Computer Systems and IT Applications Unit 5: Central Processing Unit Introduction ‘* Also called a processor is like the brain of the computer. © Itorganizes and carries out instructions that come from either the user or the software. * CPUs fabricated as a single IC chip, known as a microprocessor. Central Processing Us Control Unit Arithmetic / Logic Unit Registers Fig: Central Processing Unit Architecture Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Consists of two units: Arithmetic and Logic Unit The arithmetic unit performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. © The logic unit performs logical operations like comparisons of numbers, letters, testing for greater than, less than or equal to condition. * ALU uses registers to hold the data that is being processed Control Unit (CU) Its main function is to direct the CPU to process data. It extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them It acts as a supervisor and controls and coordinates the activity of the other units of a ‘computer, ‘SUWAS KARKI | Unit 5: Central Processing UnitComputer Systems and IT Applications Registers © High-speed temporary storage locations in CPU and part of CU and ALU rather than of memory. * They are referred to as the CPU's working memory which data, instructions, addresses and intermediate results of processing. © Some of the important registers in CPU are: © Accumulator(A) m= Stores the result of arithmetic and logic operation © Instruction Register(IR) = Itcontains the instruction most recently fetched. © Program Counter(PC) = It contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched. © Memory Address Register(MAR) = It contains the address of a location in memory for reading or writing operations. © Memory Buffer Register(MBR) = Temporarily stores data from memory or the data to be sent to memory. Function of CPU * The main function of the CPU is to complete the instruction cycle for executing an instruction Instruction Cycle is the time during which one instruction is fetched from memory and executed. © There are typically 4 stages of an instruction cycle that the CPU carries out. 7 ™. Store Decode \ SUWAS KARKI | Unit 5: Central Processing Uni Execute Fig: Instruction CycleComputer Systems and IT Applications Fetch Retrieves the next program instruction from memory and placed in IR. Decode * Determines what the program is telling the computer to do. Execute The decoded instruction or the command is executed. E.g. if it is an ADD instruction, addition is performed. Storing ‘© CPU stores the results of execution to the computer's memory. Introduction to BUS * Different components of a computer communicate with each other via a bus. * A bus is a common pathway through which information flows from one computer ‘component to another. * A computer bus can be divided into two types. © internal/ System Bus External/Expansion Bus. System bus Fig: BUS System An intemal bus connects components inside motherboard like CPU and system memory. © Anexternal bus connects different external devices, peripherals expansion slots, I/O ports to the rest of the computer. ‘© Both buses comprise of 3 kinds of buses. © Data Bus © Address Bus © Control Bus SUWAS KARKI | Unit 5: Central Processing UniComputer Systems and IT Applications Data Bus © Used to transfer data within microprocessor and memory/ input or output devices. © Bidirectional in nature as the microprocessor requires to send or receive data. * Word length of a processor depends on the data bus. Address Bus * Used to transfer the addresses of memory or /O devices. © Unidirectional in nature. ‘* It determines the location in memory that the processor will read data from or write data to, Control Bus © It specifies whether data is to be read or written to the memory. * Some control signals are Read, Write and Opcode fetch. * Bidirectional in nature. It carries commands from CPU and returns status signals from the devices. SUWAS KARKI | Unit 5: Central Processing Uni