Boiling points are
listed in various sources of scientific data, as referenced on the Chem Info page on this orgchem
site:

If you look up the boiling point of a compound in more than one source, you may find that
the values reported differ slightly. The literature boiling point depends on the method and ability
of the technician taking the boiling point, and also on the purity of the compound. While
theoretically all boiling points should be constant from source to source, in reality the reported
boiling points sometimes vary. Therefore:

Simple distillations are used frequently in the organic chemistry teaching labs. They are
useful in the following circumstances:

 the liquid is relatively pure to begin with (e.g., no more than 10% liquid contaminants)
 the liquid has a non-volatile component, for example, a solid contaminant
 the liquid is contaminated by a liquid with a boiling point that differs by at least 70°C

“Simple” distillation may be a miss-leading term to the beginning organic chemistry student,
since it takes a lot of practice in simple distillation to become proficient in this technique. It is
especially important to do a perfect simple distillation when determining a boiling point for
identification purposes.

Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in

a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not
a chemical reaction.

Commercially, distillation has a number of applications. It is used to separate crude oil

into more fractions for specific uses such as transport, power generation and heating. Water is
distilled to remove impurities, such as salt from seawater. Air is distilled to separate its
components—notably oxygen, nitrogen, and argon—for industrial use. Distillation of fermented
solutions has been used since ancient times to produce distilled beverages with a higher alcohol
content. The premises where distillation is carried out, especially distillation of alcohol, are
known as a distillery.

The application of distillation can roughly be divided in four groups: laboratory scale
industrial distillation, distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinal( herbal distillate), and
food processing. The latter two are distinctively different from the former two in that in the
processing of beverages, the distillation is not used as a true purification method but more to
transfer all volatiles from the source materials to the distillate.

The main difference between laboratory scale distillation and industrial distillation is that
laboratory scale distillation is often performed batch-wise, whereas industrial distillation often
occurs continuously. In batch distillation, the composition of the source material, the vapors of
the distilling compounds and the distillate change during the distillation. In batch distillation, a
still is charged (supplied) with a batch of feed mixture, which is then separated into its
component fractions which are collected sequentially from most volatile to less volatile, with the
bottoms (remaining least or non-volatile fraction) removed at the end. The still can then be
recharged and the process repeated.

In continuous distillation, the source materials, vapors, and distillate are kept at a constant
composition by carefully replenishing the source material and removing fractions from both
vapor and liquid in the system. This results in a better control of the separation process.

CONCLUSION:

Determining the boiling point of alcohol in a given samples is useful in the identification
of liquids in the distillation process.
 Familiarization of the activity will help us perform the activity, arriving in accurate
results.

REFERENCES:

www.wikipedia.com.

Organic Chemistry; 5th edition; Philip S. Bailey Jr. and Christian A. Bailey