ILIGAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Wood Street, Mahayahay Iligan City
Senior High School Department
SELF- LEARNING MODULE
CREATIVE WRITING
Quarter 1 Module 2
LESSON 2
Lesson 2: Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices in
Various Modes of Fiction
Competencies:
A. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices in various modes of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-
i-11
B. Write journal entries and other short compositions
exploring key elements of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-
13
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. define fiction and learn its various modes
2. understand the elements, techniques, and literary
devices of various modes of fiction, and
3. write journal entries and other short compositions
exploring key elements of fiction.
WHAT IS FICTION?
 This form of literature refers to the inventive
construction of an imaginary world.
 Its product is solely based on the author’s capability to
create an event or story based on his wild and creative
imagination.
 It is not real.
 More so, it is not based on facts or actual happenings.
 That is, it is non- existent.
VARIOUS MODES OF FICTION
A.Genre Fiction- is written to appeal to the readers and fans,
who are already familiar with a certain genre, by producing a
written work which is fitted to that genre.
Crime fiction
 This genre is also known as detective story, murder
mystery, mystery novel and police novel.
Fantasy
 Real world myth and folklore is often the source of
inspiration of this genre.
 It started from oral traditions which later on became
fantasy literature and drama.
Romance
 The primary focus of this genre is the relationship and
romantic love between two people.
 Its main goal is to feed its readers with emotional
satisfaction, as well as optimistic and happy ending by
creating a plot which focuses on a man and a woman
falling in love with each other and struggling to maintain
that love.
Science fiction
 this genre contains stories which are at least grounded
on science-based fact or theory at the moment the story
was written.
Inspirational
 This literary genre is mainly written for the purpose of
inspiring its readers through the use of anecdotes. As a
standard, inspirational fiction sets an eye on religious
values, as well as content of written works which are
non-offensive and ensures implicit storylines. More
often than not, it features a significant change in the life
of a major character in the story which may inspire the
readers to think that what happened to this character
can possibly happen in their own lives, too.
Horror
 aims to produce fear, fascination and revulsion on the
part of the readers.
 When writing in this genre, one usually begins with
something that is normal and common. The latter part
would then show the main characters to be under the
threat made by an evil force in the story. What makes a
horror fiction effective to the readers is its ability to
scare and blow their minds away.
B. Literary Fiction
 In contrast to genre fiction, this category of fiction is
written to discover any aspect of the human
condition. Often, it involves written works such as
commentary, political criticism or even a reflection
about the human condition.
MOST COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERARY
FICTION
 Concerned with social commentary, political
criticism or reflection on the human condition
 Focuses on in-depth character studies of the
characters whose “inner stories” are supposed to
involve its readers, emotionally
 Concerned with the writing’s style and complexity;
is elegantly written, lyrical and layered according to
Saricks.
 The plot is not its central concern.
 Its tone is darker than genre fiction.
C. Realistic Fiction
 is a category of imaginative writings which contains
stories that could have happened to people or
animals in a place and time which is realistic or
believable.
 In this genre, both the stories and the characters
resemble that of something which is real.
 Moreover, the main focus of its plot is on social or
personal occurrences or issues which show
common life events, including falling in love,
marriage, finding a job, divorce, alcoholism, among
others.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF A REALISTIC FICTION
 Its stories happen either in the present or recent past.
 Characters are involved in probable events
 Characters’ dwelling place is realistic
 The characters play as real people with real solutions to
realistic issues.
 Events could leave questions that the reader is possible
to encounter in his life.
Elements of Fiction
1. Character- It refers to a figure in a literary work which
can either be a person or other form of being
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
 Round characters – refer to complex figures whose
characteristics are varied and usually undergo
development in the story which usually produces
surprise to the readers
 Flat characters – refer to the uncomplicated figures
in a fiction which are often two-dimensional
 Dynamic characters – these are characters in the
story which are deemed to change as the story
goes on.
  Static characters – are the opposite of dynamic
characters in that they remain the same from the
start to the end of the story
 Regular characters – used to refer to those figures
in the story that appear in almost all of the
episodes
 Recurring characters – also referred to as
supporting characters, have frequent appearance
in the series of a story
 Guest characters – also known as minor
characters; act only in a few episodes or scenes in
a certain story
2. Plot- This element of fiction, also known as the
storyline, refers to the major events that move the action in a
narrative. Moreover, it consists of a series of events in which
one occurrence poses an effect to the next occurrence by
means of cause-and-effect. A plot has five significant
elements; namely, exposition, rising action, climax, falling
action and denouement or resolution.
Exposition It introduces the characters of the story and
shows to the audience how they are related with one
another, as well as their goals, motivations and moral
character.
Rising action This stage begins with a conflict which moves
the main character or the protagonist to act. Moreover, this
is the phase in the story where the main character
acknowledges his or her goal and shows the manner in
which the obstacles are overcome.
Climax This is now the turning point of the story where the
protagonist makes a certain decision which will either cause
him to win or lose in the battle he is in. Furthermore, the
decision he makes clearly gives a description on the kind of
person he is.
Falling action This element comprises events which lead to
the ending of the story in which the character’s actions got
the problem fixed.
Denouement This phase is where the conflict has officially
ended. The problem has been solved by both the
protagonist and the antagonist. Finally, the story shows what
eventually happened to the characters after the conflict
ends.
3. Point of View
 It refers to the point from which a narrative is told.
A story can be told in either first-person point of
view, in which the author is also the character in
the story which refers to himself or herself as “I”, or
third-person point of view which has two types: the
omniscient, where the author becomes an all-
knowing narrator who is able to recall actions
thoroughly and enter into any character’s mind in
the work or whatever period to uncover to the
readers his or her thoughts, feelings and beliefs,
and the limited in which the author relies on a
single character’s views in order to recount the
story.
4. Setting
 refers to the time and geographic location involved
in a particular story. Generally, it sets the mood for
a story. The setting itself has its own elements that
a writer must consider, too, including culture,
historical period, geography and hour.
5. Style
 refers to the choice of words (diction), arrangement
of words (syntax) and other linguistic features of a
work that the author uses. With appropriate style,
an author can make a literary work of fiction appear
seemingly true and real to the readers.
6. Theme(s)
 it refers to the general message of the story to its
readers or the moral that is attached in a certain
literary work.
TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY DEVICES IN FICTION
MOST COMMON TECHNIQUES AND LITERARY
DEVICES
1. Allegory
 This literary device makes use of a character, place
or event which is meant to deliver a broader
message, usually a moral or political one,
concerning issues and events which are happening
in the real world.
2. Symbol
 Symbols can be either universal or cultural, as well
as contextual. The use of symbols in fiction
awakens the interest of the readers and allows
them to exercise deep critical and analytical
thinking in digging into the hidden meanings of the
symbols used. Among the common examples of
symbols are “dove” which means “peace”, “heart”
for love, a weighing scale for justice, to name a
few.
3. Irony
3 TYPES OF IRONY
1. Verbal irony- It is used when what one says is totally
different from what he meant. This type is like sarcasm.
2. Situational irony- This happens when the actual
outcome of an action is different from your expected
outcome.
3. Dramatic irony-Basically, it happens when the
audience, not the character himself, knows more
regarding the character’s situation.
4. Imagery
 the writer connects with the readers by appealing to their
senses, including sense of sight, smell, taste, touch, and
hearing, with the intention to create “word pictures”. Still
another way to make a story more meaningful and
interesting is to make use of figurative language. In
literature, it is a language used to compare two different
things in various ways. The most used figures of speech are
the following:
 Simile. The writer makes a direct comparison between two
totally different things by using the words “like” or “as”
 Metaphor. makes a comparison between two unlike things,
but without the use of “like” or “as”.
 Personification. This figure of speech allows the writer to
assign animals, objects, or ideas with human qualities,
attributes or abilities.
 Hyperbole. In this figure of speech, the writer practices
exaggeration or overstatement for the purpose of emphasis.

SELF-LEARNING ACTIVITY
CREATIVE WRITING
Quarter 1 Module 2
LESSON 2
Name: _____________________________________________
Grade & Section: ____________________________________
Contact#: __________________________________________
Address: ___________________________________________
Date received: _______________________________________
Date submitted: _____________________________________
Lesson 2: Elements, Techniques, and Literary Devices in
Various Modes of Fiction
Competencies:
C. Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary
devices in various modes of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-
i-11
D. Write book review/analysis exploring key elements of
fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-13
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. read and understand at least 50 pages
book/pocketbook(Fiction).
4. write book review/analysis exploring key elements of
fiction.
DIRECTIONS:
1. Study your Quarter 1 Module 2 Lesson 2 (Elements,
Techniques, and Literary Devices in Various Modes of
Fiction) on pages 21-29.
2. Answer questions in your SLA. If possible, do not use
extra paper but instead use the back of this paper for
your answer.
3. Choose a book/pocketbook at least fifty pages.
4. You can work with four of your classmates in one book
but avoid copying each other’s answer.
5. Read and understand your chosen book and write a
book review/analysis by answering each item below.
Directions: Answer each item below briefly and concisely.
1.What is the title of the book?___________________________
2.Who is the writer/author of the book?
_____________________
3.How many pages does it contained?_____________________
4.What mode of genre does it belonged?__________________
5.When and where the book is published?__________________
ELEMENTS OF FICTION
1.Characters (15 pts.)
A. Who is the protagonist of the story? Identify him/her
quickly by name, age, era, locale, social class, family, and
occupation.
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B. Discuss the protagonist in the story, In terms of flatness
or roundness.
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C. Discuss any two minor characters in similar terms. For
each, justify the degree of flatness or roundness in
terms of the character's contribution to the story.
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Evaluating the moral structure of the protagonist:
 To what degree is her/his moral stature defined by
contrasting minor characters, by the testimony of
characters who are readily acceptable as
witnesses?
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D. Discuss one or two important actions in which her/his
moral stature is apparent.
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E. In view of all the matters above, what does the author
apparently wish us to think and feel about what
happens to the protagonist?
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2.Plot (25 pts.) How did the story starts? How did the story
develops? How did the story ends?
Rising
Action:______________________________________________
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Climax:_____________________________________________
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Falling
Action:______________________________________________
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Denouement:
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6. How is the book structured? Flashbacks? Multiple
points of view? Why do you think the author chose to
write the book this way?
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3.Point of view (20 pts.)
1. What is the predominant point of view used in the story?
Illustrate by citing a very brief passage from the story and
showing how it confirms your opinion.
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4.Setting (10 pts.)
 Where did the story sets? What time? What weather?
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 How does the setting affect the conflict?
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5.Style (20 pts.)
 How do you find author’s used of words? Is it formal or
informal? Evaluate the quality of the writing style by
using some of the following standards: coherence,
clarity, originality, forcefulness, correct use of technical
words, conciseness, fullness of development, fluidity.
Does it suit the intended audience?
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6.Theme (20 pts.)
 What is the moral lesson you learned from the story?
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 How does the conflict of the story develop or enhance
the theme?
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General Impressions:
 How did the book affect you? Were any previous ideas
you had on the subject changed, abandoned, or
reinforced due to this book?
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 What personal experiences you've had relate to the
subject?
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 Would you recommend this book to others? Why?
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Note: Please submit your answered SLA on January 7,2022
At Dagohoy building 4th flr. Section Zircon/2nd flr. Section
Emerald.

Prepared by:
JACKYLYN M. MANEJA
Creative Writing Teacher