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Abstract—The Sweep frequency response analysis, a non- industry and researchers to discover alternative methods to
invasive condition monitoring technique, is widely used as a reduce time and cost of performing SFRA.
diagnostic tool to assess mechanical integrity of power trans-
formers. Industrial frequency response analysers utilize a variable From the above perspective, feasibility of using triangular
frequency sinusoidal signal to determine frequency response of waveforms to reduce time and cost is discussed in this paper.
power transformers at present. This work investigates the use Existing literature that studies the use of triangular waveforms
of triangular waveforms to determine frequency response of instead of sinusoidal waveforms in frequency domain spec-
power transformers with reduced measurement time. Initially, troscopy (FDS) inspires objective of using triangular wave-
practicality of using triangular waveforms of different shapes
shapes in SARA [7], [8], [9].
are discussed using a harmonic analysis. The Simulation study
on lumped parameter circuit model of a power transformer It is shown that harmonic content can be varied by changing
shows the feasibility of using triangular waveforms to reduce the slope of triangular waveform [7]. In addition, they are
measurement time of sweep frequency response analysis. Usage
of second and third harmonics along with the fundamental
equally spaced [10]. Therefore, the number of SFRA data
of triangular waveforms bring down the measurement time points required to measure directly can be reduced, as each
significantly in addition to the reduction of overall power analyser triangular waveform consists certain amount of frequency mul-
cost. tiples which should be measured by the analyser otherwise. In
other words, frequency response at a higher frequency can be
Keywords—Power transformer, sweep frequency re- derived using a selected harmonic of low frequency triangular
sponse, triangular excitation, lumped parameter model, har- signal. Thus, deriving frequency response collectively using
monics, zero-crossing method harmonics conserves time spent for the entire test. In particular,
time saved from the lower frequency range is significant as
SFRA measurements run slower at low frequencies [6]. .
I. I NTRODUCTION
Triangular waveforms with different slopes are considered
Power transformers are considered as one of the largest
as harmonic content fluctuates with the shape of triangular
and expensive assets in electrical networks [1]. The health
waveform. In order to get the best use of this method, maxi-
condition of these assets plays a major role in maintaining
mum number of harmonics with adequate amplitude should be
the reliability and efficiency of the power supply [2]. As the
selected. In fact, as the magnitudes of harmonics are getting
health conditions of these assets are monitored in regular basis,
smaller as the harmonic order increases, suitable slope for
low cost and fast measurement are necessary to bring down
the triangular waveform should be selected which provides
the cost of testing and financial cost of not supplying power
a sufficient intensity for the considered harmonics. Otherwise,
due to interruptions.
output signal turns into infinitesimal at particular frequencies
Sweep frequency response analysis (SFRA) is a novel as a result of the nature of power transformer frequency
condition monitoring technique used to assess the mechanical response. Along with the sinusoidal waveforms, triangular
integrity of power transformers [3], [4]. Under this test, a waveform with highest amount of harmonic content is used
sinusoidal signal generated by a variable frequency power in the comparative assessments. Amplitude and the frequency
source in 20 Hz to 2 MHz range, is applied to the windings of of triangular waveform are kept same with the peak value and
power transformer to derive its frequency response [3]. Typ- the frequency of the sinusoidal signal. Fast fourier transform
ically, sufficient amount of data points (amplitude and phase (FFT) is used to extract Fundamental and harmonics in the
measurements at least 500 logarithmically spaced data points) input and output responses of power transformer. Amplitude
are required to a obtain accurate frequency response within the of harmonic content can be found by the magnitudes of FFT
considered frequency range. Hence, overall time to perform results whereas phase angle can be derived by zero-crossing
SFRA could take few minutes depending on the number of method in time domain [11].
data points collected [5], [6]. Moreover, the generation of
pure sinusoidal waveforms by frequency response analysers This paper presents an intuitive method to derive frequency
involves sophisticated and expensive devices. This encourages response of power transformers using triangular signals incor-
porating harmonics of certain degree, which downsizes the cost
Authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by of frequency analysers and reduces interruption time during
the University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka under the senate research grant SFRA. An insight of conventional SFRA and proposed SFRA
SRC/LT/2017/26. using triangular excitations is provided in section II . Section
III discusses the selection criterion that should be considered
choosing a wave shape of triangular excitation. Section IV
presents the lumped parameter network model used for the
simulations whereas simulation and results are presented in
section V. Section VI concludes the paper.
500
T0.15 T0.45
T0.20 T0.50
T0.25 capacitance of ith section, Parallel insulation resistance of ith
0 section and Mutual inductance between of ith and j th sections
respectively.
-500
90
getting closer to each other. In other words, harmonic compo-
45
nents become significant in asymmetric triangular waveforms. 0
However, fundamental component behave oppositely where -45
the largest fundamental amplitude is recorded in the signal -90
A. Error using fundamental and harmonics and usability of (b) Subsystem TF- Lumped parameter network model
harmonics to the SFRA test acceleration
As discussed under III, T0.05 waveform is selected as Fig. 6: Test setup modelled in Matlab Simulink including the
both fundamental component as well as harmonic components, lumped parameter network
possess high magnitudes. In fact, harmonics upto 3rd have
magnitudes greater than 200V.
Initially, 500 logarithmically spaced data points are se- of measuring devices. It inevitable that measuring devices of
lected. Triangular exitation of these frequencies are given high ranges such as ones used in SFRA have tolerances that
to the transformer model. At each occasion, harmonics are results in measuring errors at small measurements. Addition-
determined using FFT. Amplitide and phase angle variation ally, higher the harmonics to be extracted, higher the sampling
upto 7th harmonic are shown in Fig. 7. time is required. However, use of high order harmonics unnec-
It is evident that error of FFT is almost zero at all essarily demands digital processors and digitizers (digital to
frequencies. Minor variations can be observed at the resonance analog converters(DAC)) with high processing power. There-
points of bode plots. This is caused by insufficient data points fore, despite the fact that the error of FFT is very small, very
in the considered region to plot SFRA accurately. Number of high order harmonics cannot be incorporated in the proposed
data points within measuring bandwidth(20 Hz -2 MHz) can method to reduce SFRA time. Thus harmonics upto 3rd order
be increased to avoid this phenomenon. Increasing data points are considered in the time reduction process.
two times nearly doubles the SFRA measuring time which is
undesirable. B. Accelerating SFRA using harmonics of SFRA
However, a limitation for the use of higher order harmonics Total time duration to obtain frequency response of 500
in triangular waveforms arises due to accuracy and tolerances data points is calculated by (4) without parallel processing of
TABLE II: Amplitude and phase details of triangular waveforms of different slopes
Fundamental 2nd Harmonic 3rd Harmonic 4th Harmonic 5th Harmonic 6th Harmonic 7th Harmonic
Excitation
Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase Peak Phase
Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg) Ampl. (Deg)
T0 636.6 0 318.3 0 212.2 0 159.2 0 127.3 0 106.1 0 90.9 0
T0.05 695.8 0 330.85 0 202.37 0 133.79 0 90.06 0 59.42 0 37.11 0
T0.10 744.45 0 301.09 0 133.78 0 46.46 0 0 180 20.73 180 24.62 180
T0.15 780.67 0 229.38 0 33.07 0 35.5 180 38.62 180 15.76 180 6.09 0
T0.20 803 0 124.01 0 55.2 180 50.21 180 0 - 22.3 0 10.11 0
T0.25 810.55 0 0 - 90.09 180 0 - 32.41 0 0 - 16.55 180
T0.30 803 0 124.01 180 55.2 180 50.21 0 0 - 22.3 180 10.11 0
T0.35 780.67 0 229.38 180 33.07 0 35.5 0 38.62 180 15.76 0 6.09 0
T0.40 744.45 0 301.09 180 133.78 0 46.46 180 0 0 20.73 0 24.62 180
T0.45 695.8 0 330.85 180 202.37 0 133.79 180 90.06 0 59.42 180 37.11 0
T0.50 636.6 0 318.3 180 212.2 0 159.2 180 127.3 0 106.1 180 90.9 0
Fundamental 3rdHarmonic 5th Harmonic 7th Harmonic If the frequency gap between k th frequency of F (i.e
2ndHarmonic 4thHarmonic 6th Harmonic
Fk ) and H th harmonic of ith frequency (i.e Fi ) is less
than 1/50, then Fk is eliminated from considered frequency
array. Frequencies in logarithmic values are considered here
to maintain the uniformity of data points in bode plots.
Use of 2nd harmonic with the fundamental (case 1) re-
duces the number of data points to 259 whereas using up to
3rd harmonic (case 2), number of data points is reduced to
232. Corresponding test time reduces to 57.186034 seconds
and 58.575548 seconds respectively. Total time reduction for
both cases are 24.261866 seconds and 22.872352 seconds
(equivalent to 29.78 percent and 28.08 percent). It should be
noted
PSthat 1total time duration for the excitations (calculated
by i=1 Fi × n) are 73.1914, 48.6323 and 47.0825 for
sinusoidal excitation, case 1 and case 2 respectively. Even
though excitation time of case 1 is larger than case 2, total
measurement time becomes larger in case 2 due to processing
time of data points.
Note that, total measurement time durations are calculated
based on a system where parallel data processing is not
being used. Performing calculations corresponds to preceding
measurements in parallel with the excitation, reduces the
total measurement time (approximately to sum of excitation
times) eliminating separate processing time of measurements
Fig. 7: Comparison of frequency response obtained using from (4). Thus resultant total measurement time with parallel
different harmonics with Fundamental processing for two cases can be approximated as 48.6323 and
47.0825. This reduces time for the tests by 24.5591 seconds
and 26.1089 seconds respectively (equivalent to 33.55 percent
and 35.67 percent). Major contribution for the time reduction
measured data. Number of cycles (n) is set as 40 where last comes from unused low frequencies as large cycle time in low
20 cycles are used to store measured data allowing to settle frequencies sums up to a comparatively large excitation time.
output responses.
Fig. 8a illustrates frequency response derived for the case 1
whereas frequency response derived for the case 2 is illustrated
Total S in Fig. 8b. It is evident that same accuracy can be maintained in
X 1 bode plots for both cases as selected data points are uniformly
measurement = × n + S × Hn × t (4)
time i=1
Fi distributed in frequency axis.
100
[11] D. Allan, M. Blundell, K. Boyd, and D. Hinde, “New techniques for
monitoring the insulation quality of in-service hv apparatus,” IEEE
50
Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 578–585, June
0 1992.
-50
[12] “Ieee guide for the application and interpretation of frequency response
-100
2 3 4 5 6
analysis for oil-immersed transformers,” IEEE Std C57.149-2012, pp.
10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (HZ) 1–72, March 2013.
[13] I. P. TransformersPart, “Part 18: Measurement of frequency response,”
IEC Standard, pp. 60 076–18, 2012.
(b) Data points of fundamental, 2nd and 3rd harmonic creating [14] V. Rashtchi, E. Rahimpour, and E. M. Rezapour, “Using a genetic
frequency response algorithm for parameter identification of transformer rlcm model,”
Electrical Engineering, vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 417–422, 2006.
Fig. 8: Frequency responses obtained using selected harmonics [15] K. Ragavan and L. Satish, “Localization of changes in a model
winding based on terminal measurements: Experimental study,” IEEE
of triangular excitation Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1557–1565, July
2007.
[16] D. M. Sofian, Z. D. Wang, and P. Jarman, “Interpretation of transformer
fra measurement results using winding equivalent circuit modelling
inter winding and inductive inter-winding measurements. Con- technique,” in CEIDP ’05. 2005 Annual Report Conference on Elec-
sidering different tap changers and phases, total number of trical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2005., Oct 2005, pp. 613–
tests performed at a single occasion exceeds at least twenty. 616.
Therefore the time saved by each measurement adds up to few [17] K. L. I. M. P. B. Jayarathna, “Modelling sweep frequency response of
power transformers,” Msc dissertation, Dept. of Electr. Eng., University
minutes allowing power transformer to be connected back to of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, 2018.
the grid more quickly. This will reduce the loss of earnings
due to interruptions and improve power system indexes. Fur-
thermore, triangular waveforms can be easily generated using
simple op-amp circuits. Therefore it can be concluded that the
triangular excitation reduces time as well as the complexity of
SFRA analysers cutting off the cost of SFRA.
R EFERENCES
[1] E. Gockenbach and H. Borsi, “Condition monitoring and diagnosis of
power transformers,” in 2008 International Conference on Condition
Monitoring and Diagnosis, April 2008, pp. 894–897.
[2] W. D. A. G. Hillary et al., “A tool for estimating remaining life time
of a power transformer,” in 2017 Moratuwa Engineering Research
Conference (MERCon), May 2017, pp. 373–378.
[3] K. L. I. M. P. B. Jayarathna, W. E. P. S. Ediriweera, J. R. Lucas, and
R. Samarasinghe, “Modelling transfer function of power transformers
using sweep frequency response analysis,” in 2018 Moratuwa Engineer-
ing Research Conference (MERCon), May 2018, pp. 500–505.