A Guide To Special Inspection, Application, Policy and Enforcement

SPECIAL INSPECTIONS - BEST PRACTICES
A Guide to Special Inspection

Application, Policy and Enforcement
Prepared by the Special Inspections Committee of the Structural
Engineers Association of South Carolina
Structural Engineers Association of South Carolina
The Citadel
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering
171 Moultrie Street
Charleston, SC 29409
843-953-7678
Timothy Wayne Mays, Ph.D., PE, President
* Special Inspections Committee
Eric Tobias, PE, Chair
Wayne Mayberry, PE Paul Gurley, PE

Jesse Burke, PE Rob Still, PE
Ashleigh Weatherly, PE Jeff Klinar, PE
Jason Eppley, PE Chris Hollingsworth, PE
Vince Williams, PE Frank Nadeau, PE
John C. Ryan, PE Glenn Stewart, PE
Jack McKinney, PE Paul Wood, PE
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PREFACE
SPECIAL INSPECTIONS - BEST PRACTICES: A Guide to Special Inspection Application,
Policy, and Enforcement has been developed to aid structural engineers, building officials, special
inspectors, and contractors involved in special inspection programs in South Carolina. This
document was authored by the Special Inspections Committee of the Structural Engineers
Association of South Carolina (SEA of SC) and approved by the membership on September 15,
2005.
The document contains two parts. Chapter 1.0 is titled Special Inspection Applications for
Structural Engineers and it is intended to serve as an overall guide to special inspections as
related to the field of structural engineering. In particular, this part contains an introduction to
special inspections, a commentary on special inspection requirements of Chapter 17 of the 2003
International Building Code, explanations of often misunderstood material specific requirements,
a comparison of requirements and procedures for state and private jobs, a summary of SEA of SC
concerns and recommendations, and SEA of SC recommended forms available for use by SEA of
SC membership. Chapter 2.0 is titled Special Inspection Policy and Enforcement and it presents
some of the “best practices” of special inspection programs throughout the United States.
Particular emphasis is placed on the special inspection program in place in Mecklenburg County,
NC under the direction of Eddie Prince, AIA, Esquire.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Special Inspection Committee of the Structural Engineers Association of South Carolina
would like to recognize The Citadel’s Timothy Wayne Mays, Ph.D., P.E. and John C. Ryan, P.E.
of Structural Engineering and Education Solutions, LLC for spearheading this effort. A special
thanks should also be given to Eddie Prince, AIA, Esquire for providing support and insight on
special inspection programs in Mecklenburg County, NC and for his willingness to present
aspects of their program to code enforcement officers in South Carolina.
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Table of Contents
1.0 Part I - Special Inspection Applications for Structural Engineers
1.1 Introduction to Special Inspections in South Carolina………………………………. 1.

1.2 Commentary on Special Inspection Requirements of the 2003 IBC………………… 5.
1.2.1 Statement of Special Inspections …………………………………………. 5.
1.2.2 Report Requirements……………………………………………………… 6.
1.2.3 Inspection of Fabricators ………………………………………………….. 6.
1.2.4 Quality Assurance for Seismic Resistance ………………………………… 6.
1.2.5 Quality Assurance for Wind Resistance…………………………………… 7.
1.2.6 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance……………………………….. 7.
1.2.7 Structural Observations……………………………………………………. 7.
1.3 Commentary on Material Sections of IBC Chapter 17………………………………. 7.
1.3.1 Steel……………………………………………………………………….. 8.
1.3.2 Concrete …………………………………………………………………… 13.
1.3.3 Masonry …………………………………………………………………… 18.
1.3.4 Timber…………………………………………………………………….. 21.
1.3.5 Soils and Foundations……………………………………………………… 21.
1.4 State vs. Private Jobs…………………………………………………………………..22.
1.5 SEA of SC Concerns and Recommendations………………………………………… 22.
1.6 SEA of SC Special Inspection Forms………………………………………………… 23.
2.0 Part II - Special Inspection Policy and Enforcement
2.1 Special Inspection Programs - Best Practices………………………………………… 24.

2.2 SEA of SC Recommendations………………………………………………………... 26.
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1.0 Special Inspection Applications for Structural Engineers
1.1 Introduction to Special Inspections in South Carolina

In 2001, the state of South Carolina adopted the 2000 International Building Code. The
SC Building Codes Council voted to delete all sections of Chapter 17 of the building code
except for 1704.12 and 1704.14 which dealt with EIFS systems and smoke control
systems, respectively. Since special inspections were new and all involved parties were
unfamiliar with the code requirements, the committee felt that special inspections should
not be mandatory, but at the discretion of the building official, special inspections were
overly restrictive for small structures, and South Carolina did not have enough special
inspectors in the state to perform the inspections required by Chapter 17. Effective
January 1, 2005, South Carolina adopted the 2003 International Building Code to include
Chapter 17. Although many of the same arguments were made, the decision to enforce
Chapter 17 was based on the obvious need for its enforcement and the fact that all
involved parties had over three years to prepare for its adoption. Still, upon the adoption
of the 2003 International Building Code, the vast majority of building officials were
unprepared to enforce the provisions of Chapter 17. Thus, most design professionals were
reluctant to require special inspections. Consequently, implementation of special
inspection programs has been confusing at best. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS - BEST
PRACTICES: A Guide to Special Inspection Application, Policy, and Enforcement
represents the effort put forth by the Structural Engineers Association of South Carolina to
aid member engineers and others involved in specifying special inspection programs
across our state and in accordance with Chapter 17 of the 2003 International
Building Code.
The South Carolina Building Codes Council has put together several drafts of a document
originally titled “Special Inspection Policy” which has been changed to “Special
Inspection Resource Supplement.” The document is intended to provide guidelines for
building officials establishing special inspection programs in their jurisdictions and it
contains minimum qualifications for individuals or firms offering special inspection
services. The document stresses that the owner or design professional on a specific job
can require more stringent qualifications than those recommended by the South Carolina
Building Codes Council or those enforced by a local jurisdiction. Except for engineers
and architects registered in South Carolina, recommended special inspector qualifications
(taken directly from the Building Code Council’s Special Inspection Resource
Supplement) include:
Steel Construction
Welding
Current American Welding Society (AWS) Certified Welding Inspector or
current AWS Certified Welding Educator or
current AWS Certified Welding Engineer or
Current American Welding Society/American Institute of Steel Construction (AWS/AISC)
Certified Steel Structure Inspector
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Nondestructive Testing of Welds
Current Nondestructive Testing Level II or III (Magnetic Particle Testing, Liquid
Penetrate Testing, Ultrasonic Testing or Radiographic Testing)
(1) Level II personnel shall should be qualified in accordance with the American
Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) document SNT-TC-IA (current edition). Level
II certification as determined by a Level III examiner is required for each categoryor
(2) Level III Examiner shall should be certified by ASNT unless all level II personnel
have a current ASNT Central Certification Program certification. Only then will should
in-house designation of Level III nondestructive testing personnel be permitted
Steel Frame Inspection

Current International Code Council (ICC) Structural Steel and Welding Certificate plus
one year of related experience or
Current AWS/AISC Certified Steel Structure Inspector
High-Strength Bolting
Current ICC Structural Steel and Welding certificate with one year
of related experience or
Concrete Construction
Reinforced Concrete
Current ICC Reinforced Concrete Special Inspector or
Current American Concrete Institute (ACI) Concrete Field Testing Technician - Grade 1
Certification or
South Carolina Engineer in Training (EIT) with one year related experience
Prestressed Concrete - Pretension Tendons

Current ICC Reinforced Concrete Certification or
Current ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician Grade I Certification plus one year related
experience or
South Carolina EIT with one year related experience
Prestressed Concrete - Post-tension Tendons

Current Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) Certification or
Prestressed Concrete - Post-Tension Slabs-on-Ground

Current PTI Certification or
Precast Concrete Erection

IBC Table 1704.4 Items 1 & 3 through 10
Current ICC Reinforced Concrete Special Inspector or
Current ACI Concrete Field Testing Technician - Grade 1 Certification or
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IBC Table 1704.4 Item No. 2
Current AWS Certified Welding Inspector or
Current AWS Certified Welding Educator or
Current AWS Certified Welding Engineer or
Masonry Construction
Current ICC Structural Masonry certificate and one year related experience or
Wood Construction
Current ICC Building Inspector or
Current ICC Commercial Building Inspector or
Current ICC Commercial Combination Inspector or
Current ICC Combination Inspector or
Current ICC Residential Building Inspector or
Current ICC Residential Combination Inspector or
Current ICC Building Code Official or
Current ICC Certified Building Official or
Current ICC Master Code Professional or
Soils
Site Preparation
Current National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies (NICET) Level II
certification in geotechnical engineering technology/construction or
South Carolina Registered Geologist or
South Carolina EIT with one year related experience or
South Carolina Geologist in Training (GIT) with one year related experience
During Fill Placement

Current NICET Level II certification in geotechnical engineering
technology/construction or
South Carolina GIT with one year related experience
Evaluation of In-Place Density

Current NICET Level II certification in geotechnical engineering
technology/construction or
Pile Foundations
Current NICET Level II certification in geotechnical engineering technology/construction
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Pier Foundations
Current NICET Level II certification in geotechnical engineering technology/construction
The only drawback to these recommendations is that a licensed engineer or architect “with
appropriate experience” can serve as a special inspector without additional training or
certification. It is anticipated that most jurisdictions will accept engineers and architects
as special inspectors without requiring evidence of appropriate experience. It is also
expected that auditing of special inspection practices by building officials will not be
commonplace in South Carolina. Most licensed professionals do not have the experience
necessary to serve as a special inspector without some type of additional training.
Building officials and the building codes council are relying on the ethical standards of
design professionals to prohibit them from providing services outside their areas of
competency.
A major requirement for the State of South Carolina is that firms offering special
inspection services for projects or fabrications in SC must be licensed, registered, or
certified by one of the following: the SC Board of Architectural Examiners, the SC
Contractors Licensing Board, or the SC Board of Professional Engineers and Land
Surveyors. Hence, special inspection firms must be licensed, registered, or certified and
cannot simply be owned and operated by ICC certified inspectors with minimum
education and experience. Although this topic is being fought at the state level, it is
actually conservative relative to surrounding states (e.g., Georgia, North Carolina) which
require a licensed professional in charge of the inspection services.
Fabricator certifications sufficient to exclude in-shop fabrication items from special

inspection requirements in South Carolina as listed in the “Special Inspection Resource
Supplement” are listed by fabrication type as follows:
Metal Building Fabrication

Current American Institute of Steel Construction - Metal Building Systems
Certification or
current International Accreditation Service – Fabricator Inspection Program
Precast Concrete Fabrication

Current National Precast Concrete Association Plant Certification or
current Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Plant Certification
Prefabricated Trusses
Current Truss Plate Institute Certification
Steel Bar Joist Fabrication

Current Steel Joist Institute Certification
Structural Steel Fabrication

Current American Institute of Steel Construction – (For the type of fabrication
being performed)
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1.2 Commentary on Special Inspection Requirements of the 2003 IBC
The 2003 International Building Code states that the permit applicant (i.e., owner or
owner’s representative) is responsible for hiring special inspectors needed to provide the
special inspections required in the code. There are few exceptions and only a small
percentage of buildings do not require special inspections. Buildings not requiring special
inspections include buildings of minor nature, buildings not requiring professional
engineering or architectural services, and most categories of one and two family
dwellings. Although not specifically stated, the obvious implication is that buildings not
requiring a permit do not require special inspections. In such cases, however, the
contractor should be made aware that they are not relieved from certain elements of
quality control as discussed in later sections of this document. As a final note, since the
contractor is sometimes the owner, it may be the case that the special inspectors are paid
directly by the contractor and a conflict of interest cannot be avoided.
1.2.1 Statement of Special Inspections

Design professionals for a specific project are required to prepare Statements of Special
Inspections for their areas (i.e., structural, mechanical, architectural). The Statement of
Special Inspections (SSI) can be combined as one document or submitted to the building
official separately by each design professional involved in the project. Either way, the
prime design professional is responsible for ensuring that all Statements of Special
Inspections are submitted in a timely manner so that the building permit may be issued.
The SSI must include a complete list of materials and work requiring special inspections, a
task list of specific inspections, and a list of the approved agencies or firms that are
intended to be retained by the owner to perform the special inspection services. Although
in most cases, the 2003 International Building Code mandates whether the specific
inspections are continuous or periodic, it is vague in regards to defining what
these terms mean.
Continuous inspections are the full-time observation of the work in question. For
example, all full and partial penetration welds on a jobsite require continuous inspection.
This means that if two full penetration welds are being performed simultaneously, the
special inspector must be in a location to inspect all weld passes at the same time or
several welding special inspectors must be used. North Carolina state jobs (SCO Special
Inspections Guidelines) provide a more liberal definition of continuous for this case.
A single inspector may observe (handling of electrodes, general

welding practices, etc.) multiple welders, provided that the
inspector can move freely from one welding site to another on a
regular and timely basis during each work day.
Periodic inspections are the part time observation of the work in question. The term
periodic means that the continuous presence of a special inspector is not required. It does
not necessarily indicate that fewer than 100% of items marked for periodic inspection
require inspection. It is the responsibility of the EOR specifying a special inspection
schedule to define the maximum interval between inspections, as well as the percentage of
particular inspection items requiring periodic inspection. The most restrictive of all
applicable standards should be specified. For example, the North Carolina State
Construction Manual places an upper bound on periodic inspections of once per week.
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1.2.2 Report Requirements
Special inspectors are required to submit interim and final inspection reports to the
building official and relevant design professional on a periodic basis. The submittal
frequency of interim reports is jurisdiction and project specific. Often interim report
frequency is controlled by the review capacity of the building official and is jurisdiction
dependant. In some cases, interim reports are waived entirely. Final inspection reports are
integral to the special inspection process and are required for all projects for which a
special inspection program is required.
Interim reports shall summarize the inspections performed since the previous report and
any discrepancies noted at that particular time. The special inspector should not wait until
the interim report is due to notify the contractor of discrepancies. In fact, the special
inspector is required to notify the contractor immediately after noting the discrepancy and
the building official and relevant design professional if the discrepancy is not corrected.
At the conclusion of the project, special inspectors must submit a final report documenting
all the required special inspections and all discrepancies and corrections that occurred
during the entire project. The relative due date for the final report is also jurisdiction
specific and can be material specific (i.e., special inspector specific) as well.
1.2.3 Inspection of Fabricators

In general, shop fabrication of structural load-bearing elements requires special inspection.
However, only a brief summary of special inspection requirements for fabricators is
presented here since South Carolina allows for fabricator exemption as discussed in
Section 1.1 of this document in accordance with Section 1704.2.2 of the 2003
International Building Code. If a fabricator elects not to obtain (or cannot obtain) the
jurisdiction approved certifications previously discussed, a special inspector is required to
verify the fabricator’s quality control procedures and the work must be inspected as well.
For steel construction, special inspection of the fabrication process is not required unless
the fabricator performs welding, thermal cutting, or heating operations of some kind as
part of the fabrication process. Since it is typical that some type of flame cutting be used
in the shop, structural steel fabricators in South Carolina have two options: (1) become
certified through a state recognized program such as AISC’s Conventional Steel Building
Systems or Complex Steel Building System certification programs or (2) submit a detailed
procedure outlining the fabricator’s material control practices that focuses on the
fabricator’s ability to keep suitable records for all fabricated main load-bearing elements.
These records include mill test reports and documentation that tracks material
specification and grade for all structural components throughout the fabrication
process to ensure that the fabricated items are in accordance with job specifications
and shop drawings.
1.2.4 Quality Assurance for Seismic Resistance

Quality assurance plans for seismic resistance are required for most structures in Seismic
Design Categories D, E, and F, into which the vast majority of South Carolina falls.
Structures not requiring a quality assurance plan are listed in IBC, Section 1705.1.
Simply put, a quality assurance plan for seismic resistance is a list of structural items
designed to resist seismic forces, such as moment frames, shear walls, diaphragms, etc. In
general, the intent of a quality assurance plan is to communicate to the contractor the
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critical nature of the seismic force resisting items in a high seismic zone, and to verify that
the contractor has the ability to exact quality control when constructing these items. The
contractor is required to acknowledge his awareness of the critical nature of the items
included in the quality assurance plan in the “Contractor’s Statement of Responsibility,”
per IBC, Section 1705.3.
The provisions of the code state that a schedule of special inspections, including the
frequency of such inspections, be included in the quality assurance plan. No additional
special inspection items are required as a result of a quality assurance plan. Therefore, it
is more logical to include the quality assurance plan as a part of a statement of special
inspections, which can be taken out where special inspections are required, but a quality
assurance plan is not. When a quality assurance plan is required, it can simply be included
with the statement of special inspections, which lists inspection requirements.
1.2.5 Quality Assurance for Wind Resistance

Quality assurance plans for wind resistance are required for most structures with wind 3-
second gust velocities greater than 110 mph for exposure categories D and C, or greater
than 120 mph for exposure category B. Structures not requiring a quality assurance plan
are listed in IBC, Section 1705.1.
Similar to a quality assurance plan for seismic resistance, a quality assurance plan for wind
resistance is a list of structural items designed to resist wind forces. All additional
commentary in section 1.2.4 is applicable to a quality assurance plan for wind resistance.
1.2.6 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance

Special inspections for seismic resistance are covered in detail for each material in Section
1.3. However, it should be noted that most of South Carolina is in Seismic Design
Category D and requires special inspections for seismic resistance.
1.2.7 Structural Observations

Structural observations are visual observations made by a registered design professional
during the construction of a project to ensure general conformance to the design
documents. Structural observations should be made at all significant construction stages
and when the structural system is complete. Relatively few structures in South Carolina
require structural observations. Although, all of South Carolina is in a high seismic zone
and much is in a high wind zone, only important structures (i.e., essential facilities,
gathering structures, large structures) require site visits. The building official or relevant
design professional can also require structural observations. The intent of structural
observations is to minimize the likelihood of mass casualties from construction
deficiencies of the seismic and wind resisting systems of an important structure. A written
statement summarizing site visits, including noted and unresolved deficiencies, must be
submitted by the structural observer to the building official at the conclusion of work.
1.3 Commentary on Material Sections of IBC Chapter 17

The main point to be made regarding special inspections is that the inspections themselves
are not new. For the most part, the inspections are identical to those required prior to
adoption of Chapter 17 and the 2003 International Building Code. On the other hand,
there are two major differences. The main difference is that the owner, and not the
contractor, is responsible for engaging the inspectors. As a result, much of the quality
control responsibility has been replaced by a quality assurance program that ensures there
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are no conflicts of interest. The second major difference is who is performing the
inspections. Many uncertified technicians working on behalf of the contractor are being
replaced with approved inspectors that have appropriate qualifications to effectively
inspect structures. It is anticipated that a well established special inspection program will
significantly improve the quality of construction in South Carolina.
1.3.1 Steel
Section 1704.3 of the 2003 International Building Code covers special inspection
requirements for steel construction. The requirements can be divided into three categories:
high strength bolting, structural welding, and steel frame detailing.
1.3.1.1 Bolting
Not all bolt installations require special inspection. Only ASTM A325 and ASTM A490
(or equivalent) high strength bolts require installations to be inspected by a special
inspector. Section 1704.3.3 of the 2003 International Building Code requires bolts to be
inspected in accordance with “AISC specifications.” This is a key statement since Section
1704.3.3.1 goes on to present an inspection outline in accordance with the table of
contents of the AISC/RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490
Bolts (note that adherence to this document is also required by Section J3.1 of the AISC
LRFD and Specifications for Structural Steel Buildings). Careful review of the
AISC/RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts manifests
that the special inspection requirements for high strength bolts are not new at all. In fact,
quality control practices have simply been replaced by the quality assurance program of
Chapter 17 of the 2003 International Building Code. The introduction to Chapter 9 of the
AISC/RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts reads:
“When inspection is required in the contract documents, the

inspector shall ensure while the work is in progress that the
requirements in this Specification are met. When inspection is
not required in the contract documents, the contractor shall
ensure while work is in progress that the requirements in this
Specification are met.”
The option of using inspectors working on behalf of the owner and his or her design team
were already in place for high strength bolting prior to the adoption of Chapter 17 of the
2003 International Building Code. Hence, there are really no new inspection requirements
for high strength bolting. Special inspection topics for bolting are listed in
Table 3.1 below.
Code Reference Topic

Table 1704.3, RCSC 1 Material verification - manufacturer’s certification
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Table 1704.3, RCSC 2 Material verification - markings
IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 2, 6 Material verification - use
IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 3 Bolted parts
IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 4 Joint types and requirements
IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 7 Preinstallation
IBC 1704.3.3.2,3, RCSC 8 Installation
IBC 1704.3.3.2,3, RCSC 9 Inspection
TABLE 3.1. SPECIAL INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH STRENGTH BOLTING.
As indicated in Table 3.1, performing special inspections of high strength bolting is a lot
of work. The special inspector is responsible for ensuring that the contractor prepares for
installing and installs high strength bolts in accordance with the AISC/RSCS Specification
for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts. For an exhaustive discussion on
special inspection requirements for bolting, the reader is referred to Chapters 1 through 9
of the AISC/RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts. A
general discussion is included here.
There are many requirements that the special inspector must periodically verify prior to
bolting. Manufacturer certifications for bolts and bolt components, and bolt and bolt
component markings must be checked. Bolts must be stored in closed containers on site,
and there are stringent requirements for bolt cleaning and bolt reuse. Bolt component lots
must be separated and galvanized bolts and nuts must be kept together. Appropriate
washer use and faying surfaces must be verified. If alternative-design fasteners are used,
they must be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions and
inspected using the manufacturer’s inspection instructions. The special inspector must
make sure bolt holes line up and that only acceptable burrs are present on faying surfaces.
For snug-tightened joints, the special inspector must ensure that a snug condition is
obtained. This can be done using a feeler gage or the end of a small tape measure for
removed interior bolts.
For fully tensioned bolts, the contractor’s preinstallation procedure must be periodically
monitored by the special inspector. The purpose of the bolt preinstallation procedure is to
ensure that installed bolts meet the minimum preinstallation values given in Table 8.1 of
the AISC/RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts.
In regards to bolt installation, periodic inspections can be performed by the special

inspector unless the turn-of-the nut method without matchmarking or calibrated wrench
method are chosen. Continuous inspections of all bolts are required for the two
aforementioned procedures because such methods do not allow the inspector to check bolt
pretensioning after installation since no marking characteristics are provided for these
methods. Hence, turn-of-the-nut method with matchmarking, twist off bolting, and DTI
use do not require continuous inspections of all bolts. However, note that periodic
inspections does not mean that all bolts need not be inspected. It simply allows the special
inspector to inspect the installation after it has been completed, and all bolts should be
inspected by the special inspector.
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1.3.1.2 Welding
Section 1704.3.1 of the 2003 International Building Code requires welds to be inspected
in accordance with AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code – Steel) and for welding
inspector qualifications to be in accordance with this document as well. Weld inspection
requirements (i.e., verification inspection, quality assurance) for special inspectors are
listed in Section 6 of AWS D1.1 and are purposefully indicated as being in addition to
contractor quality control requirements that are listed there as well. In contrast to bolting
inspection requirements discussed above, quality control practices for welding are not
replaced with the quality assurance requirements mandated by Chapter 17 of the 2003
International Building Code. Section 6.1.2 of AWS D1.1 reads:
“For the purpose of this code, fabrication/erection inspection and

testing, and verification inspection and testing are separate
functions.”
The option of using inspectors working on behalf of the owner and his or her design team
were already in place for structural welding prior to the adoption of Chapter 17 of the
2003 International Building Code. Hence, there are really no new inspection requirements
for structural welding. Special inspection topics for welding are listed in Tables 3.2
through 3.4 below.

AWS 6.4.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3 Welder qualifications
AWS 6.3.2, 5.11 Welding equipment
AWS 6.2, 5.3.1.1 Welding materials
AWS 6.2, 5.3.1.4,5, 5.3.2,3 Proper storage of welding materials
AWS 6.2, 5.3.1.3 Shielding gas type
AWS 6.5.2, 3.6, 5.3.1.2, 5.5 Correct WPS for each joint
AWS 6.5.3,4, 5.5 WPS settings on equipment
AWS 6.5.4 Shielding gas flow rate setting
AWS 5.22 Fit of parts
AWS 5.22.4,5 Root opening and groove angle
AWS 6.2, 5.15 Steel and weld joint surface conditions
AWS 5.18.2 Existing tack weld condition
AWS 5.12.2 Environmental condition/temperature
AWS 5.12.1 Wind velocity
AWS 5.6 Minimum preheat applied
TABLE 3.2. WELD INSPECTION: PRIOR TO WELDING (ALL REFERENCE IBC 1704.3.1).
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AWS 6.5.3,4, 5.5, 5.21 WPS followed
AWS 6.2, 5.3 Welding materials exposure
AWS 5.6 Minimum interpass temperature
AWS 5.12.1, 5.12.2 No change to environmental conditions
AWS 6.5.4, 5.21 Proper welding technique
AWS 6.5.4, 5.30.1 Interpass cleaning
AWS 6.5.4, 5.24 Interpass profiles
AWS 6.5.4, 6.9 Weld pass quality
TABLE 3.3. WELD INSPECTION: DURING WELDING (ALL REFERENCE IBC 1704.3.1).

AWS 5.30.2 Weld cleaned
AWS Table 6.1 Crack prohibition
AWS Table 6.1 Weld/base metal fusion
AWS Table 6.1 Weld profiles
AWS Table 6.1 Time of inspection
AWS Table 6.1 Undersized welds
AWS Table 6.1 Undercut
AWS Table 6.1 Porosity
AWS 6.5.5, 5.13, Table 6.1 Weld size and length verification
AWS 5.29 Arc strikes ground
AWS 6.5.6 Inspection marks
TABLE 3.4. WELD INSPECTION: AFTER WELDING (ALL REFERENCE IBC 1704.3.1).
As indicated in Tables 3.2 through 3.4, performing special inspections of structural

welding is also labor intensive. The special inspector is responsible for ensuring that the
contractor prepares for welding and welds in accordance with AWS D1.1. For an
exhaustive discussion on special inspection requirements for welding, the reader is
referred to Chapter 6 of AWS D1.1. Note that Section 6 directly references other Sections
of AWS D1.1 as indicated in Tables 3.2 through 3.4. A general discussion is
included here.
There are many requirements that the special inspector must periodically verify prior to
welding. Welder qualifications must be reviewed by the special inspector to ensure that
they are in accordance with Section 4 of AWS D1.1. Welders are qualified for a specific
type of welding unless they do not engage in the type of welding for six months or the
special inspector questions the welder’s ability. It should be verified that welding
equipment is in good working condition and that electrodes meet the appropriate AWS
specifications. All electrodes should be appropriately stored when not in use. The special
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inspector’s main objective is to ensure that all welds are performed in strict accordance
with welding procedure specifications made available by the contractor for all types of
welds being performed on the jobsite. Welding procedure specifications cover shielding
gas, voltage, current, preheat, and wire feed speeds for each weld. Fit up must be verified
and atmospheric conditions (temperature, wind speed, etc.) must meet AWS D1.1
requirements before welding is begun.
During welding, the special inspector must again monitor the welding process by focusing
on the welding procedure specification requirements for each particular weld. Not
adhering to a given welding procedure specification will likely lead to unacceptable final
welds. For multipass welds, interpass temperatures must be maintained in accordance
with the welding procedure specification and each pass must be appropriately cleaned.
The special inspector must verify that interpass profiles of fillet and groove welds are in
accordance with AWS D1.1. A visual inspection of the weld must also be performed for
each weld pass of all multipass welds.
After welding, all welds must be cleaned by the welder and visually examined by the
special inspector to verify that no discontinuities are present. The special inspector must
verify the length and size of all welds using appropriate gages.
The only “new” provisions presented in Chapter 17 of the 2003 International Building
Code for welding are in regards to inspection frequency. All welds must be inspected by
the special inspector, but only complete and partial penetration groove welds, multipass
welds, and single pass welds larger than 5/16 in. require continuous inspection. Periodic
inspection can be performed for all other welds since the final inspection of these welds
will reveal all weld discontinuities. Some discontinuities may be hidden for the larger
welds mentioned above.
Additional requirements for welding are listed in Tables 3.5 and 3.6. Cold formed steel
construction only requires periodic special inspection of welded studs when used as a
structural diaphragm and for welded sheet steel for cold-formed framing members to
include studs and joists. Floor and deck welds are covered in AWS D1.3 and the special
inspector must confirm that there are no cracks in the arc spot welds, a minimum
reinforcement of 1/32 in. is present, and undercut is not longer than 1/8 times the
circumference of the weld. Note that welder qualification is also covered in AWS D1.3
and not AWS D1.1. Weld spacing should be verified.
Stud welding is covered in Section 7 of AWS D1.1 and the special inspector must visually
inspect all studs welds by looking for 360 degree flash around the base of the stud. If the
flash is not present, the stud must be bent 15 degrees from the vertical and left bent if no
failure sign is present. A failure while bending indicates a poorly welded stud. There is
no ASTM standard for ring testing of studs (hitting with a 3 lb hammer), but some
inspectors may choose to inspect welds this way in addition to the visual inspection
mentioned above. The special inspector must verify size, location, and spacing of
shear studs.
AISC 341 (Seismic Provisions for Steel Buildings) often applies in South Carolina and
specific requirements for welding inspections are required when welds are part of the
seismic force resisting system. All complete joint penetration and partial joint penetration
welds subject to net tension must be examined using non destructive tests other than visual
12
inspection (can be reduced to visual inspection by structural engineer of record if approved
by building official). When welds from doubler plates or continuity plates are installed in
the k area of the column, non destructive testing procedures should be used to check base
metal in proximity to the welds (if required by the structural engineer of record). Section
1708.4 (Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F) requires base metal thicker than 1.5
inches and subject to through thickness weld shrinkage strains to be ultrasonically tested
behind and adjacent to all welds. It should also be noted that Section 1707.3 (Seismic
Design Categories C, D, E, and F) requires seismic force resisting system components of
cold formed steel framing (all welds and fastening components to include but not limited
to screw attachments, bolting, and anchoring; struts; braces; hold-downs) be installed with
periodic special inspections.

IBC 1704.3 Cold formed framing, stairs and railing systems
IBC 1704.3, AWS D1.3 Floor and deck welding
IBC 1704.3, AWS D1.1 Section 7 Studs for composite construction
TABLE 3.5. ADDITIONAL WELDING REQUIREMENTS.

IBC 1704.3 Fabrication exceptions and requirements
IBC Table 1704.1 Material verification of steel members
IBC 1704.3.2 Inspection of steel frame and joint details
IBC 1708.4, AISC 341 Special seismic requirements
TABLE 3.6. OTHER STEEL INSPECTON REQUIREMENTS.
1.3.1.3 Frame Detailing

Special inspection of frame detailing is a critical part of the special inspection process.
The special inspector must check the steel frame to ensure that it is in compliance with the
approved construction documents. The complexity of the inspection is left to the
discretion of the structural EOR. A general application of this requirement is for the
special inspector to verify all member locations, bracing and connection details, and
baseplate configuration and details; however, the inspection could include all gravity
connections as well. The EOR should expand on the inspection requirements for frame
detailing as part of the statement of special inspections.
1.3.2 Concrete
Section 1704.4 of the 2003 IBC provides special inspection requirements for concrete
construction. IBC Table 1704.4 provides a nominal description of inspection items,
which are listed with broad references to ACI 318, IBC (Chapter 19), AWS, and ASTM.
This section provides comprehensive lists of actual inspection and verification tasks to be
conducted. Following each list is a brief discussion of inspections items which
13
require further clarification. In general, special inspection requirements for cast-in-place
concrete can be categorized by one of three stages of construction: inspections occurring
(1) prior to concrete placement, (2) during concrete placement, and (3) post-concrete
placement.
1.3.2.1 Prior to Concrete Placement

Special inspection items required prior to concrete placement can be broken down further
into tasks relating to conformance of reinforcing, concrete mix, and formwork to contract
documents. The following lists of specific tasks should be completed to fulfill the special
inspection requirements of IBC 1704.4 for related work prior to placing concrete.
Inspection of reinforcing steel (Periodic):
Verify type and grade of reinforcing and post-tensioning steel (Mill test reports are
required for SDC C, D, E, or F per IBC 1708.3)
Verify that reinforcing is free of dirt, oil, damage, and excessive rust
Verify that post-tensioning tendons are free from dirt, oil, damage excessive rust, pitting,
and are properly wrapped as required
Verify that reinforcing steel and post-tensioning steel is properly chaired, tied and
otherwise supported to prevent displacement during concrete placement
Verify proper minimum and maximum clearances between reinforcing and minimum
clearance between reinforcing and forms
Verify proper minimum and maximum clearances between post-tensioning tendons at
ends of member
Verify proper clear cover between reinforcing / post-tensioning and concrete surface
Verify size and placement of reinforcing per structural drawings
Verify location and proper drape of PT tendons per structural drawings
Verify reinforcing lap lengths, bends, hooks
Verify anchorage detail at live and dead end of PT
Verify detail of PT termination within slab or beam
The tasks listed above are self explanatory and detail verification items required to ensure
that the type, size, condition, and placement of reinforcing is as specified in the contract
documents. Tabulated references related to these items are sections in ACI-318 or IBC,
Chapter 19 design standards. Meeting the requirements of the referenced sections in the
form of code compliant contract documents, as always, is the responsibility of the EOR.
No inspections or tests are referenced directly for these items.
However, it should be noted that mill test reports may be required by IBC, Section 1708.3.
Inspection of welding of reinforcing steel (Continuous):
Verify that the locations of welded splices are as specified

Verify proper inspection of welded splices per AWS D1.4
For SDC C, D, E, or F: Collect mill test reports for CE from steel supplier per
IBC 1708.3
According to CRSI, Manual of Standard Practice, mechanical splices should be used in

lieu of welded splices of reinforcing whenever possible. However, when welded splices
14
are necessary, continuous special inspections of welding of reinforcing is required.
Welding inspection requirements are detailed in AWS D1.4. A general discussion of
welding inspection requirements is given in 1.3.1.2 of this document, and is not
repeated here.
Since the inter-pass and preheat requirements for welding is highly dependant on the
chemical composition, and more specifically the carbon equivalence (C.E.), of the
reinforcing steel used, additional mill tests are required for reinforcing steel not meeting
the ASTM A706 specification. To avoid excessive preheat and inter-pass temperature
requirements, chemical analysis tests should be specified in the contract documents for
reinforcing steel to be welded which do not meet the A706 specification,. Verification of
proper preheat and inter-pass temperature specified in AWS D1.4, based on the C.E. of the
reinforcing steel, is the responsibility of the special inspector.
It should also be noted that CRSI, Manual of Standard Practice, also recommends that
reinforcing steel meeting the ASTM A996 specification not be welded under any
circumstances due to the difficulty in obtaining meaningful chemical analysis of the rail
and axle steel.
Inspection of bolts to be installed in concrete where allowable loads have been

increased (Continuous):
Verify size, location and secure support of 100% of anchors conforming to

these requirements
IBC Section 1912 provides guidance for design of ASTM A307 bolts to be used for
anchorage in concrete. The section is applicable only for allowable stress design, and
only for load combinations which do not include seismic effects. Sub-section 1904.4
provides for increasing the allowable tension capacity of Table 1912.2 for anchorages
designed using the provisions of this section.
Continuous special inspections of anchorages designed using the provisions of IBC Sub-
section 1904.4 is required. Otherwise, special inspections of such anchorages are not
specifically required.
Verifying use of required design mix (Periodic):
Verify that the w/c ratio is within specified range

Verify minimum required compressive strength concrete
Verify that the cement type is as specified
Verify that the aggregate size and weight is as specified
Verify that admixtures are acceptable per the specification
Concrete source information and supporting data pertaining to the service history of the
concrete materials and independent laboratory conducted strength tests, necessary to
determine the minimum compressive strength of a concrete mix is typically submitted to
the EOR by the concrete supplier for preliminary approval. By approving a mix design,
the EOR is confirming that the above five items are consistent with the requirements of
the contract documents. The special inspector is not usually required to approve a
concrete mix design. It is the responsibility of the special inspector to complete the
15
inspections items above by obtaining a copy of the approved mix and approval
documentation, and subsequently verify that the concrete mix submitted for approval is
the concrete mix delivered to the job site.
1.3.2.2 During Concrete Placement

Special inspection items required during concrete placement can be broken down further
into standard concrete sampling tests, and placement observation. The following lists of
specific tasks should be completed to fulfill the special inspection requirements of IBC
1704.4 during concrete placement.
Sampling fresh concrete, and strength testing (Continuous):
Verify that the total water added does not exceed that of the specifications
Verify that a proper number of strength test cylinders are made
Verify proper preparation of cylinders
Verify proper performance of slump, air content, and temperature tests
Arrange for proper handling and curing of test specimens
Concrete sampling is based on ASTM standard tests. In general, the sampling

and tests required at the point of concrete deposit as a part of special inspections
are no different than tests previously conducted by an agent of the contractor to
insure that concrete delivered to the site meets the specifications of the contract
document. The intent of special inspection program is not to require redundant
testing. Rather, the intent is to shift the contractual relationship with the testing
agency from the contractor to the owner, for the purpose of eliminating any
possible conflict of interest, as well as to ensure that competent personnel are
conducting required sampling and tests. A contractor may also choose to conduct
quality control tests. However, contractor testing, which duplicates special
inspection requirements, should not be specified as a part contract documents
Inspection of concrete placement (Periodic):
Verify proper preparation of construction joint surfaces

Verify that formwork is tight and will result in proper member size
Verify acceptable general condition of forms
Verify that base has been wetted and standing water removed
Verify adequacy of mixing and placing equipment
Verify that the quality of the concrete is indicative of adequate mixing time,
consistency, and relevant time limits
Verify that segregation does not occur during conveyance and depositing
Verify proper consolidation
General guidance for the verification items relating to mixing, conveying, and
consolidation of concrete is found in ACI 318, Sections 5.7-5.10, which reference the
following ACI subcommittee reports for more detailed guidance: ACI 304 – Guide for
Measuring, Mixing, Transporting, and Placing Concrete, ACI 309 – Guide for
Consolidation of Concrete. When authoring a statement of special inspections, the EOR
16
should require conformance to the applicable sub-committee recommendations.
A qualified special inspector has in-depth familiarity with these documents and is
responsible for verifying that concreting operations conform to the referenced report
recommendations.
In addition to verifying proper mixing, depositing, and consolidating concrete, the special
inspector is also responsible for verifying that the formwork will result in the specified
dimensions.
1.3.2.3 Post-Concrete Placement

Special inspection items required after concrete is placed can be broken down further into
curing, and strength development. The following lists of specific tasks should be
completed to fulfill the special inspection requirements of IBC 1704.4 after concrete
is placed.
Inspection of maintenance of curing temperatures and techniques (Periodic):
Verify proper protection techniques for curing

Verify hot or cold weather concrete curing techniques as required
General guidance for general curing practices is found in ACI 318, Sections 5.11-5.13,
which reference the following ACI subcommittee reports for more detailed guidance: ACI
308 – Standard Practice for Curing Concrete, ACI 306 – Cold Weather Concreting, and
ACI 305 – Cold Weather Concreting.
Since it is not always possible for the EOR to know the exact conditions of construction,
the recommendations of these sub-committee reports should be referenced. It is the
responsibility of the special inspector to be familiar with general curing practices, as well
as hot and cold weather concreting requirements and to verify that they are being
followed properly.
Verification of in-situ strength of post-tensioned concrete (Periodic):
Verify conformance to form removal plan

Verify execution of methods for determining concrete strength
It is the responsibility of the contractor performing concreting operations to provide post-

tensioning, shoring and re-shoring plans for concrete structures. Post-tensioning, shoring
and re-shoring plans require a seal by a registered structural engineer (typically not the
EOR). It is not the responsibility of the EOR or the special inspector to provide technical
design review of these plans. However, it is the responsibility of the special inspector to
verify that the post-tensioning, shoring and re-shoring operations are conducted in
accordance with the requirements of the plans. This includes verifying that the strength of
the concrete, determined using appropriate ACI specified methods, is in accordance with
the design at critical stages of construction.
1.3.3 Masonry
1.3.3.1 IBC 1704: Special Inspection Requirements for Masonry
Section 1704.5 of the 2003 IBC provides special inspection requirements for masonry
17
construction. IBC Table 1704.5.1 lists Level 1 testing and inspection requirements and
Table 1704.5.3 lists Level 2 testing and inspection requirements. The appropriate level of
inspection is determined based on the type of structure (essential or non-essential) and the
method of masonry design (empirical or engineered) as follows:
Method of Design
Building Type/Use
Empirically Specified, Glass
Engineered Design c.
Unit, Veneer b.
IBC – Table 1704.5.1

Non-Essential Facility a. Exempt per IBC – 1704.5.1
(Level 1)
IBC – Table1704.5.1 IBC – Table 1704.5.3

Essential Facility a.
(Level 1) (Level 2)
Notes:
a. Essential and non-essential facilities are defined in IBC, Table 1604.5 and Section 1616.2
b. Indicates masonry specified according to provisions in ACI-530, Chapters 5, 6, or 7
c. Indicates masonry designed according to provisions in ACI-530, Chapters 2, 3, or 4
This section provides comprehensive lists of special inspection verification tasks to be

conducted. Following each verification list is a brief discussion of items requiring further
clarification. Special inspection items, ACI 530 references, and ASTM references given
in IBC Table 1704.5.1 (Level 1) are nearly identical to those in IBC Table 1704.5.3
(Level 2). Requirements for Level 1 and Level 2 differ only in the inspection frequency
requirement of two items: verification of the type, size and location of masonry anchors,
and verification of the application and measurement of prestress forces. In both cases
Level 1 work requires periodic inspections and Level 2 work requires continuous
inspections as shown below. A more significant difference between Level 1 and Level 2
work occurs in IBC, Section 1708.1, which specifies structural testing for masonry.
These differences are discussed in Section 1.3.4.2.
Material Certification (Periodic):
Verify that mortar mix designs are proportioned in accordance with ASTM C270
Verify that grout mix designs are proportioned in accordance with ASTM C476 or that
grout strength tests per ASTM C1019 indicate adequate grout strength
Verify that constitutive mortar and grout materials conform to ASTM C270 and
C476 respectively
Verify that masonry units conform to contract document requirements

Verify that reinforcement, anchors, ties, fasteners, and metal accessories meet contract
document requirements
Mixing of Mortar and Grout (Periodic):
18
Verify that mortar mixing is performed in accordance with ASTM C270
Verify that grout mixing is performed in accordance with ASTM C476
Mortar mixing should be done in a mechanical batch mixer for 3 to 5 minutes. Any
mortar that stiffens or is not used within 2 ½ hours should be discarded.
Grout mixing can be performed on site or by a ready mix supplier. Grout mixing on site
should be done mechanically for a minimum of five minutes. Ready mix grout should
be mixed for approximately one minute after water is added. It is important to achieve a
workable slump (8-11 inches) for proper consolidation of grout.
Placing Mortar and Units (Periodic):
Verify size of head and bed joints (typically 3/8”)

Verify that mortar joint below starting course is 1/4” – 3/4”
Verify that mortar protrusions into block are no greater than 1/2”
Site Tolerances (Periodic):
Verify that block dimensions, and site tolerances are within permissible limits
Permissible variations of block dimension are listed in ACI 530.1-Article G, Item1.
Variation from a level condition at the top of elements and courses, variation from a plum
condition for walls, and variation of the in-plan location of elements must be verified to
be within site tolerances listed in ACI 530.1-Article 3.3 G, Item 2.
Installation of Reinforcement (Periodic):
Verify that reinforcing type, size, and placement are in conformance with
contract documents
Welding of Reinforcement (Continuous):
Verify that the location of welded splices are as specified

Verify proper inspection of welded splices per AWS D1.4
For SDC C, D, E, or F: Collect mill test reports for CE from steel supplier per IBC
1708.3
See Section 1.2.3.1 for commentary on the inspection of welded reinforcing steel.
Anchorage to Other Structural Elements (Periodic-Level 1 / Continuous-Level 2):
Verify minimum anchor size and location per ACI 530, Section 1.2.2(e)
Verify proper anchorage type and embedment per contract documents
Grouting Operations (Continuous):
19
Prior to grouting, verify that cells are clear of debris and that cleanouts are
provided at bottom course of lifts exceeding five feet
Verify that grout locations are in conformance with contract documents
Verify that placement of grout is within time and lift limits specified in ACI 530.1,
Article 3.5 (Article 3.6 C for bonded prestressed masonry)
Prestressed Masonry (Periodic-Level 1 / Continuous-Level 2):
Verify proper placement and location of tendons

Verify proper application and measurement of prestress forces
Weather Protection (Periodic):
Verify adherence to hot weather preparation, construction, and protection

techniques as specified in IBC 2104.4 when the ambient temperature is greater
than 100ºF or when the ambient temperature is greater than 90ºF and the wind
speed is greater than 8 mph
Verify adherence to cold weather preparation, construction, and protection
techniques as specified in IBC 2104.3 when the ambient or CMU temperature is
less than 40ºF
Evaluation of Masonry Strength (Continuous):
Verify proper sampling of grout cubes or prism tests as required
Two methods are available for evaluating the compliance of masonry construction with
specified strength requirements: unit strength method and prism tests. Each requires
sampling of materials during construction. It is the responsibility of the special inspector
to verify that the sampling and handling procedures are consistent with the appropriate
ASTM standards.
The unit strength method establishes a compressive strength of masonry based on its
constitutive parts: grout, block, and mortar. To determine the compressive strength of the
grout it must be sampled and tested in accordance with ASTM C1019. This is the only
field sampling requirement for the unit strength method. Concrete blocks are typically
certified by concrete suppliers as being in compliance with the ASTM standard specified
in the contract documents (typically ASTM C90). Therefore no sampling of block is
required during construction for the unit strength method. Mortar proportioning and
mixing is required to meet ASTM C270 standards for Type M, S, or N mortar. The
verification of proper proportions of materials and proper construction of mortar joints is
the best method for the quality control of mortar. It should be noted that the field mortar
cube test, specified in ASTM C780, is not required to demonstrate compliance with
ASTM C270, and is an inappropriate test for evaluating the strength of mortar in a wall.
Prism tests may yield higher values for the design compressive strength of masonry, but
are more costly and typically used for special cases only. The method required that
masonry prisms be constructed or removed from constructed walls and tested in

conformance with ASTM C1314.
It should be noted that verification of proper sampling is a continuous special inspection
20
activity, not the sampling itself. IBC 1708.1 should be referenced for guidance regarding
the appropriate sampling frequency to be specified.
1.3.3.2 IBC 1708.1: Masonry Tests and Submittals

IBC 1708.1 provides structural testing requirements for masonry based on a projects
conformance to Level 1 or Level 2 work as indicated in the table at the beginning of this
section. The primary difference between Level 1 and Level 2 is the frequency listed for
verifying fm′. Level 1 quality assurance requires verification prior to construction only,
while Level 2 quality assurance requires verification every 5,000 ft2 of wall constructed.
1.3.4 Timber
Section 1704.6 of the 2003 International Building Code provides general special
inspection requirements for timber construction. There are no specific requirements for
conventional wood frame construction. On the other hand, high-load diaphragms
designed using the strength values from Table 2306.2 of the 2003 International Building
Code must be installed with special inspections. For these panels, the special inspector
must verify the wood structural panel grade and thickness, nominal size of framing at
adjoining panel edges, the nail or staple diameter and length, number of fastener lines, and
spacing of all fasteners. It should also be noted that Section 1707.3 (Seismic Design
Categories C, D, E, and F) requires seismic force resisting system components of timber
construction (field gluing, nailing, bolting, anchoring, and other fastening; struts; braces;
hold-downs) be installed with periodic special inspections. Field gluing requires
continuous inspections, but all other inspections may be periodic. For lightly loaded shear
walls, there is an exception for shear panels and/or diaphragms with fastener spacings that
exceeds four inches on center.
1.3.5 Soils and Foundations

Soils and foundations are presented together in this section since the main goal of the
special inspections for these items is to ensure that they are placed or installed in
accordance with the approved soils report.
Section 1704.7 provides special inspection requirements for site preparation, during fill
placement, and evaluation of in-place density when the placement of fill is at least 12 in.
deep. Special inspections are not required when the fill depth is less than 12 in. The
special inspector must verify that the site has been prepared in accordance with the
approved soils report. Although the preparation requirements are project specific, typical
requirements include the removal of all deleterious material and establishment of a proper
excavation depth. While the fill is being placed and compacted, the special inspector must
verify that the appropriate material is used and that a maximum lift thickness is not
exceeded. The special inspector must also verify that the achieved in-place dry density of
the compacted fill complies with the approved soils report.
Section 1704.8 provides special inspection requirements for pile foundations. Special
inspections for driven piles shall be performed in accordance with the inspection
requirements of the approved soils report. In general, the special inspector shall record
data from the pile installations of each pile and the results of all load tests. The cutoff and
tip elevation of each pile shall be recorded relative to a permanent reference. There is no
major impact of special inspections on pile installations in South Carolina since piles are
already inspected and tested in accordance with the approved soils report. Again, the
21
major differences are that technicians are being replaced with approved special inspectors
and the contractual relationship is required to be between the special inspector
and the owner.
Section 1704.9 states that special inspections are required for drilled pier foundations in
Seismic Design Categories C, D, E, and F. Since drilled piers are typically constructed
using reinforced concrete, they are also subject to the concrete special inspection
requirements presented above, but they are not exempted by the requirements of Section
1704.4 for these seismic design categories.
1.4 State vs. Private Jobs

Special inspections for state jobs fall under the authority of the office of the state engineer
(Michael M. Thomas, P.E., C.B.O.). More specifically, the materials management office (
HYPERLINK "http://www.state.sc.us/mmo/ose/osemenu.htm"
http://www.state.sc.us/mmo/ose/osemenu.htm) provides several documents that form
the basis for the state’s special inspection policies. Form 950 (Master Agreement for
Inspection Services) is used by special inspection firms to register with the state as an
approved special inspection agency. Firms that are currently approved as special
inspection agencies and their hourly rates are available for download from the
aforementioned site. Although the actual inspections themselves are not different for state
and private jobs, minimum requirements for special inspectors are quite different. For
state jobs, professional engineers and engineers in training registered in the state of South
Carolina are not allowed to practice as special inspectors unless they also hold
certifications through ICC for the material they propose to inspect. Based on a
conversation between Phil Gerald, P.E. and Timothy W. Mays, Ph.D., P.E. (August 17,
2005) the state’s decision on this issue is based on the concern that many licensed
engineers may not have the inspection experience necessary to serve as special inspectors.
In addition, the state only permits true third party approved special inspection agencies to
provide special inspection services. For example, the state does not permit the structural
EOR on a state job to serve as a special inspector for that job even if he or she is ICC
certified to perform the inspections. There are exceptions to the rules stated above. It is
permissible for registered design professionals to serve as special inspectors without ICC
certification and for the registered design professionals of a given project to serve as
special inspectors for state projects that do not fall under the office of the state engineer
(e.g., state schools; office of school facilities).
1.5 SEA of SC Concerns and Recommendations

SEA of SC has several concerns and recommendations regarding special inspections in
South Carolina.
1) Is only one inspector for welding sufficient?
As discussed in Section 1.3.1.2 of this document, special inspection of welding is required
by AWS D1.1 as an addition to the contractors quality control inspections required by the
same document. This redundancy is excessive and has evolved mainly due to fact that
code committees do not always work together. AWS D1.1 has always allowed the
contractor to perform both inspections and South Carolina not requiring the contractor
to perform all the identical inspections required of the special inspector is warranted
22
at this time.
2) Should only certain structures require special inspections?

There has been a move in North Carolina to get rid of Special Inspections except for what
the state deems important structures. SEA of SC views this idea as a major mistake and a
misinterpretation of what special inspections are intended to provide. The reader must
keep in mind that the North Carolina Building Code (IBC Modified) had already edited
the text of Chapter 17 to give local jurisdictions permission to waive special inspections
when deemed appropriate. Hence, the option of waiving special inspections in North
Carolina is already available and the state North Carolina Building Code Council has
voted to demand this option effective January 1, 2006. In South Carolina, once enforced,
waiving special inspections is not usually an option (there are exceptions as noted in a
previous section). Special inspections are intended to provide quality assurance of the
state’s general building stock (to include important buildings). It is not the intention of the
2003 International Building Code to set the threshold for requiring special inspections at
the same threshold for which structural observations are required.
3) To what degree do registered design professionals define the scope of

special inspections?
It is clear that design professionals in responsible charge of a project must develop a
Statement of Special Inspections that detail which inspections are required and the
frequency of those inspections. However, there has been some confusion on this issue.
Chapter 17 of the 2003 IBC and referenced codes and standards dictate what inspections
are required. These requirements should be viewed by the registered design professional
to be minimum requirements. It is certainly incumbent on the registered design
professional to provide additional special inspections as he deems appropriate. However,
registered design professionals should not reduce special inspection requirements set by
2003 IBC and referenced standards. For example, the structural EOR developing a
statement of special inspections does not have the power to waive special inspections of
bolting. However, if the special inspector chooses to require continuous inspection of
certain important bolts, he or she can elect to do so.
1.6 SEA of SC Special Inspection Forms

SEA of SC forms are currently under development by Alex Tomanovich, P.E. of O’Neil,
Inc. Review and release dates have yet to be established.
23
2.0 Special Inspection Policy and Enforcement
2.1 Special Inspection Programs - Best Practices
SEA of SC has reviewed special inspection programs in neighboring states and across the United
States to develop a summary of the best practices of special inspections. Instead of summarizing
how different states/jurisdictions are handling special inspections, this section highlights
components of certain programs that have proven to effective. SEA of SC applauds the efforts of
Mecklenburg County, NC and many of the recommendations in this section are based on the
highlights of their program and conversations with their program directors.
California has, by far, the most proactive policies regarding special inspections and enforcement is
stringent at the local level. The California Council of Testing and Enforcing Agencies (
HYPERLINK "http://www.cctia.org" www.cctia.org) is an organization that is dedicated to
“fostering, promoting, and encouraging through education, the practice and profession of materials
testing and inspection services.” SEA of SC’s Statement of Special Inspections Forms in
Microsoft Excel Format are similar in content to their Special Inspection Guidelines document
available from their website. The SEA of SC document is more comprehensive and in accordance
with the 2003 International Building Code. Hence, jurisdictions are encouraged to use it for
auditing and reviewing special inspection practices and reports. California is known for its
auditing practices and SEA of SC strongly encourages auditing of special inspectors, particularly
during the first few years of Chapter 17 enforcement. The City of San Diego has special
inspection requirements that help ensure that unqualified special inspectors do not slip through the
cracks ( HYPERLINK "http://www.sandiego.gov/development-services/industry/pdf/ds320b.pdf"
www.sandiego.gov/development-services/industry/pdf/ds320b.pdf). They use a point system
where 8 points must come from either education or experience. A three point minimum is
required for each category. This is in addition to demonstrating technical competence and an oral
interview with the city.
Fulton County, GA handles a large area with a small number of code enforcement officers; one.
SEA of SC does not recommend such a small staff for any jurisdiction in urban South Carolina. A
small staff requires the jurisdiction to rely too heavily on the special inspectors and no auditing can
be performed. On the other hand, Fulton County has put a lot of effort into their program’s
development and they do have good ideas not commonplace in the Southeastern United States.
They allow personnel in training to perform inspections similar to an engineer in training that is
designing a building. The certified special inspector is responsible, but can review the personnel
in training’s work as often as he or she deems necessary. Fulton County also has special inspector
qualifications that adhere to ASTM E329. Hence, the inspection firm must be under the direction
of a full time PE and there is a hierarchy of inspectors to include a field supervisor and inspectors
that work under this individual. All inspectors must have certification unless they are inspectors in
training as identified above.
The remaining portion of this section is devoted to the special inspection program in place in
Mecklenburg County, NC. SEA of SC believes that Mecklenburg County’s special inspection
program is the most organized and user friendly program that SEA of SC has reviewed in the
Eastern United States. A full summary of the program is presented here, and more information
can be obtained from the website ( HYPERLINK "http://www.meck-si.com" www.meck-si.com).
Mecklenburg County has spent hundreds of thousands of dollars developing a comprehensive,
self-running, paperless (i.e., web based) system for special inspections that allows their code
enforcement officers to focus their time on the departments other needs. The website is now
undergoing a public test.
24
The program can best be described by the fulfillment of 6 steps (modified from HYPERLINK
"http://www.meck-si.com" www.meck-si.com and used with permission).
Step 1 – Plan Review

The first step involves the Design Professional in Responsible Charge (DPIRC) developing the
project specific SI scope and including it on the contract document submission for plan review.
This step is required by the 2003 International Building Code (i.e., NCSBC for North Carolina).
The department plans reviewer reviews the project specific SI scope and either concurs or requests
revisions. After all revisions are made, the plans are approved.
Step 2 – Permit Issued / Create Project

Upon payment for permit, a permit number is established and transmitted to meck-si.com after the
close of business. The next business day, meck-si.com will allow the Designated Special Inspector
(DSI) to create the new SI project and begin work. The DSI is a Registered Design Professional
employed by a Special Inspection Firm (SIF) contracted by the owner who is experienced with a
particular type of construction and qualified to manage the required Special Inspections.
Authorized Special Inspectors (ASI) are employed by a Special Inspection Firm (SIF), work under
the direction and supervision of the Designated Special Inspector (DSI), and perform the actual
inspections. Note that these are not inspectors in training, but approved inspectors with the
appropriate certifications and experience.
Step 3 – Pre-Construction
Prior to any work being performed at the jobsite, the DSI shall download and complete the
Statement of Special Inspections (SSI) with the project information. The DSI does not create the
SSI, but types it into the system based on the contract documents provided by the DPIRC. Then
the DSI contacts the Building Inspector (by cell phone) to set up a meeting time and date
acceptable to both parties for the Pre-Construction Meeting. The DSI is to enter the Pre-
Construction Meeting information on the Statement of Special Inspections (SSI), complete the
form, upload it to meck-si.com, and contact the Building Inspector (by cell phone) to notify
him/her that it has been uploaded.
Step 4 – Pre-Construction Meeting

On the date agreed upon and entered in the Statement of Special Inspections (SSI), all Designated
Special Inspectors (DSI), and Authorized Special Inspectors (ASI), the Design Professional In
Responsible Charge (DPIRC), Building Inspector, General Contractor, and Subcontractors that are
involved in the SI process are to attend the Pre-Construction Meeting. At the conclusion of the
Pre-Construction Meeting, provided no further actions are required, the Building Inspector will
notify all parties present that construction may begin, or whether any additional information is
required prior to starting construction. The DSI will create and upload the Pre-Construction
Meeting Minutes to meck-si.com.
Step 5 – Start of Construction

During construction, the ASI will visit the site at appropriate intervals to perform the tasks
outlined in the Statement of Special Inspections (SSI). The ASI will complete documents which
will include the Daily Logs, Test Results, Non-Conforming Work Log, and other SI documents as
required. The DSI will review these documents, sign and seal them as required, and upload them
to meck-si.com. The DSI is responsible for opening each document on meck-si.com to ensure it
has uploaded correctly to the website. In the event of Non-Conforming Work, the DSI will follow
the Non-Conforming Work Procedure. Non-Conforming Work is work within the scope of
Special Inspections (SI) that was not done in conformance to the approved Contract Documents,
25
the Referenced Standard, or the Statement of Special Inspections (SSI). Any document uploaded
to meck-si.com containing information about Non-Conforming Work shall be electronically
tagged as containing Non-Conforming Work on meck-si.com. Any work deemed to be Non-
Conforming shall be immediately brought to the attention of the Contractor and registered Design
Professional in Responsible Charge (DPIRC) for correction. This information and all related
documents shall be uploaded to meck-si.com and tagged as Non-Conforming Work. If these
Discrepancies are not corrected by the completion of that phase of work the Discrepancies shall be
brought to the attention of the Building Inspector. The Designated Special Inspector (DSI) is
responsible for resolving or documenting the resolution of all Discrepancies. If structural
members are being fabricated off site, the Special Inspections Firm (SIF) shall verify that the
Fabricator conforms to the requirements set forth in the 2003 International Building Code. At the
conclusion of the Fabricator’s work, the Fabricator shall submit a Fabricator’s Certificate of
Compliance to the DSI.
Step 6 – End of Construction

At the conclusion of the construction process, any remaining SI documents shall be uploaded to
meck-si.com. Each DSI will review the project and complete a Final Report for each type of SI
work performed. The DSI shall sign and seal the Final Report and upload it to meck-si.com. After
all Final Reports are uploaded; the DPIRC will review all the Final Reports, the Statement of
Special Inspections (SSI), complete the DPIRC Letter, and upload it to meck-si.com. The
Certificate of Completion or the Certificate of Occupancy will be issued only after the DPIRC
Letter is uploaded and found to be in compliance by the Department.
Standard forms for the Statement of Special Inspections, Special Inspections Final Report, DPIRC
Checklist, and Pre-construction Meeting Checklist are available at HYPERLINK
"http://www.meck-si.com" www.meck-si.com. Mecklenburg County has also consulted with the
insurance industry and provided the following information to design professionals:
Victor O. Schinnerer & Company advises that a certification

should be stated and qualified as a professional opinion.
Schinnerer agrees that the certification in the DPIRC Letter and
the Special Inspection Report is qualified as a professional
opinion. Schinnerer further notes that the professional must make
an individual determination on a case by case basis, that they are
in fact able to verify this statement, and that in their professional
opinion, this is a true statement. If in their professional opinion
this is not true, or they have no knowledge, they should not sign
the certificate, rather, they should immediately advise the
appropriate individuals.
2.2 SEA of SC Recommendations

1) SC jurisdictions should audit special inspection agencies
SEA of SC strongly recommends that all jurisdictions in South Carolina have some means of
auditing special inspection practices. Auditing can be periodic or in response to a concern raised
by any party involved in a particular project.
2) SC jurisdictions should consider making the best practices mentioned in Section 2.1 part of their
special inspection programs.
3) SC jurisdictions should consider adopting typical program requirements of Mecklenburg

County, NC.
26
Eddie Prince, AIA, Esquire has agreed to present a summary of their program to South Carolina
Code Enforcement Officers at The Citadel at a date yet to be determined.
4) The State of South Carolina should perform an economic analysis and consider purchasing the
software program developed by Mecklenburg County for use in South Carolina. It is anticipated
that savings shall be a multiple of the fee paid for the program.
27

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SPECIAL INSPECTIONS - BEST PRACTICES

A Guide to Special Inspection

Timothy Wayne Mays, Ph.D., PE, President

* Special Inspections Committee

Eric Tobias, PE, Chair

Wayne Mayberry, PE Paul Gurley, PE

1.1 Introduction to Special Inspections in South Carolina………………………………. 1.

2.0 Part II - Special Inspection Policy and Enforcement

2.1 Special Inspection Programs - Best Practices………………………………………… 24.

1.1 Introduction to Special Inspections in South Carolina

Steel Frame Inspection

Prestressed Concrete - Pretension Tendons

Prestressed Concrete - Post-tension Tendons

Prestressed Concrete - Post-Tension Slabs-on-Ground

Precast Concrete Erection

During Fill Placement

Evaluation of In-Place Density

Fabricator certifications sufficient to exclude in-shop fabrication items from special

Metal Building Fabrication

Precast Concrete Fabrication

Steel Bar Joist Fabrication

Structural Steel Fabrication

1.2.1 Statement of Special Inspections

A single inspector may observe (handling of electrodes, general

1.2.3 Inspection of Fabricators

1.2.4 Quality Assurance for Seismic Resistance

1.2.5 Quality Assurance for Wind Resistance

1.2.6 Special Inspections for Seismic Resistance

1.2.7 Structural Observations

1.3 Commentary on Material Sections of IBC Chapter 17

“When inspection is required in the contract documents, the

Code Reference Topic

IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 2, 6 Material verification - use

IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 3 Bolted parts

IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 4 Joint types and requirements

IBC 1704.3.3.1, RCSC 7 Preinstallation

IBC 1704.3.3.2,3, RCSC 8 Installation

IBC 1704.3.3.2,3, RCSC 9 Inspection

TABLE 3.1. SPECIAL INSPECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH STRENGTH BOLTING.

In regards to bolt installation, periodic inspections can be performed by the special

“For the purpose of this code, fabrication/erection inspection and

Code Reference Topic

Code Reference Topic

Code Reference Topic

As indicated in Tables 3.2 through 3.4, performing special inspections of structural

Code Reference Topic

Code Reference Topic

1.3.1.3 Frame Detailing

conducted. Following each list is a brief discussion of inspections items which

1.3.2.1 Prior to Concrete Placement

Inspection of reinforcing steel (Periodic):

Inspection of welding of reinforcing steel (Continuous):

Verify that the locations of welded splices are as specified

According to CRSI, Manual of Standard Practice, mechanical splices should be used in

Inspection of bolts to be installed in concrete where allowable loads have been

Verify size, location and secure support of 100% of anchors conforming to

Verifying use of required design mix (Periodic):

Verify that the w/c ratio is within specified range

1.3.2.2 During Concrete Placement

Sampling fresh concrete, and strength testing (Continuous):

Concrete sampling is based on ASTM standard tests. In general, the sampling

Inspection of concrete placement (Periodic):

Verify proper preparation of construction joint surfaces