Engineering Drawing

@
Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology

Limits, Fits and Tolerances

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CLASSIFICATION OF
DRAWINGS

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CLASSIFICATION OF
DRAWINGS

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CLASSIFICATION OF
DRAWINGS

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Limits, Fits and Tolerances

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Why do we need Limits and Tolerances?
• Production operations
• Mass production using resources of Men, Materials, Machines, Plant &
Equipment
• Natural Variability in Processes: Inherent Variations in the size due to natural
conditions like variations in material, environmental fluctuations, vibrations,
human variability, measurements etc. It is unavoidable in processes
• Important parameters to control
• Cost
• Quality of product
• Allow a certain permissible variation in a dimension of a component,
without jeopardizing the functionality of the product
• Maximum permissible variation – upper
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and lower limit
 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
• SIZE:
• A number, which within a particular unit, defines the dimension of an object
• BASIC SIZE:
• Calculated by designer to withstand the expected loads without
failure
• Size, as mentioned on a technical drawing
• Basic Size is taken as the reference to apply the limits for any
component or a product
• ACTUAL SIZE: Measured dimension of a part. Bound to have
variations

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

• It is the difference between lower and upper limits

• Narrow range, specially for fitting parts.
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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE:
• The tolerance given to control dimensional features (Length, Width,
Height, Diameter) in a product
• The difference between the Upper Limit and the Lower Limit is
defined as the TOLERANCE (non-negative number)
• The zone between the Upper Limit and the Lower Limit is called
the TOLERANCE ZONE
• The actual size (dimension) of the object must lie in the tolerance
zone

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances

Limits, Tolerance, Tolerance Zone

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
• 
Who decides the Tolerances?

• Designer suggests the tolerance zone depending on the

functionality/application

• Largely decides the manufacturing processes to be used

• Size of the component also influences the tolerance

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
DEVIATION
• Difference between actual manufactured size and Basic size
• LOWER DEVIATION: It is the algebraic difference between the minimum limit
of size and the basic size ( Ecart Inferior – EI/ei)
• UPPER DEVIATION: It is the algebraic difference between the maximum limit
and the basic size (Ecart Superior – ES/es)
ZERO LINE
• Deviations are recorded from Basic Size and are measured with
respect to the zero line
• Zero line represents the Basic Size of the dimension (or zero deviation)
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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Concept of Hole and Shaft – mating parts
• Hole refers to all parts or components whose internal dimensions are to be
measured
• Shaft refers to all parts or components whose external dimensions are to be
measured

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RECAPITULATION - LIMITS & TOLERANCES
• DESIGN DRAWING
TOLERANCE ZONE OF THE HOLE • PRODUCTION DRG.
ZERO LINE • BASIC SIZE
• ACTUAL SIZE
TOLERANCE ZONE OF THE SHAFT • VARIATION
• LIMITS
• UPPER LIMIT
Tolerance zone • LOWER LIMIT
Upper deviation of hole(ES)
of hole • TOLERANCE
Lower deviation of hole (EI) • ZERO LINE
• DEVIATION
Zero Line • UPPER DEVIATION
Upper deviation of shaft (es) • LOWER DEVIATION
Tolerance zone Lower deviation of shaft (ei)
of shaft • FUNDAMENTAL
DEVIATION

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Representation of Tolerances
Method 1 Basic Size with Deviations

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Representation of Tolerances
Method 2 Maximum and Minimum Limits

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Representation of Tolerances
Method 3 Basic Size and Fundamental Deviation
Basic Size + Fundamental Deviation + IT Grade

Example: 90 F7

IT Grade 7
Basic size 90 mm

Fundamental deviation for

hole (uppercase letter F)

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 Representation of Tolerances
Method 3 Basic Size and Fundamental Deviation
Basic Size + Fundamental Deviation + IT Grade

Example: 90 f7

IT Grade 7
Basic size 90 mm

Fundamental deviation for

shaft (lowercase letter f)

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 Representation of Tolerances
Method 3 (cont’d)
Uppercase letters for
holes or internal
features

Lowercase letters for

shafts or external
features

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SOL:
a. 0.015 a. 0 a. -0.005 a. -0.030 a. -0.040
b. 0.030 b. 0.010 b. 0.010 b. 0 b. -0.015
c. 80.030 c. 80.010 c. 80.010 c. 80.0 c. 79.985
d. 80.015 d. 80.0 d. 79.995 d. 79.970 d. 79.960

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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Fundamental Deviation
• Distance of the tolerance zone from the zero line, the lower value of
the distance from the zero line is called the Fundamental Deviation
• A deviation (either upper or lower deviation) chosen to define the
position of the tolerance zone in relation to the zero line
• Depending upon the type of product, we define different positions of
the tolerance zone with respect to zero line
• 18 types of standard tolerance grades
• 25 types of fundamental deviations Tolerance zone
of hole

Fundamental Deviation (EI)

Zero Line
Fundamental Deviation (es)
Tolerance zone
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 Limits, Fits and Tolerances
Types of Fundamental Deviations
For Hole For shaft
Indicated by upper case • Indicated by lower case
alphabetical symbols alphabetical symbols

• A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, • a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h,
• Js, J, K, M, N, • js, j, k, m, n,
• P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z • p, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z
• Za, Zb, Zc • za, zb, zc
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Fundamental Deviation for holes
EI implies lower deviation
(uppercase E for holes) ES implies
upper deviation

Holes (internal features)

a Basic size
Schematic representation of the placement of the tolerance interval
(fundamental deviation) relative to the basic size
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Fundamental Deviations for Holes (Table 2)

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Fundamental Deviation for shafts

ei implies lower deviation

(lowercase e for shafts) es implies a Basic size
upper deviation

Shafts (external features)

Schematic representation of the placement of the tolerance interval

(fundamental deviation) relative to the basic size
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Fundamental Deviations for Shafts

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Representation of Tolerances
Method 3 Basic Size and Fundamental Deviation
Basic Size + Fundamental Deviation + IT Grade

Example: 90 F7

IT Grade 7
Basic size 90 mm

Fundamental deviation for

hole (uppercase letter F)

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 Representation of Tolerances
Method 3 Basic Size and Fundamental Deviation
Basic Size + Fundamental Deviation + IT Grade

Example: 90 f7

IT Grade 7
Basic size 90 mm

Fundamental deviation for

shaft (lowercase letter f)

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Standard Tolerance Grades
Group of tolerances characterized by a common identifier

The standard tolerance grade identifier consists of IT (International

Tolerance) followed by a number (e.g. IT7)

A specific tolerance grade is considered as corresponding to the same

level of accuracy for all basic sizes

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IT Grades Vs Manufacturing Processes

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Standard Tolerance Grades (Table 1)

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Determination of deviations
EXAMPLE 1 Toleranced size for a hole 90 F7 and for a shaft 90 f7

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Standard Tolerance Grades (Table 1)

90 F7

90 f7

Consequently, the standard tolerance value is: 35 μm

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Determination of deviations
EXAMPLE 1 Toleranced size for a hole 90 F7

Position of the tolerance interval or tolerance zone

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Fundamental Deviations for Holes
(Table 2)

90 F7

The lower deviation (fundamental deviation)

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 Determination of deviations
EXAMPLE 1 Toleranced size for a hole 90 F7

Establishment of limit deviations

Step 1: The standard tolerance value

from step 1 was found to be 35 μm
IT7 = 35 μm

Step 2: Lower limit deviation EI = +36 μm

Step 3: Upper limit deviation

ES = EI + IT = +36 + 35 = +71 μm

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Determination of deviations
EXAMPLE 2 Toleranced size for a shaft 90 f7

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Fundamental Deviations for Shafts (Table 3)

90 f7

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 Determination of deviations
Establishment of limit deviations

EXAMPLE 2 Toleranced size for a shaft 90 f7

Step 1: The standard tolerance value

from step 1 was found to be 35 μm
IT7 = 35 μm

Step 2: Upper limit deviation es = −36 μm

Step 3: Lower limit deviation

ei = es − IT = −36 − 35 = −71 μm

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 25 H7 g6
25 – Basic Size
H – Fundamental Deviation for Hole
7 – IT Grade for Hole
g – Fundamental Deviation for Shaft
6 – IT Grade for Shaft

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Reading Standard Chart for 25 H7 g6

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FITS
FIT is the relationship
between two mating parts
resulting from the
differences in their sizes
before the two parts are
assembled

The degree of tightness or

looseness between two
mating parts is called a Fit

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TYPES OF FITS
CLEARANCE FIT:
1. There is a clearance or
looseness in this type
of fits.
2. These fits maybe slide
fit, easy sliding fit,
running fit etc.

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Hole Basis System of Limits and Fits

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Hole Tolerance Zone fixed with respect to zero line

Lower Deviation is zero – chosen as the fundamental deviation “H”
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 Shaft Basis System of Limits and Fits

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Shaft Tolerance Zone fixed with respect to zero line
Upper Deviation is zero – chosen as the fundamental deviation “h”
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