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Abstract
Purpose – Substantial changes in the organic food sector and recent studies on the Canadian organic food market are showing promising trends.
However, community organic food markets are different from organic food mainstream markets. In a domain growing in theoretical and practical
importance, the main objective of this paper is to develop an understanding and analysis of “community organic food market”.
Design/methodology/approach – Focus groups were conducted and data collected were analyzed using content analysis.
Findings – Five main themes emerged and brought contributions in terms of: organic food definition and recognition, organic food consumers’
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motivations, trust with regard to organic food, labeling and certification process, organic food distribution channels, and the proposition of a conceptual
model of decision making with regard to organic food consumers in small communities.
Research limitations/implications – Data collection was conducted in only one small community location and should be extended to other small
communities as well as urban city centers.
Practical implications – This study provides some insights to managers in terms of the market mix and target marketing of organic food niche
markets.
Originality/value – The paper explores the difference between an organic food mainstream market and an organic food niche/community market
using a consumer behaviour perspective.
An executive summary for managers and executive the need for deep organic consumer knowledge (Kristallis
readers can be found at the end of this article. and Chryssohoidis, 2005).
The traditional marketing approach and specifically
consumer marketing theory are not sufficiently prepared to
Introduction handle the advent of new types of consumers such as organic
The last two decades were driven by two major trends in the food (OF) consumers. These consumers are looking for more
agriculture industry: than a product, i.e. they are looking for different added values
1 an increase in food-related diseases such as mad-cow linked to the product (Baker, 2003). Moreover, the literature
disease and bird flu; and to date is of great interest but offers little insight into the
2 an increase in the use of genetically modified food. influence of the development stage of an organic food market
(and its characteristics) on the ranking of motives to buy
The organic farming “industry” eliminates a number of
organic food. Organic food consumers could thus be studied
concerns that consumers hold towards conventional food
production. This industry integrates all aspect of a under two perspectives:
1 big cities where organic products are available and where
pesticide-fertilizer free production process using specific
standards and is subject to a rigorous certification system. trust is based mainly on consumers’ knowledge of the
Moreover, this industry is one of the fastest growing areas certification process; and
of the food market in Europe, the USA and Australia. 2 community setting where trust is based on the relationship
Many countries show growth rates of 20 to 30 percent between the farmer and the consumer.
annually (Lampkin, 1999). Levels of growth have important This new market reality is here carefully explored.
implications for this specific market in terms of certification The paper starts with a discussion of the literature
procedures, the reforming of the whole supply chain and surrounding the organic food consumers and the factors
that affect organic food purchases. The methodology
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at section describes the data collection and analysis
www.emeraldinsight.com/0736-3761.htm procedures used. The results are then presented, followed
by a discussion underlining the major findings. Last, a
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
conclusion presents the majors points and the limits of this environment, and tastes better than conventional food
exploratory study. (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002; Wier and Calverly, 2002;
Larue et al., 2004). Conversely, the main reasons that prevent
Conceptual background consumers from buying organic food are: too expensive,
limited availability, unsatisfactory quality, satisfaction with
Organic versus natural and environmetal current purchases, lack of trust, limited choice, lack of
Organic food products have become popular in the last few perceived value and lack of misunderstanding of organic ways
years throughout the world. In order to explore the organic of production (Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002; Wier and
market, organic first needs to be differentiated from natural. Calverly, 2002; Larue et al., 2004; Verdurme et al., 2002;
The term “organic” is rooted in “bio” from Greek “bios” Worner and Meier-Ploeger, 1999). Overall, the most
meaning life or way of living while there is no clear definition important reason for purchasing and consuming organic
and standard regarding “natural food”. Natural product food appears to be health concerns (Hutchins and
consumers are somehow seen as – and not always – Greenhalgh, 1997; Squires et al., 2001), whereas research
vegetarians or even vegans. According to Agriculture Canada, conducted on consumers’ environmental concerns as a reason
organic is seen as a “segment” of the natural food industry. for consuming organic food are mixed (Kristensen and
Second, organic products and natural products are usually Grunert, 1991).
sold together. These products are commonly viewed as
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encouraging a healthier lifestyle described by the acronym Profiling organic food consumers
Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS). Natural The issue of profiling organic food consumers and
health and personal care are indeed focus points for both determining the underlying values of their purchases is
types of products. Lastly, the major focus is on the production rather a mature field in Europe with a well-established
process per se. In this regard, Green Earth Organics provides literature (e.g. Makatouni, 2002; Verdurme et al., 2002, Baker
a clear definition of what an organic food product is; hence, et al., 2004; Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002). Several studies have
“organic foods are minimally processed to maintain the indeed segmented organic food consumers on the basis of:
integrity of the food without artificial ingredients, attitudes toward organic food and purchase intentions,
preservatives or irradiation”. demographic factors, food-related lifestyles, and frequency
Studies dealing with the concept of environmentally of purchase. Based on these segmentations, scholars have
friendly products represent a mature research field covering profiled organic buyers to describe who they are and what
different aspects of the marketing process namely, consumer their purchase intentions are (see Davis et al., 1995;
behaviour, marketing mix, and marketing strategies. It is clear Fotopoulos and Krystallis, 2002; Baker et al., 2002;
that organic food purchases preclude an environmental Solomon et al., 1999). Several studies agreed on the socio-
dimension. It is also interesting to shed the light on demographic profile of organic food buyers: they are mainly
similarities and differences between green products and women, buying in larger quantities and more frequently then
organic food products. The issue of psychographic and men. Although age is not an important factor, younger
personal variables in consumer behaviour dealing with consumers show a higher willingness to buy due to their
environmental or green products has been dealt with by greater environmental concerns but cannot always afford it.
many researchers (Balderjahn, 1988; Ellen et al., 1991; Berger Moreover, Hamzaoui and Zahaf (2006) propose not only a
and Corbin, 1992; Amyx et al., 1994). Hence, some of the new definition of “organic” but also provide a general profile
variables that might shape the buying behaviour of organic of what they call typical organic products consumers
food products are: (TOPC). These consumers are somehow vegetarian/vegans,
.
Perceived consumer effectiveness: consumers’ believe that care about the environment, are health conscious, buy OF to
the efforts of an individual can make a difference in the support local farmers, do not trust big corporations, and are
solution to environmental problems (Balderjahn, 1988; willing to pay a premium price to purchase OF products.
Ellen et al., 1991; Berger and Corbin, 1992). Further, cultural differences seem to cause consumers from
.
Ecological concern: consumers’ level of ecological different countries to have different values, and most of all
concern is related to their willingness to purchase green different means of achieving those values when making
products (Amyx et al., 1994). purchasing decisions. More widespread consumption of
.
Locus of control: refers to a consumer’s perception about organic food over a longer period of time in some countries
the underlying main causes of events in his/her behaviour versus others could result in more familiarity, which can
(Schwepker and Cornwell, 1991; Shamdasani et al., explain that German consumers provide richer hierarchical
1993). value maps (Baker et al., 2004). People everywhere possess
.
Faith in others (Berger and Corbin, 1992). the same values, but to different degrees. Although values are
important, they have not been widely applied to direct
The organic consumer examination of consumer behaviour vis-à-vis organic products
Reasons for buying organic food (with the exception of studies conducted in European
A review of the literature on organic food consumption shows countries by Baker et al., 2004; Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002;
that several attempts have been made to examine consumers’ Makatouni, 2002). Since values drive much of consumer
perception of organic food, factors that have facilitated or behaviour, many types of consumer research are related to the
prevented the organic food choice, consumers’ attitudes, as identification and measurement of values.
well as reasons for purchase/non-purchase. Consumers Findings from these previous researches underline the need
purchase organic food mainly for the following reasons: to uncover the differing mindset of consumers in countries
organic food is seen as healthier, more nutritious and safer, no where organic consumption is promising and enjoying rapid
chemicals are used, organic farming is kinder to the growth, but is likely not driven by the same consumer values,
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
as in Canada. Three studies conducted in European proposes a comprehensive analysis of the organic market in
countries, i.e. Baker et al. (2004), Zanoli and Naspetti this area.
(2002), and Makatouni (2002), highlighted life values that fall
into three main broad categories: values centered on the Objectives
human being, on the environment, and on the well-being of We aim to dig into the breaches of the actual literature and
animals. Although similarities emerged with respect to main seek to develop an understanding of “community organic
values between the three studies, the dominant perceptual food markets”. Our purpose in this study is threefold:
orientations of UK, German, and Italian organic food 1 To explore the drives, motives and values of community
consumers differ widely. German consumers’ dominant organic food consumers.
perceptual orientations are centered on health and 2 To analyze consumers’ point of purchase preferences in
enjoyment through taste and quality, followed by belief in community organic food markets.
nature, whereas UK consumers do not show a perceptual 3 To understand community organic food consumer trust
orientation connected with nature or the environment (Baker with regard to organic food products, organic labelling,
et al., 2004). Conversely life values related to animals are the and the companies marketing those products.
second most frequently mentioned value (Makatouni, 2002).
Interestingly, regular Italian consumers show transcendental The ultimate objective is to develop a model that will help to
values like ecology, harmony with the universe and are analyze these consumers’ motives for buying OF. This is
based on our understanding of the link between consumers’
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
them buy – not exclusively – OF from specialty stores while What is organic?
85 percent have already bought OF from superstores. Based on our coding scheme and on the findings from focus
Conversely all regular consumers are either buying OF from groups, we started to define a first profile of the OF
a specialty store or from local markets. consumer. Combining consumers’ categories used in the
screening process (i.e. regular, occasional, and irregular) to
Research procedure our findings allows us to consider two main types of
Before commencing the focus groups, care was taken to create consumers. We shall, from now on consider only two main
a relaxed environment. Each subject was assured that there categories of consumers: regular consumers (RC) and non-
are no right or wrong answers, and that the purpose of the regular consumers (non-RC). This latter category of
study was to know more about their perceptions and opinions consumers is composed of occasional and irregular
about OF. Participants also were asked to give their opinion consumers. Our classification leads to an even
regarding the different types of OF products available in the representation of both categories.
market and to express their concern with regard to these All respondents were able to define what is organic but
products. This gave an insight on how and why they adapted there was a difference when they were asked to answer a
their food habits and changed their food choice behaviour. question regarding characterizing what is organic.
Sources of information and their respective reliability were Respondents defined OFs as products that contain no
also discussed, as well as the influence of media on consumers fertilizer, no chemical, no pesticides, no antibiotics, no
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in general and on parents in particular. To conclude, hormones, no GMO; and is not processed, not packaged, no
participants were asked to express what they considered the injection/no harm for animals, natural, tasty, nutritious,
most important characteristic in OF, what improvements in colourful, fresh/stay longer, and is labour intensive. This
OF they would like to see, and finally, they where invited to brings a new dimension to the definition of what is organic. It
share any comments or suggestions about the discussion. also gives us a partial idea about RC and non-RC knowledge
with regard to OF. To address the issue of consumers’
Analysis knowledge with regard to OF, we explored their perceptions
Sample results based were obtained by analysis of verbatim of the difference between OF and natural food. The two
transcripts of the audio-taped interviews. Even though it is concepts, i.e. organic versus natural, were described into
not necessary to transcribe the interviews, this does allow for details above in the literature review. Most non-RC think that
more in-depth analysis of subtle themes. All focus groups organic is natural while most RC see a clear difference
were indeed recorded and transcribed to capture, with between both categories of products. Some non-RC said
minimal bias, the perceptions, benefits and values underlying “organic is natural food, just a new term to create some
decision-making process with regard to OF. Data collected in buzz“. Moreover, consumers differentiating between natural
the focus groups were analyzed using content analysis. Hence, and organic think that one of the differences is related to the
data were organized around particular themes, on a fact that OF is “mass distributed” compared to natural
judgmental basis, that were coded and categorized in order products. It is also worth noticing that about a quarter of all
to facilitate their interpretation. Content analysis and coding respondents think that organic is a reinvention of natural; it is
of the data was performed according to the relevant literature a buzz word, a new marketing device. In fact, “it is just so
(Kassarjian, 1977). Two separate judges coded the data (see popular now, it is a profitable market. . . organic is a trend, so
Table I). it is a marketable thing to put on the label of your food”. This
leads us to the issue of how consumers recognize OF
products.
Results
Focus groups interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Recognition of organic food
This technique, i.e. content analysis, allows the researcher to Even though most respondents – RC and non-RC –
include large amounts of textual information, methodically described very well what organic is, they stated that it is
identify its properties by detecting the more important difficult to identify OF while only a few are able to identify
structures of its content, and determines the frequencies of those products. This is clearly linked to the labelling and
most used keywords. Hence, we started by analyzing the certification issues, and to the distribution system. A third of
content of the five themes defined in Table I. all respondents think that it is difficult to buy OF due to the
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
lack of specialty stores. Moreover, RC consider that it is easy important reason for buying organic because “to get the
to identify OF in local markets and some specialty stores vegetables right out of the garden keeps it fresh. It is better
because “it comes right out of the grown”. These consumers, than sitting on a truck from California for a week.” This
i.e. RC, are reluctant to buy OF from grocery stores even relates to the food security argument. The next reason for
when they find a certified labelling because they don’t know buying OF is related to supporting local farmers. This
what is behind the label organic; “. . .but you really do not element has been introduced by Hamzaoui and Zahaf (2006)
know. It can say not pesticides and fertilizers, but you never in a study they conducted in Ottawa. There are two
know if that stuff is still in the ground when it is produced”. dimensions that push consumers to buy OF:
Once more, the organic dimension is broader that the one 1 sustainability argument rooted in supporting local
described in the current literature. It includes all aspects of communities: “I think organic foods should be produced
the production and distribution processes. This influences the on a more community level with roof top gardens and
trust level of consumers with regard to companies selling OF such, where families can grow their food and everyone
in the market (see Hamzaoui and Zahaf (2006) for more works together”, and
details). 2 minimizing the distribution distance: “I really wish for our
Hence, there are two opposite behaviours. Since non-RC society to move away from corporations and industry, and
buy mainly their products from grocery stores, they argue that support healthier and local eating”.
“you cannot trust an organization or corporation that says this
It seems also that the organic lifestyle is based on trust
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
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it should be established at the provincial level. More precisely, factors will shape consumers’ decision process in terms of
one of the issues here is about imported products as what is products and stores choice.
defined as being organic in one country might not be 3 Lastly, the proposed model reflects some important
considered that way in another one, and most RC are elements of previous works on green products. In fact, if
concerned about whether those products are allowed to cross consumers believe they can change things, i.e. high
the border. This leads to discuss the next theme related to consumer perceived effectiveness (PCE), this will
what is then the variety of organic products offered to strengthen their motivations to buy OF. Conversely, if
consumers and were are they made available to them. consumers are not environmentally conscious, i.e, high
level of faith in others (FIO), then they will buy OF for
Where to find what? other reason like “health”.
In terms of distribution, the overall feeling is that it is not
really easy to buy organic food in small communities but “you The model depicted in Figure 1 provides an outlook of the
figure it out over time”, compared to big cities where results outlined above. Basically, consumers are driven by
consumers can find a wider number of stores offering organic several cues and motives to buy organic food products. These
food, which is an expected result. Only few of the interviewed motivations are rooted in their knowledge of what organic is,
consumers shop just at a superstore, with the remaining and the influence of the different sources of information, i.e.
majority of consumers going to specialty stores, local markets internet, family, friends, books, etc. Before making any
purchase decision, this information is processed and
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
The study also reveals that both RC and non-RC consumers lead to sustainable communities. This might be even a more
consider health as the most important reason for buying OF. pronounced or noticeable tendency in smaller cities.
Having said that, there is an important sustainability
consciousness argument that drives consumers’ choice. This
Conclusion
is more specifically in line with the idea of supporting local
community, which did not appear in previous studies (Roddy In conclusion, given the increasing demand for organic food,
et al., 1994; Baker et al., 2002; Fotopoulos and Krystallis, analyzing and understanding the behaviour of community
2002; Zanoli and Naspetti, 2002). Compared to Hamzaoui market OF consumers is no longer a marginal issue. This
and Zahaf (2006) this study also shows clearly that the city research adds new components to the definition of what an
size moderates the effect of some variables. Small OF product is, as perceived by these consumers.
communities tend to favor more their local economy and Nevertheless, results indicate that consumers lack deeper
hence support local OF products. This is also explained with knowledge with regards to OF products. Conducting in-depth
the low penetration rate of OF product in major superstore interviews through focus groups led us to the major
shelves in small communities; the OF channels structure is contributions of this study namely, OF consumers’ main
too short, i.e. it is a direct channel: OF marketed directly to motivations, attitudes towards the OF industry and trust with
regard to OF products, labelling and certification process in
consumers; and the low level of trust toward superstores and
community markets. The findings of our research underlines
big companies versus farmers.
that cultural values cause consumers to give priority to
Distribution, certification and labelling are all somehow
different values and means of achieving those values when
linked to consumers’ confidence and level of trust when
making the decision to buy organic food. The study also
consuming OFs. Consumers emphasize the importance of
enables us to develop a deeper understanding of consumers’
certification standards, even though they still do not know to
motivations and attitudes that can help marketers define and
what degree the Canadian certification process is controlled, adjust their positioning, distribution and communication of
and would like to know more about it. This also explains the organic food offer which seems to differ from community
close and direct link between farmers and consumers at the markets to urban markets.
community level. One important limitation of this research is the data
Finally, we propose a conceptual model that summarizes collection that was conducted in one location not taking into
our findings and position our study in the current literature. account the situation in other provinces (except an urban city
We have shown that OF consumers’ decision-making process in a previous study), thus highlighting the necessity to extend
is partly based on elements pertaining to green consumer this research to other small communities and major urban city
behaviour models. The model has an integrative and complex centers in different provinces. This study being exploratory,
structure because it integrates consumer behaviour variables the results are only a spring-board for future research in an
as well as macro-variables. The decision-making process of area growing in theoretical and practical importance.
OF consumers is not only rooted in how, what and why Deepening the understanding of organic consumers’
consumers buy/don’t buy OF but also in more macro- decision making process on one hand, and on the other
environmental forces such as support for local farmer which hand addressing implications of the consumption food
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
behaviour for the marketing practitioner and public policies communication strategy”, Journal of Marketing
should be addressed by conducting conclusive studies using Communication, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 19-30.
quantitative approaches. Balderjahn, I. (1988), “Personality variables and
environmental attitudes as predictors of ecologically
responsible consumption patterns”, Journal of Business
Managerial implications and applications
Research, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 51-6.
It is clear that the organic industry is moving from a niche Beharrell, B. and MacFie, J. (1991), “Consumer attitudes to
market industry to a mainstream industry. Several distribution organic foods”, British Food Journal, Vol. 93 No. 2,
and pricing issues still need to be addressed. Our study pp. 25-30.
provides insights to marketers and managers on how to Berger, I. and Corbin, R. (1992), “Perceived consumer
market organic food products in a new emerging market effectiveness and faith in others as moderators of
identified as community organic food market. Moreover, environmentally responsible behaviors”, Journal of Public
community organic food consumers have specific needs and Policy and Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 79-89.
behave differently from standard organic food consumers. Cunningham, R. (2001), The Organic Consumer Profile: Not
These consumers care less about price when it comes to Only Who You Think It Is!, Alberta Agriculture, Food and
buying locally produced food. Further they look for the Rural Development, Alberta.
shortest channel of distribution for two main reasons, they Davis, A., Titterington, A.J. and Cochrane, C. (1995), “Who
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
Lumbers, M., Eves, A. and Skourtas, G. (2003), aspect of sustainable marketing. He is also member of the
“Comparison of consumer perceptions of food-related Food Security Research Network.
hazards between Greece and the UK”, paper presented at
the 83rd EAAE Seminar, Chania, 4-6 September, available
Executive summary and implications for
at: www.maich/eaae.gr
MacRae, R., Martin, R., Macecy, A., Beauchemin, R. and managers and executives
Christianson, R. (2002), “A national strategic plan for the This summary has been provided to allow managers and executives
Canadian organic food and farming sector”, Organic a rapid appreciation of the content of this article. Those with a
Agriculture Center of Canada, Nova Scotia Agriculture particular interest in the topic covered may then read the article in
College, available at: www.organicagcentre.ca/reportfinal. toto to take advantage of the more comprehensive description of the
pdf (accessed 17 January 2005). research undertaken and its results to get the full benefits of the
Macey, A. (2003), Certified Organic, The status of the Canadian material present.
Organic Market in 2003, Report to Agriculture & Agri-Food
Canada, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Toronto. Organic food (OF) is one of the most rapidly growing
Makatouni, A. (2002), “What motivates consumers to buy industries in the USA, Europe and Australia. Annual growth
organic food in UK?”, British Food Journal, Vol. 104 in some countries is between 20 and 30 percent, helping to
Nos 3/4/5, pp. 345-52. propel the organic sector towards mainstream industry status.
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Decision making process of community organic food consumers Journal of Consumer Marketing
Leila Hamzaoui Essoussi and Mehdi Zahaf Volume 25 · Number 2 · 2008 · 95 –104
conventional grocery stores or open markets. Most appearance. Some respondents detect OF by shape, color,
respondents were aged between 19 and 35 and were form or taste and half by its higher price.
subsequently divided into regular consumers (RC) and non-
regular consumers (NRC). All NRC were students and all RU Benefits
purchased from specialty stores or open markets. Those who Health is the main reason cited by RC for buying OF. Many
partook were asked what they considered to be the most argued that the benefits outweigh the cost of buying and
important characteristics of OF and what they felt needed stated support for local farmers, environmental friendliness
improving. and feeling good as main benefits. Respondents felt that
Prior research had indicated a struggle to properly define supporting local farmers helped to sustain the local
OF and that many consumers regarded organic as an community and minimize distribution distance.
alternative term for natural. The present study revealed that
NRC share that perception while RC are able to differentiate
Conclusion and recommendations
between the food categories.
Essoussi and Zahaf believe that customers lacking in
Key factors to consider knowledge and information pertaining to OF will not be
capable of defining organic, differentiating between organic
Availability and natural and identifying products. They also feel that
A third of respondents believe that a lack of specialty outlets behaviour of OF consumers in terms of store and product
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makes OF difficult to buy. There was also an overall feeling choice will be moderated by factors such as type of retailer
that OF was not easy to locate in small communities and and the level of trust in the certification process. Distribution,
some superstores but was not a problem within a number of labeling and certification were all linked to levels of consumer
other city stores. There were also complaints about
confidence and trust.
insufficient variety of OF products in certain cities. Some
The study showed that small communities tend to favor the
participants remarked about finding fewer organic products
local economy and thus support local OF producers. Low
than they knew were generally available and the authors
availability levels of OF in major superstores serving these
regard this as a considerable barrier to consumption. Fruit
small communities provides further testimony to this
and vegetables, meat, dairy products, bread and eggs are the
preference. Consumer trust is higher for local farmers than
OF products that RC mainly buy. NRC also purchase
superstores and this also influences choice, as does the direct
prepared foods that include cereals, jam, chocolate, pasta and
drinks. marketing of food from local supplier to consumer.
Marketers should appreciate that OF consumers in small
Trust communities have different needs from their big city
It is important that trust exists between consumer and counterparts. For instance, price does not influence their
producer. There is reluctance from some RC to purchase OF purchase decisions. The authors suggest that marketers
from grocery stores even when labels confirm product as should use the study findings to develop specific strategies
organic. Such consumers doubt the authenticity of this for the positioning, communication, pricing and distribution
certification. Accepting products as organic can depend on of OF products. It is additionally recommended that activities
who has issued the label and what certification process has are created to exploit the links between OF attributes and
been adopted. Evidence exists that NRC less are aware than relevant character traits and personal preferences.
RC about who regulates and controls the certification. However, the study is acknowledged as exploratory and a
Concerns were also raised that standards may not be useful foundation for further research that should be extended
internationally consistent and possible implications for to other small communities and major cities within different
imports were noted. provinces.
Perception and identification
It is believed that the term “organic” also incorporates the (A précis of the article “Decision making process of community
production and distribution process, making it a broader organic food consumers: an exploratory study”. Supplied by
concept than previously stated. RC claim to identify OF by its Marketing Consultants for Emerald.)
104
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