Chapter 2

STRUCTURAL LOADING AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

2.1 Structural consideration

Structure should be designed such that it can withstand each and every force
that is likely to occur. It is of paramount importance that the structural form a sound.
The architect achieves the structural configuration and the structural engineer
proportions the member sizes. There are certain principles to be borne in mind.
Stating briefly the structure should
Be simple
Be symmetrical
Not be too elongated in plan or elevation
Have uniform and continuous distribution of strength
Have horizontal members, which form hinges before the vertical members
Have its stiffness related to the sub soil properties

2.2 Structural Arrangement Plan

The planning of the building has been done as per available land area, shape, space
according to building bylaws and requirement of Commercial building. The
positioning of columns, staircases, toilets, bathrooms, elevators etc are appropriately
done and accordingly Beam arrangements is carried out so that the whole building
will be aesthetically, functionally and economically feasible.

The aim of design is the achievements of an acceptable probability that structures

being design will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate
degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal
construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the
effect of misuse and fire.

The principle elements of a R.C. building frame are as follows:

Slabs to cover large area
Beams to support slabs and walls
Columns to support beams and
Rafts to distribute concentrate column loads over a large area of the supporting soil.

After getting an architectural plan of a building the structural planning of the building
frame is done. This involves determination of following.
Column positions
Beam locations
Spanning of slabs
Layout and planning of stair
Selection of raft
The analysis of building was done by the estimation of dimensions of various
structural members such as slab, beam, columns and staircase with the help of

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preliminary design. The different types of loads such as vertical loads (dead, live,
finishing) and lateral loads (earthquake) were calculated. Earthquake being pre-
dominant, only its effect was taken for lateral loads. Also combinations of such loads
were taken into consideration. With the help of STAAD PRO, element stresses of
beams and column were calculated.

2.3 Preliminary Design

Preliminary design is carried out to estimate approximate size of the structural

members before analysis of structure.To begin with, the size of basic structure
member, unit weight, live load, earthquake loads are assessed. Based on these
dimensions and loads, the structure is analyzed and stressed on member are
calculated. From these calculated load adequacy of the assumed section is checked. In
due course, a trade-off is also identified for material type to be used in the structural
members, for preliminary purpose torsion analyzed is not done.

2.3.1 Preliminary Design of Beam

Beam of largest span (L) = 8314 mm

L
Required depth =
21.1

8314
=
24.1

= 344.97mm
Let depth provided = 345 mm
Assume effective cover = 25mm
Adopt (d) =370 m
Width (b) =d /2

¿370/2
= 185 mm
Adopt width (b) = 185 mm

.˙. Size of Main beam = 185*370 mm

2.3.2 Preliminary Design of Column

Load calculation

Large tributory area covered by any column on building is

A= 4.535 * 4.441
= 20.139 m2
Volume of slab = 20.139 * 0.16

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 = 3.22 m2
Weight of slab = 80.56 KN
Volume of beam = beam1 + beam2
=l1*b2*d1 + l2*b2*d2
=4.537*0.185*0.37 + 4.441*0.185*0.37
=0.615 m3
Weight = 0.615 * 25
= 15.364
Volume of plaster = A * d
= 20.139 * 0.012
= 0.242
Maximum weight of marbel = 20.139 * 0.03 * 24
=14.5 KN
Total weight of critical colum = 14.5 * 0.242 * 15.364 * 80.56
= 110.67 KN

Size of Column
Total load on column of basement of critical column= 945KN
Pu = 1.5 * 945
= 1417.5KN
Assume % of steel (P) = 1 %
Gross area (Ag) = ?
Pu = 0.4 Fck [Ag – Ag*P/100] + Ag * Fy * P /100
Take Fy = 415 Fck = 30 P=1%
1417.5*103=0.4*30[Ag – Ag * 0.01] + Ag * 415 * 0.01
Solving , we get
Ag = 96688.38
L=B=√ Ag =√ 96688.38 =310.94≈ 500 mm
Hence ,
Adopt size of column ( 500 * 500 )mm

2.4 Structural Loading

The building frames are designed for dead loads, live loads, and earthquake loads.

2.4.1 Dead Loads

Dead load is produced by self weight of slab, beams, columns, walls, staircase and so
on.
Dead load from slab is transferred as trapezoidal and triangular loads on beam.
Dead load from walls is transferred as uniformly distributed loads on beam.
Self weight of beam is considered as uniformly distributed loads.
Self weight of column is considered as the point load acting on the joint.

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 2.4.2 Live Loads

The magnitude of live load depends upon the type of occupancy of the building.
These are to be chosen from code IS 875:1987 (part II) for various occupancies. The
live load distribution varies with time. Hence each member is designed for worst
combination of dead load and live load.

2.4.3 Earthquake Loads

Earthquake or seismic load on a building depends upon its geographical location,

lateral stiffness and mass, and it is reversible. Its effect should be considered along
both axes on a building taken one at a time.

2.5 Load Combination:

Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical
element stresses in the structure in the course of analysis.
There are together four load cases considered for the structural analysis and are
mentioned as below:

i.) Dead Load (D.L.)

ii.) Live Load (L.L)
iii.) Earthquake load in X-direction (E.Qx)
iv.) Earthquake load in Y-direction (E.Qy)

Following Load Combination are adopted as per IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.3.1.2

i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

ii.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qx)
iii.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qx)
iv.) 1.5 (D.L + E.Qy)
v.) 1.5 (D.L - E.Qy)
vi.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qx)
vii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qx)
viii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qy)
ix.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qy)
x.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qx
xi.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qx
xii.) 0.9 D.L + 1.5 E.Qy
xiii.) 0.9 D.L -1.5 E.Qy
After checking the results, it was found that the stresses developed are most critical
for the following load combinations:

i.) 1.5 (D.L + L.L)

ii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qx)
iii.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qx)
iv.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L + E.Qy)

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 v.) 1.2 (D.L + L.L - E.Qy)

The characteristic loads considered in the design of foundation are:

i.) Dead Load plus Live Load
ii.) Dead Load plus Earthquake Load
iii.) Dead Load minus Earthquake Load

To find the stress at the various points of the foundation, depth of footing and
reinforcements most critical factored loads are taken into account.

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