PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Lab.

Experiment Name :Concentric tube heat exchanger (part 2)

Experiment # :( 6 )

Date of the Lab Report: 27 /12 /2021 .

Submitted by:

Students name ID number

Yazan abdulkareem alabed 201910555

Submitted to :
Eng. Azad F. Otoum
 1. Abstract
The objective of this experiment is to study the function and the working of shell and tube heat
exchanger. Calculations on the heat transfer and heat loss were carried out for energy balance study.
LMTD and heat transfer coefficient also calculated for this experiment. From the data collected, we
found out that configuration of Shell and Tube heat exchanger in counter current flow has a higher
effectiveness than the current flow
2. Introduction
heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters called the double-pipe heat
exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the smaller pipe while the other
fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are
possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot
and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger atopposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Counter flow heat exchangers use flows in the opposite direction of each other. Shell and tube, and
double pipes heat exchangers are examples of common exchangers using counter flow configurations.
The best design for shell and tube and double-pipe exchanger is counter flow configuration, and the
heat transfer between the fluid is the maximum. In counter flow, the efficiency is higher than the
parallel, and temperature in the cooling fluid outlet can exceed the warmer fluid inlet temperature.

parallel flow heat exchange This is the type in which two fluids enter from the same end and exit from
the same end means the direction of flow is same for both the fluids.travel parallel to one another when
either enter or leaves the tube. With parallel flow the temperature difference between the two fluids is
large at the entrance end, but it becomes small at the exit end as the two fluid temperatures approach
each other. The overall measure of heat transfer driving force, the log mean temperature difference is
greater for counter flow, so the heat exchanger surface area requirement will be larger than for a
counter flow heat exchanger with the same inlet and outlet temperatures for the hot and the cold fluid.

Figure 1.1:parallel and counter flow heat exchange.

Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are different in the flow direction and the heat transfer
diagrams. In parallel exchangers, both of the inlets are placed on the same side, and we have all the
outlets on the other side. The maximum temperature difference is happening in the inlet, and it
decreases to reach the minimum at the outlets. It is totally the inverse type compared to the counter
flow.
 Figure 1.2:mean temperature difference on parallel and counter flow.

3. Materials and Equipment

Figure 1.3:heat exchanger apparatus.

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been developed to investigate the fundamental principles of heat
transfer as applied to a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. The student shall measure the variables that affect
the overall heat transfer coefficient. The "cold" and "hot" fluid temperatures and flow rates are
monitored at strategic locations. The unit can be configured to operate as either a parallel flow or
counter flow heat exchanger. By varying the fluid flow rates, laminar, transitional or turbulent flow
conditions can be created.
4. Collected Data

Table 1.1:collected data of parallel flow.

parallel flow
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 55.5 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 50.5 mid
    1.5 46.9 out
(Cold)
    0 13.2 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 21.7 mid
    1.5 27.7 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 60.6 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 55.8 mid
    1.5 50.2 out
(Cold)
    0 13.1 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 22.1 mid
    1.5 30.1 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 65.5 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 61.1 mid
    1.5 55.2 out
(Cold)
    0 13.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 26.5 mid
    1.5 36.7 out

Table 1.2:collected data of counter flow.

counter flow
 (Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 55.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 51.5 mid
    1.5 46.5 out
(Cold)
    0 13.2 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 21.2 mid
    1.5 28.4 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 60.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 55.6 mid
    1.5 52.3 out
(Cold)
    0 13.6 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 26.1 mid
    1.5 33.6 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold flow Length Temperature (oC) Location
rate rate (m)
    0 65.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 60.2 mid
    1.5 56.8 out
(Cold)
    0 13.8 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 29.2 mid
    1.5 38.4 out

5. Calculations

Calculation for parallel flow:

1-Parallel flow at 55 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =997.97 kg/m3
C

Cpc=4181.09 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

1
Qc(abs)= *997.97*4181.09*(27.7-13.2)=1008.37891W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =987.79 kg/m3
h

Cph=4181.46 J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

2
Qh(emitted)= *987.79*4181.46*(55.5-46.9)=1184.049254W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1184.049254-1008.37891 = 175.6703437W( emitted)

Efficiency%:
heat power absorbed 1008.37891
Ŋth= = *100%=85.16359489%
heat power emitted 1184.049254

T H ,∈−T H , out 55.5−46.9

ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=20.33096927 %
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 55.5−13.2

¿ 27.7−13.2
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=34.27895981%
55.5−13.2
 Ŋ H + Ŋ C 20.33096927+34.27895981
Ŋmean= = =27.30496454 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,in=55.5-13.2=42.2 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,out=46.9-27.7=19.2 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 42.2−19.2
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 42.2 =29.24506682 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 19.2

U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1008.37891
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 514.631462 W/m2*C°
0.067∗29.24506682

2-Parallel flow at 60 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =997.86 kg/m3
C

Cpc=4180.9 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

1
Qc(abs)= *997.86*4180.9*(30.1-13.1)=1182.053314W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =985.405 kg/m3
h

Cph=4183.58 J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

 2
Qh(emitted)= *985.405*4183.58*(60.6-50.1)=1429.140492W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1429.140492-1182.053314W = 247.0871777 W( emitted)
Efficiency%:
heat power absorbed 1182.053314
Ŋth= = *100%=82.7107846%
heat power emitted 1429.140492

T H ,∈−T H , out 60.6−50.2

ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=21.89473684 %
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 60.6−13.1

¿ 30.1−13.1
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=35.78947368%
60.6−13.1

Ŋ H + Ŋ C 21.89473684+35.78947368
Ŋmean= = =28.84210526 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,in=60.6-13.1=47.5 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,out=50.2-30.1=20.1 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 47.5−20.1
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 47.5 =31.8600985 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 20.1

U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1182.053314
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 553.7517963 W/m2*C°
0.067∗31.8600985

3-Parallel flow at 65 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =996.725kg/m3
C

Cpc=4179.14 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

 1
Qc(abs)= *996.725*4179.14*(36.7-13.7)=1596.757104W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =982.70
h

Cph=4185.7 J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

2
Qh(emitted)= *982.70*4185.7*(65.5-55.2)=1412.084962W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1412.084962-1596.757104W= 184.6721426W( absorbed)

Efficiency%:
heat power absorbed 1596.757104
Ŋth= = *100%=113.0779767%
heat power emitted 1412.084962

T H ,∈−T H , out 65.5−55.2

ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=19.88416988%
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 65.5−13.7

¿ 36.7−13.7
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=44.4015444%
65.5−13.7

Ŋ H + Ŋ C 44.4015444+19.88416988
Ŋmean= = =32.14285714 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,in=65.5-13.7=51.8 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,out=55.2-36.7=18.5 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 51.8−18.5
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 51.8 =32.34204741 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 18.5
U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1 596.757104
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 736.8798193 W/m2*C°
0.067∗32.34204741

Calculation for counter flow:

1-counter flow at 55 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =997.97 kg/m3
C

Cpc=4181.39 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

1
Qc(abs)= *997.97*4181.39*(28.4-13.2)=1057.135117W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =987.325kg/m3
h

Cph=4181.7J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

2
Qh(emitted)= *987.325*4181.7*(55.7-46.5)=1266.133732W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1266.133732-1057.135117 = 208.998615 W( emitted)

Efficiency%:
 heat power absorbed 1057.135117
Ŋth= = *100%=83.49316429%
heat power emitted 1266.133732

T H ,∈−T H , out 55.7−46.5

ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=21.6470 5882%
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 55.7−13.2

¿ 28.4−13.2
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=35.76470588%
55.7−13.2

Ŋ H + Ŋ C 21.64705882+35.76470588
Ŋmean= = =28.70588235 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,out=55.7-28.4=27.3 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,in=46.5-13.2=33.3 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 27.3−33.3
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 27.3 =30.20072994 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 33.3

U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1057.135117
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 522.4422187 W/m2*C°
0.067∗30.20072994

2-counter flow at 60 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =996.86 kg/m3
C

Cpc=4179.3 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

 1
Qc(abs)= *996.86*4179.3*(33.6-13.6)=1388.725666W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =985.405
h

Cph=4183.5J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

2
Qh(emitted)= *985.405*4183.5*(60.7-52.3)=1154.283709W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1154.283709-1388.725666= 234.441957 W( absorbed)
Efficiency%:
heat power absorbed 1388.725666
Ŋth= = *100%=120.3106009%
heat power emitted 1154.283709

T H ,∈−T H , out 60.7−52.3

ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=17.8343 949 %
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 60.7−13.6

¿ 33.6−13.6
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=42.46284501%
60.7−13.6

Ŋ H + Ŋ C 17.8343949+ 42.46284501
Ŋmean= = =30.14861996 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,out=60.7-33.6=27.1 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,in=52.3-13.6=38.7 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 27.1−38.7
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 27.1 =32.55629757 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 38.7

U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1388.725666
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 636.6586588 W/m2*C°
0.067∗32.55629757
3-counter flow at 65 C°

Power absorbed (W):

1 1 1
QC=1(L/m)=1* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =996.02 kg/m3
C

Cpc=4178.53 J/Kg.C°

Qc(abs)= ṁ c *Cpc*ΔTc= Qc*ρ C*Cpc * (Tc, out-Tc, in)

1
Qc(abs)= *996.02*4178.53*(38.4-13.8)=1706.378775W
60000

Power emitted (W):

1 1 2
Qh=2(L/m)=2* * = (kg/s)
60 1000 60000

ρ =983.13kg/m3
h

Cph=4185.34J/Kg.C°

Qh(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh= Qh*ρ h*Cph * (Th, in-Th, out)

2
Qh(emitted)= *983.13*4185.34*(65.7-56.8)=1220.704217W
60000

Power lost (W):

Qlost= |Qh(emitted) - Qc(abs)|
Qlost =1220.704217-1706.378775= 485.674558 W( absorbed)

Efficiency%:
heat powe r absorbed 1706.378775
Ŋth= = *100%=139.7864242%
heat power emitted 1220.704217
 T H ,∈−T H , out 65.7−56.8
ŊT, H= *100%= ∗100 %=17.14836224 %
T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ 65.7−13.8

¿ 38.4−13.8
ŊT, C=T C , out−T C ,∈ T H ,∈−T C ,∈¿ ¿ ¿*100%= *100%=47.39884393%
65.7−13.8

Ŋ H + Ŋ C 17.14836224+47.39884393
Ŋmean= = =32.27360309 %
2 2

ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=TH,in-TC,out=65.7-38.4=27.3 C°

ΔT2=TH,out-TC,in=56.8-13.8=43 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 27.3−43
=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 27.3 =34.55764134 C°
ln ln
∆T 2 43

U Overall Heat transfer coefficient:

Heat transmission area=0.067m2

1706.378775
U=Q ¿ ¿= = 736.9814298 W/m2*C°
0.067∗34.55764134

6. Results
Table 1.3:Results of parallel flow
Results of parallel flow
Temperature (°C) Power Emitted Power Power Lost (W) Efficiency (%)
(W) Absorbed (W)
55  1184.049254 1008.37891   175.6703437(em)  85.16359489
60  1429.140492 1182.053314  247.0871777(em)   82.7107846
65  1412.084962 1596.757104  184.6721426(abs)  113.0779767 
ΔTLM (°C) U (W/m2*°C) ηC (%) ηH (%) ηmean (%)
 29.24506682 514.631462   34.27895981 20.33096927   27.30496454
 31.8600985 553.7517963  35.78947368  21.89473684  28.84210526 
 32.34204741 736.8798193  44.4015444  19.88416988  32.14285714 

Table 1.4:Results of counter flow

Results of parallel flow
Temperature (°C) Power Emitted Power Power Lost (W) Efficiency (%)
(W) Absorbed (W)
55  1266.133732  1057.135117 208.998615(em)  83.49316429 
60  1154.283709 1388.725666  234.441957(abs)  120.3106009 
 65  1220.704217  1706.378775 485.674558(abs)  139.7864242 
2
ΔTLM (°C) U (W/m *°C) ηC (%) ηH (%) ηmean (%)
 30.20072994 552.4422187  35.76470588  21.64705882  28.70588235 
 32.55629757 636.6586588   42.46284501 17.8343949  30.14861996 
 34.55764134 736.9814298  47.39884393  17.14836224  32.27360309 

Figure 1.4:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow).

 Figure 1.5:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow).

Figure 1.6:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow) at 65C.

 Figure 1.7:relationship between length and temperature(counter flow).

Figure 1.8:relationship between length and temperature(counter flow).

Figure 1.9:relationship between length and temperature (counter flow).

7. Discussion and Analysis

In this experiment we take the data of two kinds of heat exchanger to make some calculations and then
obtain efficiency, heat flow rates, temperatures differentials and other complete other necessary
calculations needed. The objective of this experiment is to characterize heat transfer in several kind of
heat exchangers like tube heat exchanger. it can be noticeable the behavior of change in TH and
change in Tc. When the flow rate of the cold water increased, change in Tc decreased and change in
TH increased. This expected behavior can be explained by referring to the energy balance from two
equation; Qcold(abs)= ṁ c*C pc*ΔTc and Qhot(emitted)= ṁ h *Cph*ΔTh
Based on the results, the overall heat transfer coefficient for the counter-parallel flow is higher than the
co-current flow. From the results obtained, the results shown that the cold water exit temperature of the
counter-parallel flow is higher than the parallel flow. Hence, the counter-parallel flow is much more
efficiency than co-current flow. The results also shown that the higher the flow rate will cause the rate
of heat transfer increase, the counter-parallel flow is more efficiency than the current flow and are
preferred to use in the transfer heat.

8. Conclusions
This experiment shows that the shell and tube heat exchanger follows the basic law of
thermodynamics. In parallel (co-current) flow configuration, the exit temperature of the hot fluid is
always higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. In counter-current flow configuration, the
exit temperature of the hot fluid is also higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. However, in
counter current flow configuration, the exit temperature of the cold fluid is higher than the exit
temperature of the cold fluid in co-current configuration. Hence, it is clear that for heat exchanger,
counter flow configuration has a higher effectiveness than the co-current flow configuration. The
experiment shows that when the flow rate of one of the stream increases, the rate of heat transfer will
also increases. The amount of heat loss form the hot water is not equal to the heat gain by the cold
water due to the heat loss to the surrounding. From the calculations done, the LMTD (log mean
temperature difference) for co-current flow is higher than the counter-current flow. However, the
overall heat transfer coefficient for counter-current flow is higher than the co-current flow. As a
conclusion, counter current flow configuration of heat exchanger is more preferred for practical
application. One of the application of heat exchanger is oil cooler

9. References
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-capacity-water-d_660.html

https://www.studocu.com/my/document/universiti-teknologi-mara/thermofluids-lab/concentric-
tube-heat-exchanger/10582201

https://www.linquip.com/blog/counter-flow-heat-exchangers/