Federalists:

- Concentrated in New England

- Commerce-oriented
- Concerned with good order and authority
- Loose interpretation of the Constitution
- Supported a strong national govt.
- Want the educated elite to govern
- Supported a professional military
- Pro-Britain in foreign policy
- Ex: Washington, Adams, Hamilton

Republicans:
- Concentrated in the South and middle states
- Agriculture-oriented
- Less concerned with order and authority than with full liberty
- Strict interpretation of the Constitution
- Preferred that most govt. power resides with the states rather than federal govt.
- More democratic in their rhetoric
- Opposed to a large professional military; favored the militia as main source of national
defense
- Pro-France in foreign policy
- Ex: Jefferson, Madison

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- Jefferson in the running for the presidential election of 1796 representing the Democratic
Republicans vs. Adams representing the Federalists
- Disagreement between two parties comes down to what kind of country they want US to
be (wealthy commercial military power under GB vs. simple agrarian republic)
- 1976 - Adams elected as president, TJ named vice president
- Adams and TJ on good terms - Adams proposed what is now known as a bipartisan
administration - working together for the good of the country & preventing partisanship
from getting out of control… ultimately not successful; unclear as to which side was at
fault; bipartisan admin. does not work out and Adams runs a Federalist admin. (causes a
rift between two parties as well as the Adams-TJ friendship)
- Quasi-War with France (called half war with france bc no one formally declares war) -
occurred while Adamns was in office; France angry bc the relations between US and
Britain have improved (Jay Treaty improved trade); shooting war in naval atlantic occurs
from 1798-1800); republicans including TJ opposed this war for numerous reasons,
including the limiting of citizens rights (Alien and Sedition Act - Sedition prohibited
 conspiracies and public criticism of the war/country - could be jailed or fined); wanted to
ensure the war did not make its way to land; ultimately deepened rifts between political
groups, Adams and TJ included

Race and Slavery in Jeffersonian America

I. Slavery and the American Revolution
II. The Slave Owners
III. The Slaves
A. Necessities of Life
B. Work Routine
C. Abuse of Slaves
D. SLave Resistance

- In years after revolution the divide between northern and southern states increases
- States such as MA immediately eliminate slavery, others more gradual: once a slave
reaches a certain age are free
- By 1810 around 75% of slaves are free
- North - slavery decreasing, South - increasing
- Founding Fathers such as Washington and Franklin owned many slaves
- Some southern states such as Maryland and Virginia changed slave laws in order for it to
be easier for owners to free slaves; Slaves at Mt. Vernon (GW) were freed upon death of
Martha
- When TJ died, his family had to sell his slaves in order to pay off his massive amounts of
debt. - resulted in many slave families being broken up
- Constitution does not refer to slaves as slaves, rather uses euphemisms such as “other
persons”
- Slavery comes up in what is known as ⅗ Compromise - slaves count as ⅗ of a person - not
entitled to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” bc of race - argued it was bc of
science; people argued they were promiscuous and lacked moral characteristics and were
therefore inferior
- Constitution put African slave trade on course for extinction in 1808 - no more slaves
coming into the states - also referred to using euphemisms in Constitution
- Also states that if these “persons held to other persons or labor in a state” [slaves] were
caught escaping, they would be returned to a state of slavery
- Slavery increasing in south bc planters turned to growing cotton - used slaves for labor;
labor reaches its peak following the Revolution
- Slave population grows in US from 700,000 in 1790 - 4,000,000+ in 1861
- Slavery was not inheriantly racist in other parts of the world, mainly only in America;
some enslaved their own people regardless of race at certain times
- Slave owners in the south had all the wealth and political power typically; had a
paternalistic relationship with slaves, likely to make them feel better about owning slaves
- would act as benevolent father figures and would interfere with their lives (i.e. who they
married, children names, religion)... Jefferson was this type of slave owner; slave
experience is different from plantation to plantation, however all had to endure hardship
and misery including abuse, unstable family, tough labor, and no hope for a better life
- Were given enough to eat bc hunger slowed work pace, however the food was poor
quality, resulting in serious malnutrition; were only given 2 sets of clothes per year,
occasionally only given shoes in the winter; slave quarters were very small and often
shared between two slave families
- 75% field workers, 25% skilled artisans
- Often worked 14 hours a day - M-F, half day Sat., Sunday off
- Slaves of all ages were put to work
- TJ’s slaves were generally treated well in comparison to slaves of other owners
- Whipping was common on many plantations
- Mental abuse occurred too; eventually became illegal to educate slaves - they were kept
in a state of ignorance
- Despite their cruelty, there were very few instances of slave rebellion - main one was Nat
Turner's Rebellion
- Small acts of rebellion included stealing, not working to the best of their ability,
intentionally doing something wrong, escaping, physical violence (resulted in a severe
beating or death)
- At Monticello estate - slave quarters and work areas were very compartmentalized on his
land; lived very separately from them