PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Thermal Lab.

Experiment Name: Heat exchanger part(2)

Experiment # :( 6 )

Date of the Lab Report: 1 /3 /2022 .

Submitted by:

Students name ID number

1- Yazan abdelbaset yamin 201910353

Submitted to :
Eng. Azad F. Otoum
 1. Abstract
In this experiment investigate the effect of changes in the flow rate of hot and cold fluids on
logarithmic mean temperature differences, it is the smallest difference between the
temperatures of the cold and hot streams. For example, if you heat a cold fluid from 80°C up
to 100°C using a hot fluid at 105°C, the approach temperature of the heat exchanger is 105-
.100 = 5°C. The lower approach, the higher heating area
heat transfer inside a water heat exchanger from heat transfer methods, temperature efficiency,
temperature profiles, and the total heat transfer coefficient in the winding through both theoretical
and experimental sides.

2. Introduction
heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters called the double-pipe heat
exchanger. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the smaller pipe while the other
fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes. Two types of flow arrangement are
possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger. In parallel flow, both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction. In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot
and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger atopposite ends and flow in opposite directions.

Counter flow heat exchangers use flows in the opposite direction of each other. Shell and tube, and
double pipes heat exchangers are examples of common exchangers using counter flow configurations.
The best design for shell and tube and double-pipe exchanger is counter flow configuration, and the
heat transfer between the fluid is the maximum. In counter flow, the efficiency is higher than the
parallel, and temperature in the cooling fluid outlet can exceed the warmer fluid inlet temperature.

parallel flow heat exchange This is the type in which two fluids enter from the same end and exit from
the same end means the direction of flow is same for both the fluids.travel parallel to one another when
either enter or leaves the tube. With parallel flow the temperature difference between the two fluids is
large at the entrance end, but it becomes small at the exit end as the two fluid temperatures approach
each other. The overall measure of heat transfer driving force, the log mean temperature difference is
greater for counter flow, so the heat exchanger surface area requirement will be larger than for a
counter flow heat exchanger with the same inlet and outlet temperatures for the hot and the cold fluid.

Figure 1:parallel and counter flow heat exchange.

Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers are different in the flow direction and the heat transfer
diagrams. In parallel exchangers, both of the inlets are placed on the same side, and we have all the
outlets on the other side. The maximum temperature difference is happening in the inlet, and it
decreases to reach the minimum at the outlets. It is totally the inverse type compared to the counter
flow.

Figure 2 : mean temperature difference on parallel and counter flow.

3. Materials and Equipment

Figure 3 : (heat exchanger apparatus)

Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been developed to investigate the fundamental principles of heat
transfer as applied to a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. The student shall measure the variables that affect
the overall heat transfer coefficient. The "cold" and "hot" fluid temperatures and flow rates are
monitored at strategic locations. The unit can be configured to operate as either a parallel flow or
counter flow heat exchanger. By varying the fluid flow rates, laminar, transitional or turbulent flow
conditions can be created.

4. Collected Data
 Table1.0 (collected data of parallel flow)
parallel flow
(Hot)
Hot Cold
Temperature
flow flow Length (m) Location
(oC)
rate rate
0 55.5 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 50.5 mid
1.5 46.9 out
(Cold)
0 13.2 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 21.7 mid
1.5 27.7 out
(Hot)
Hot Cold
Temperature
flow flow Length (m) Location
(oC)
rate rate
0 60.6 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 55.8 mid
1.5 50.2 out
(Cold)
0 13.1 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 22.1 mid
1.5 30.1 out
(Hot)
Hot Cold
Temperature
flow flow Length (m) Location
(oC)
rate rate
0 65.5 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 61.1 mid
1.5 55.2 out
(Cold)
0 13.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 26.5 mid
1.5 36.7 out

Table1.1(collected data of counter flow)

counter flow
 (Hot)
Hot flow Cold Temperature
Length (m) Location
rate flow rate (oC)
    0 55.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 51.5 mid
    1.5 46.5 out
(Cold)
    0 13.2 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 21.2 mid
    1.5 28.4 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold Temperature
Length (m) Location
rate flow rate (oC)
    0 60.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 55.6 mid
    1.5 52.3 out
(Cold)
    0 13.6 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 26.1 mid
    1.5 33.6 out
(Hot)
Hot flow Cold Temperature
Length (m) Location
rate flow rate (oC)
    0 65.7 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 60.2 mid
    1.5 56.8 out
(Cold)
    0 13.8 in
2(L/m) 1(L/m) 0.75 29.2 mid
    1.5 38.4 out

5. Calculations ˙ L=1 m 3
ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ ρ h →1000
= 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 987.79
=0.03292633333
parallel flow at 55 C o

1) Power emitted (W):

Qh(emitted) = ṁh *Cph*ΔTh

Qh(emitted) = 0.03292633333* 4181.46 *8.6 = 1184.049254 W

ṁ h=Q̇h∗ρc →1000 ˙ L=1m3

2)Power absorbed (W):
= 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 997.97
Qc(absorbed) = ṁc*Cpc*ΔTc = 0.01663283333 kg/s

Qc(absorbed) = 0.01663283333*4181.09 * 14.5 = 1008.37891W CPh = 4181.46 J/kg.c

ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(27.7 - 13.2)
ΔTh = 14.5 C o

3)Power lost (W):

Qlost= Q emitted -Q|¿|¿

Qlost =1184.049254 – 1008.37891

= 175.6703437 W(emitted)

4) Efficiency%:
Q|¿| 1008.37891
uth = ¿=
Qemitted 1184.049254
*100% = 85.16359489%

5) ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference: ΔT1=(T hi −T ci ¿ =55.5 – 13.2 = 42.3 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 42.3−19.2
= ΔT2=(T ho−T co ¿=46.9 – 27.7 = 19.2 C°
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 42.3 = 29.24506682 C°
ln ln( ¿ )¿
∆T 2 19.2

w
6) U Overall Heat transfer coefficient : ( )
m . Co
2

1008.37891
U =Q ¿ ¿= = 514.631462 W/m2*C°
0.067∗29.24506682

7 ¿ μ % c =Temperaturecoefficient for cold

(T co−T ci )
μ %c= * 100
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci ) ¿
27.7−13.2
μ %c= * 100 = 34.27895981 %
55.5−13.2

8) Temperatureefficiency for heat μ % c

(T hi −T ho ) 55.5−46.9
μ % h= * 100  ∗100=20.33096927 %
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci) ¿ 55.5−13.2

9 ¿ μ ¿meanmean efficiency
 μ h + μc 20.33096927+34.27895981
μmean % =  = 27.30496454%
2 2

parallel flow at 60 C o ˙ L=1 m 3

ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ ρ h →1000
= 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 985.405
1) Power emitted (W):
=0.03284683333
Qh(emitted) = ṁh *Cph*ΔTh
CPh = 4183.58 J/kg.c
Qh(emitted) = 0.03284683333* 4183.58 *10.4 = 1429.14092 W ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(60.6-50.2)
ΔTh = 10.4 C o

2)Power absorbed (W): ˙ L=1 m3

ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ρ c → 1000
Qc(absorbed) = ṁc*Cpc*ΔTc = 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 997.97
= 0.01663283333 kg/s
Qc(absorbed) = 0.016631*4181.09 * 17 = 1182.053314 W
CPh = 4181.09 J/kg.c
ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(30.1 - 13.1)
ΔTh = 17 C o

3)Power lost (W):

Qlost= Q emitted -Q|¿|¿

Qlost =1429.14092 – 1182.053314

= 247.0871777 W(emitted)

4) Efficiency%:
Q|¿| 1182.053314
uth =
Qemitted
¿= *100% = 82.7107846%
1429.14092

5) ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference:

ΔT1=(T hi −T ci ¿ =60.6 – 13.1 = 47.5 C°
∆ T 1−∆ T 2 47.5−20.1
= ΔT2=(T ho−T co ¿=50.2 – 30.1 = 20.1 C°
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 47.5 = 31.8600985 C°
ln ln( ¿ )¿
∆T 2 20.1

w
6) U Overall Heat transfer coefficient : ( )
m . Co
2

1182.05331 4
U =Q ¿ ¿= = 553.7517963 W/m2*C°
0.067∗31.8600985

7 ¿ μ % c =Temperaturecoefficient for cold

(T co−T ci )
μ %c= * 100
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci ) ¿
30.1−13.1
μ %c= * 100 = 35.78947368%
60.6−13.1
8) Temperatureefficiency for heat μ % c
( T hi−T ho ) 60.6−50.2
μ % h= * 100  ∗100=21.89473684%
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci) ¿ 60.6−13.1

μ h + μc 21.89473684+35.78947368
9 ¿ μ ¿meanmean efficiency μmean % =  = 28.84210526%
2 2

parallel flow at 65 C o ˙ L=1 m 3

ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ ρ h →1000
1) Power emitted (W): = 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 98
=0.03275333333
Qh(emitted) = ṁh *Cph*ΔTh
CPh = 4185.7 J/kg.c
Qh(emitted) = 0.03275333333* 4185.7 *10.3 = 1412.084962 W ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(65.5-55.2)
ΔTh = 10.3 C o

˙ L=1 m3
ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ρ c → 1000
2)Power absorbed (W):
= 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 996.725
Qc(absorbed) = ṁc*Cpc*ΔTc = 0.01661208333kg/s

Qc(absorbed) = 0.01661208333*4179.14* 23 = 1596.757104 W CPh = 4179.14J/kg.c

ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(36.7- 13.7)
ΔTh = 23 C o
3)Power lost (W):
Qlost= Q emitted -Q|¿|¿

Qlost =1412.084962 – 1596.757104 = 184.6721426 W(absorbed)

4) Efficiency%:
Q|¿| 1596.757104
uth = ¿=
Qemitted 1412.084962
*100% = 113.0779767%

5) ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference: ΔT1=(T hi −T ci ¿ =65.5 – 13.7 = 51.18 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 51.8−18.5 ΔT2=(T ho−T co ¿=55.2 – 36.7 = 18.5 C°

=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 51.8 = 32.34204741C°
ln ln( ¿) ¿
∆T 2 18.5

w
6) U Overall Heat transfer coefficient : ( )
m . Co
2

1596.757104
U =Q ¿ ¿= = 736.8796193 W/m2*C°
0.067∗32.34204741

7 ¿ μ % c =Temperaturecoefficient for cold

 (T co−T ci )
μ %c= * 100
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci ) ¿
36.7−13.7
μ %c= * 100 =44.4015444%
65.5−13.7

8) Temperatureefficiency for heat μ % c

( T hi −T ho ) 65.5−55.2
μ % h= * 100  ∗100=19.88416988 %
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci) ¿ 65.5−13.7

9 ¿ μ ¿meanmean efficiency
μ +μ 19.88416988+ 44.4015444
μmean % = h c  = 32.14285714%
2 2

*counter flow at 55 © ˙ L=1 m 3

ṁ h=Q̇ h∗ ρ h →1000
1) Power emitted (W): = 1 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 987.325
=0.03291083333
Qh(emitted) = ṁh *Cph*ΔTh
CPh = 4181.7J/kg.c
Qh(emitted) = 0.03291083333* 4181.7*9.2 = 1266.133732 W ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(55.7-46.5)
ΔTh = 9.2 C o

ṁ h=Q̇c ∗ρ̇c
2)Power absorbed (W):
= 2 * 1/60 * 1/1000 * 996.725
= 0.01663283333kg/s
Qc(absorbed) = ṁc*Cpc*ΔTc
CPh = 4181.39j/kg.c
Qc(absorbed) = 0.01663283333*4181.39* 15.2 = 1057.135117 W
ΔTh = (T hi −T ho )
ΔTh =(28.4-13.2)
ΔTh = 7.4 C o
3)Power lost (W):
Qlost= Qemitted -Q|¿|¿

Qlost =1266.133732 – 1057.135117 = 208.998615 W(absorbed)

4) Efficiency%:
Q|¿| 1057.135117
uth = ¿=
Qemitted 1266.133732
*100% = 83.49316429%

5) ΔTLM Log-mean temperature difference: ΔT1=(T hi −T ci ¿ =55.7-28.4 = 27.3 C°

∆ T 1−∆ T 2 27.3−33.3 ΔT2=(T ho−T co ¿=46.5-13.2 = 33.3 C°

=
∆ TLM = ∆T 1 27.3 = 30.20072994C°
ln ln( ¿ )¿
∆T 2 33.3

w
6) U Overall Heat transfer coefficient : ( )
m . Co
2
 1057.135117
U =Q ¿ ¿= = 522.4422187 W/m2*C°
0.067∗30.20072994

7 ¿ μ % c =Temperaturecoefficient for cold

(T co−T ci )
μ %c= * 100
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci ) ¿
28.4−13.2
μ %c= * 100 = 35.76470588 %
55.7−13.2

8) Temperatureefficiency for heat μ % c

( T hi−T ho ) 55.7−46.5
μ % h= * 100  ∗100=21.64705882%
(T ¿ ¿ hi−T ci) ¿ 55.7−13.2

9 ¿ μ ¿meanmean efficiency
μ +μ 21.64705882+35.76470588
μmean % = h c  = 28.70588235 %
2 2

6. Results
Table1.2:Results of parallel flow
Results of parallel flow
Temperature Power Emitted Power Absorbed
Power Lost (W) Efficiency (%)
(°C) (W) (W)
55  1184.049254 1008.37891   175.6703437(em)  85.16359489
60  1429.140492 1182.053314  247.0871777(em)   82.7107846
65  1412.084962 1596.757104  184.6721426(abs)  113.0779767 
ΔTLM (°C) U (W/m2*°C) ηC (%) ηH (%) ηmean (%)
 29.24506682 514.631462   34.27895981 20.33096927   27.30496454
 31.8600985 553.7517963  35.78947368  21.89473684  28.84210526 
 32.34204741 736.8798193  44.4015444  19.88416988  32.14285714 

Table1.3:Results of counterflow
Results of parallel flow
Power Emitted Efficiency
Temperature (°C) Power Absorbed (W) Power Lost (W)
(W) (%)
55  1266.133732  1057.135117 208.998615(em)  83.49316429 

60  1154.283709 1388.725666  234.441957(abs)  120.3106009 

65  1220.704217  1706.378775 485.674558(abs)  139.7864242 

ΔTLM (°C) U (W/m2*°C) ηC (%) ηH (%) ηmean (%)

 30.20072994 552.4422187  35.76470588  21.64705882  28.70588235 
 32.55629757 636.6586588   42.46284501 17.8343949  30.14861996 
 34.55764134 736.9814298  47.39884393  17.14836224  32.27360309 
Figure 1.1:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow).

Figure 1.2:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow).

Figure 1.3:relationship between length and temperature(parallel flow).

 Figure 1.4:relationship between length and temperature(counter flow).

Figure 1.5:relationship between length and temperature(counter flow).

Figure 1.6:relationship between length and temperature(counter flow).

7. Discussion and Analysis

From the experiment, the variable in temperature effect in the logarithms mean temperature and total
heat coefficient. From calculation when the temperature is 55© the efficiency for hot is higher than
efficiency for cold , But when the temperature increase 60 and 65 © the efficiency for hot is lowest
than efficiency for cold . In these ratios in both From the results(1.2 and 1.3) shown above we can say
that every time the cold water increases over the ratio, the emitted energy we get decreases.
From experiment the percent error is due to human error ,or environmentally error such as dust or an
error in the device .

8. Conclusions
Use of varying cold mass flow rates and single flow distribution; Parallel. The collected and calculated
data showed that with the increase in the mass flow rate, the total heat transfer coefficient, which is
used to characterize the heat exchanger, Efficiency increases. In case the hot water has more
percentage on the ratio then parallel flow is more efficient but in the other case counter flow is more
efficient , The lost energy obtained when both hot and cold water were in the same ratio decreased.
Heat transfer can be improved by changing the construction material of the pipes, taking the fluid as a
heat-absorbing medium and having high specific heat, and changing the mass flow rates.

9. References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-apparatus-
5039060512.html