Motion in a Resisting Medium - (In a str ine only) 1, Introduction. [oe visa well Known fact that a body moving in a ~edium (like air) gels a resistance to its motion which increases with the increase in the yelocity of the body. Thus the Tesistance on a body moving in a medium may be assumed to be equal to Some function of the Velocity of the | ody. The resistance of the Medium always acts Opposite to the direction of motion of the body. Experimentally it has been found out that when a Particle is projected in air, the force of Fesistance varies as the square of the velocity upto a velocity of 800 fi/sec. and as cube tetween 800 ft/sec and 1350 fr. Js of the velocity ./sec. Beyond this velocity the resistance agin varies as the square of the velocity Therefore in this chapter we s hall mostly discuss the motion of a particle (or body) in a Tesisting medium where the resistance varies as the square of the velocity. | §2. Terminal Velocity, | _ Ifa particle falls under Tesistance acts vertically “uy mavily acts vertically dows Bravity in a resisting medium the force of pwards on the particle while the force of nwards. As the velocity of the particle goes, 'es equal to the force of gravi fatticle has attained the ve ity when the “celeration of the Particle bi locity V. Then the resultant downward ecomes zero and so during its subsequent Motion the Particle falls with constant velocity V, called the terminal "locity or the limiting velocity. The terminal velocity is maximum for ‘te downward motion. Definition. If a particle is falling under gravity in a resisting lum, then the velocity V when the downward acceleration is zero is “4 the terminal (or limiting) velocity. [Meerut 95} 83. Motion of a Particle Falling Under Gravity. : "itn Particle is falling from rest under &ravity, supposed constant, in a ‘Cus, : medium whose resistance varies as the Square of the velocity: to the motion. {Lucknow 80; Meerut 78, 81S, 83P, 84S, 86, 88S, 90S, 97] >_fall from rest under Let a particle of mass re point O. . ity from the fixe? F article after time 1, aii ne position of the pi 7 Let P be ti Pre the velocity of the particle at P, “he resistance of the medium on the icle acting in the upwards direction ie. in the areaon of x decreasing. Here Av? is the resistance per ois so that the resistance on the particle of mass 4 taki? / ™ ihe weight mg of the-particle acts vertically downwards i., in the direction ofx increasing, <. the equation of motion of,the particle at time tis a _ 2 maa = m8 — mkv & ky or Sine (i- bs If V is the terminal velocity, then when v = V, d2x/dr2 = 0, k kod ++ from (1), we have,0=g |1—-=2 c= m (1), we have, «( tn) or Fa Mey “ap 8 To find the relation between y andx, ‘The equation (2) can be written as v= £v2— : = 2vdv or a% : Via yr: V2 ing. 28 Integrating, “Yr * = log (V2 — y2) 4.4, where A is a cons But initially at o, when x = 0, y = 0, es O=logv244 Or A = ~ Jog V2, = 2gx 2—¥ V2 = log (V2 ~ 2) _ top 72 = log (e or v2— ya pro ser tae or v2_ y= pr 2 v2 = V2. 76xV? oF 2a pry — e280"),pesisTING MEDIUM , ne velo of the particle at any Position, yes i: é ee on betwee andt. Again the equation (2) can be written a 8 ; any) few dts VP de dt & dv pp ing, 2 t= tog ht" 4 3 i sntegrating » 72! = 97 eyoyt , where B is a constant. Initially at O, when 1 = 0,v = 0. 1 a 0=>plog1 +B, or B=0. a Viv “wera UY Mig lt OM) oY tanh 1% ee 2!81— w/v) > g ae v ** tanh-1z =) Jog 2+2! [: tanh~!z zlost ls tanh“! or v= Vtanh (g/¥), (4) stich gives the velocity of the particle at any time. Relation between x and t. Eliminating v between (3) and (4), we bie ‘ V2 tanh? (gt/V) = V2(1— e728) % ¢-2gx/V? = 1 — tanh? ( gt/V) = sech? (gt/V) 7 e282/V* = cosh? (gt/V) y vz vB = 2logeosh (g/V) or x=Fplogeosh (gi/V¥), (5) ‘teh gives the position’of the particle at any time. Remark. To evaluate Site we can directly apply the J sann-1- Remember this formula. ‘ a@—xt a a 4. Motion of a particle Projected Vertically Upwards. A particle is projected vertically upwards under gravity, supposed nstant, in a resisting medium whose resistance veries as the square of "Velocity; to discuss the motion. [Lucknow 79; Meerut 78, 90S, 91, 92]m be projected, vertically with velocity u. Let P be any time ¢, where oP Poe ind et y be the velocity of the particle at P. =x i; g forces acting on the particle at P are, : ni a ‘The force mkv? due to resistance acting ai the direction of motion ie., acting vertically wards. - ox oni The weight mg of the particle also acting vertically downwards. lak 7 Both these forces act in the direction of x $9 tad decreasing. Therefore the equation of motion of the particle at P is mg mk ax 2. mar me ee d& k ae 1+ Fy), ot ae s( g Let V be the terminal velocity of the particle during its down a motion i., the velocity when the resultant acceleration of the p during its downwards motion is zero. Then O=mg —mkV2, or k =g/V2. 5 Putting this value of k in the above equation of motion of particle, we. get S wey ee 8 qe |it 5) or Bip t). Relation between y and x. Equation (1) can be written as w_-g t_ Ev ee = vai j = Va ee’ separating the variables. ino. 28: Integrating, we x log (2+ v2) +A, where A is a const Initially at O, x = 0 andy = u. ei “05 log (2 + 12) 4.4 A= ~ log (2 + u2, =e pr = log (v2 + vy = log (V2 + u2)ARESISTING MEDIUM ‘ol y V2 vet u ee 8 Vt, « jes the velocity of the particle in any Position, wit Sioa between v and t. Rettion (1) can be Written as Equa vie og Gn 2+ [3-3] (2) * d2~ at aE. Ww se arating the variables, soe Bo Vea ig ‘ables, hex v grating, 1=—— + Ftan- 1 + B where Bis a constant Integt g Vv V A v ce tan- 1% : tan7 1 4+B. Initially at O, when t= 0,v =u, Vv 248 Vv u .Qe=5 ieee ie ee: 0 zm ptB oB tan Vv u v = (tan 14 tan-1¥) g (tan V tan | , vtich gives the velocity of the Particle at any time t, Relation between x and. A relation betwee! N xandt-can be ‘obtained by eliminating v beeen (2) and (3). (3) Illustrative Examples Ex. 1 (a). A particle is projected with velocity V along a smooth torzontal plane in a medium whose resistance‘ per unit mass is u times the cube of the velocity. Show that the distance it has described in time Vf (av) (v+ uV22) 1) and that its velocity then is Yt 2uv2n, [Meerut 73, 76] Solution Take the point of Projection O as origin. Let v be the ‘elocity of the Particle at time ¢ at a point distant x from the fixed point Then the resistance at this point will be muv3, acting in the siretion * decreasing. Here the resistance is the only force acting on atticle during its motion. i *: the equation of motion of the particle is dv 3 & = — muy’ mat oad Wy _ dt. or ctstcel s it. i “A is a constan' begrating, = = pt +A, where he Cnyeh A But initially, when ¢ = 0, 2 or v=V/V(1+2 yn 1/V* © V 12 of > = 4 of the particle at Ein te , which article is moving in the direction of are bon the equation (1), we have 7 e dt oy 2 VV(1 + 2H) a i aca V (1+ 2uV72) Wat, 1 24/2 - 2h, wt +271)? +B, where Bis a COnstay 1 or Integrating, But initially when.¢ = 0,x = 0; +. (1+ 2uV oe) 72 AL ww" ev) v or x= Jplv(l + 24V%) — 1h which gives the distance described in time ¢. (b) A particle is projected with velocity u along a smooth hori plane in a medium whose resistance per unit mass is k (velocin),s that the velocity after a time t and the distane s in that time are given v=ue-*t and s=u(1—e7**)/k. (Meerut 19%; Sol. Proceed as in Ex. 1. (a). Here the equation of motion of the particle is Integrating, logy = — kr + CG. But initially, when ¢ = 0,y = uo Cy = loge. logy = —kry logu, or. log (v/u) = —K# ss V/u = e~ kt or Baa But v = ds/dp, imwerke s/t =ue-kt op ee et Integrating, Se wen ke a But initiaty ak 2 ally, when t= 0,5 = pS ose _uenke BR Ge k “atte.| yottOn. IN A RESISTING MEDIUM 7 pe 2. A particle falls from rest und i i i ler gravi ‘ jna medium who ein varies as the lee through a distance x velocity actually acquired by it, vq the Of the velocity. If v be seats velocity it ad there been NO resisting medium and V the lee would have ‘acquired, Yoyt % 1% 4 vf inal velocity, show that v 22" 2304 ayer Sol. Ifv is the velocity of the parti ‘ a arti i i a distance x in the given resisting ei the juired in iris given by » MEN pir (Meerut 1985 P) falling through roceeding as in § 3, v2 = V2 (1 — en 2evv? Itvpis the velocity of the particle acquit (1) uired it i distance x, if there is no resisting Ticttin mee freely through vg = 0 + 2gr = 2gr. , Subtituting 2gx = vg in (1), we have wn(2) =v? (1-6-4) “7 [i-[ ee ae - vyv2 va/v4 vive -v| 1p caet 3h, 2_,_1% vyy+*«‘a _Ex3, A particle of mass m is projected vertically under gravity, the resistance of the air being mk times the velocity. Show that the greatest , v2 is th height attained by the particle is ye — log (1 +A)], where V i the terminal velocity of the particle and AV is the initial velocity. (Lucknow 1981; Meerut 71, 76, 4F, 86 ST, 88,925.20) Sol. Suppose a particle of mass m is project rticle from O with qalocity Fein a medium whose resistan® on the Pot he is mk times the velocity of 1 = ee Relocity of the Particle at any time #, where uy Particle at P. The forces acting on i . ting (i) The force mky due to the resistant parle 4 downwards i.e., against the direction of motion of he particle. Let P Op =x and let ¥ . the particle at P are, vertically —icle acting vertically dy, t mg of the parti Owny, Gi) the pecs Ube act in the direction of y eon hi ra ne ection of motion of the particle at time ; ;, is Teas there! mga EE or Bane (i+ a) fl is given to be the terminal velocity of the Particle gy, its eee eae Then Vis the velocity of the particle when ig the downward motion its acceleration is zero. If the partic fy vertically downwards, the resistance acts vertically upwards, There the equation of motion of the particle in downward motion j is m & = mg — mkv. Putting v = Vand d’x/dt2 = 0 in (2), we get O=mg—mkV or k=g/V. Substituting this value of k in (1), the equation of motion of particle in the upward motion is i-a(9 3 oe Pt _ dv or ve ty) [: We” ae o den VV cating thi iabl r = eye > separating the variables or dea ¥fOrM—n, vi, ov), el ver g V+y, Integrating, we have ( Vv xe- 7 {vy - Vlog (V+ v)} +A, where A is a constant But incall when x = 0,v = AV. (given). o=-L ‘av Viog (V +aV)} +4 or -“yv- Viog (V(1 +A)}}, vu Slav—v— vee PA giving the veloc) the particle at any Position. Ifh is the when x = A, a =f [w- veg tral =a toga th & 24 Sreatest height attained by the particle, we haveoN INA RESISTING MEDIUM 9 ya A particle of mass m ts projected verticall 1d it Ex 4 rticle © a i lly under gravity, the jrance OF | the air being mk times the velocity. Find the greatest height ae if by the particle. : ‘ (Meerut 96, 97) onto. Suppose a particle of mass m is projected vertically upwards om a point 9 with velocity w in a medium whose resitance on the patel is mk times the velocity of the particle. Let P be the position of the particle at any time z, where OP =x and let v be the velocity of the ticle at P. Then proceeding as in Ex. 3. the equation of motion of the particle at time 7 is mn mB — mkv or Integrating, we get pee i vie Bog e+ w)| +A, where A is a constant. But initially when x = 0, we have v =u. 1 o=—} [1 Etoe e+ 9] +A or A= f [a froe + a9): s=-3| —Liogg +¥)| +} [afro +40] Ly yy — £ tog & +, giving the velocity of the particle at k (u-yv)- we logy + giving th y Pp : ay position. ge eG Ith is the greatest height attained by the particle, we have » When x = h, ku bok fa 2) Eee K g : Be Ex. 5. 4 particle of mass m, is falling under the infos igh a medium whose resistance equals times "men ough Paticle were released from rest, show that the dis lime 1 je gm? t ‘ ce ° [- emia ls a * (Meerut 1975, 79 83 875 885, 905) throwll Dyna cg ity be atag; falling under gravity be at a gj, jcle of mass its velocity at thie '*ce Sol, Let apart fre time ¢. Htv is Hs tically up Pon x from the starting point, je is wv acting vertically upwarg, articl | STUS jp then the resistance on ne Eine, ‘The weight mg of the particy, a in the direction of x 4 i i x increasing, ically downwards ie. in the sie is is . ar the squatlon of motion of the par ae -w aX = mg — he "an dv _ ji ty or ako m a [ dy “g— (wim)y Integrating, we have m ~ +») 4.4, where A is a constant, fe-7 tog (g AY wo or dt But initially when ¢'=0,v =0; .. A= (m/s) logg. my t= ~Trlog (e - 5») +7 08g B= (u/m)v or te- Frlog 7 } 7 ~ = tog (1-29) or 1- Foym eran or =anemm or de =% (1— em) at, Integrating, we have = OM optim i an rely |e mm) +B, (1) where B is a constant. But initially when ¢ = 0,x = 0, 0 = ml p (2) Subtracting (2) from (1), we have BL afm _ 2 etl. [ween — te > 1+¢ Ex. 6, Discuss the motion of a partic fe ith @ ara e _ Particle projected upwards wi velocity u in a medium whose resistance varlec a te velocin. 9) ie (Meerut 8 Sol. Suppose a particl mi . wards trom a point O with velocity gs Projected vertically UP pomta) polnt 'y u ina mediu istance on Particle is mk times the velocity of the mie ‘esistone posiio® ey the particle at any time t, where Op Py and let v be the veloc © ine Particle at P. The forces acting on the particle at P arenow INA RESISTING MEDIUM un | w jy Tae force mkv due to the resistance acting vertically i 4s ie., against the direction of motion of the particle, and | gow" the weight mg of the particle acting vertically downwards, on both these forces: act in the direction of x decreasing, serefore the equation of motion of the particle in upwards motion at time #18 Pe — mg =i te a Gat eth). wa) If the particle moves downwards in the same Tesisting medium and jts velocity is v at time ¢ at distance x from the Starting point, then its equation of motion in downwards motion will be oa a@ mga me— mkv or SF =g— ky. If V is the terminal velocit motion, then 'y of the particle during its downward O=g-KV k=giv. | the equation of motion (1) in upwards mi | Px £,) -~eV+y) . . gE. at (e+ ¢) Spt (2) | Relation between v and x. The equation (2) can be written as jotion becomes, dy var Eve po Vv 4 VY wty-Vv 7 BA yee ae v v 7 inser Integrating, x = ~ ee —Viog(v +V)] +4, where A is a Constant, But initially at O, x = 0 and v =u. ant Viogu+V)). s xa Pi viogy + 1y) +2 — rlog w+ V9] pow (uv) + Vlog Ca): -@) “hich gives the velocity of the particle at any position. Bisnv and t. Relation eo can also be written as me ea 2 Be +V). Vid. ange? Integrating, t= - flee (WV +V) +B, where Bj, 5 a com But ity at O,t=Oandv =u. tany a Log ut) Vv. = og +V) oy eee +V) ut Ke or Fro BV . which gives the velocity of the particle at any time 7, Relation between x and t. From (4), we have, \ ut+tV pt ut+V Vv ley yo ad = or vtV=u+Vye-av or Sa TV Ft @tV) ew or a= (-V4wsDe- a) at. Integrating, we et rs-Y ea ie Initially at ©, »*=Oands = a 8 + C, where C is a const. v ae =~ “pete wv, tue) rey yl Which gives th le disi tie wveted by the particle at any.timet. resistance panto" Of a particte Faling under gai a Suppose a pe a7 45 the veloc, city. (Meerut 19925: a Falls ye aly donna Of mass m starts at rest from poi, of rine times the venga i @ Inedium whose resistance — it ae o the the particle ae MY time g, whe cre oe Paice: an 3 te vel =xan or eM tte on 20) medium WhoseRESISTING MEDIUM | 13 ee forces acting On the particle at P are The force mkv due to the resistance acting vertically upwal inst the direction of motion of the particle, and ya _, agai . Fi ieee” the weight mg of the particle acting vertically downwards. B Newton’s second law of motion the equation of motion of the wa) If V is the terminal velocity of the particle during its downward motion, then from (1) O=g-kV or k=g/v. Putting k = g/V in (1), we get a Gan 8 peep) (2) Relation between v and x. The equation (2) can be written as or Vv 7 | av. Integrating, x = — we [v + Vlog (V — v)] +A, where is a constant. But initially at O,x = O and v = 0. Y? tog - =— log. g 8 ve v2 va ya Ky — tog (v= v) + log g 8 a 8 , +@) Vv v2 * x=——vt— lope, e Which gives the velocity of the particle at any position. Relation between v and t. ; ‘The equation (2) can also be written as wo ky anv a=—>— gV-v4 : DYNAMICS t= Log v) +B, where B is a constant, Initially at O~,t=Oandv =0. Vv B=—logy, ge sot Vv 4 log (V—v) + —lopv g BV -¥) ei or is t= Fog Voy (4) which gives the velocity of the particle at any time r. Relation between x and t. c From (4), we have log Ket or or Vv=Ve- gv or v=V[L—e-ay or Gave at or de =Vi1—e- aay, Integrating, we get 2 ratte? gy + C, where C is a constant, Initially at O,x =Oandt =0. 2 2 ce, an 2 walt eo wy _ v2 7 & or sets l egy _ 1), (5) which gives the distance fallen through in time t Ex. 8. A particle is Projected vertically “pwards with. velocity u, in a medium where resistance is jy2 per unit mass for velocity v of the Particle. Show that the Breatest height ari; ined by the particle is : 2 Flog ht hu? 2k g (Meerut 1979) Sol. Let a particle of mass m beae y INA RESISTING MEDIUM 15 0! mn w ards. SO the equation of motion of the particle during its upward wae pouion 1 m& = — mg = mv? are & Integrating, log (g + kv?) = — 2x +A, where A is a constant. But initially x = 0, v 7 A= log + ku2), log (g + kv?) = — 2k + log (g + ku?) or Dex = log (g + kau) — log (g + kv) ah op 8 tO? : or = 9g 8 et (1) which gives the- velocity of the particle at a distance x: Ifh is the greatest height attained by the particle then at x =h, +20. Therefore from (1), we have + ku he z% log gtk? Ex. 9. (A particle is projected vertically upwards with a velocity V and the resistance of the air produces a retardation kv, where v is the velocity. Show that the velocity V' with which the: particle will return to the point of projection is given by oda ie vir yr" sg (Allahabad 1979; Meerut 73, 80, 82S, 84, 86P, 88, 93) Sol. Let a particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards with avelocity V. Ifvis the velocity of the particle at times, at adistance “from the starting point, the resistance there is mkv? in the | ’ ‘ward direction (iz., in the direction of x decreasing). y weight mg of the particle also acts vertically downwards. the equation of motion of the particle in the “Prard motion is . moa = mg — mkv? | or * vt = _ @ +) ¥ iv dv o = —2kd gtk a rE!We $$ 2 Naiticg Integrating, log (g + kv?) = — ke Hie where A is a 2 constan Initially via t= £ Oval; - A=log@+kv?) E Batre = eee wigs gtk gt ar If A is the maximum ne retained by the particle, then y = or Flos when x =h. 2 A . (1) Now from the highest point O’ the particle falls vertical downwards. Let y be the depth of the particle below the highest point O' after time ¢ and v be the velocity there. Then the resistance at this point is, mkv? acting in the vertically upwards direction. the equation of motion of the particle during its downward motion is m SB = mg — mio? dv —2kvdv or (Bagh? or gee oe Integrating, log (g — kv?) = — 2ky + B, where B is a constant. © At the highest point O’,y = 0, v = 0; ©. B= log, “log (g — kv?) = — 2y + logg a : or y=z¢loe If the particle returns to the point of projection O with veloci Vv’, then v= V' wheny=h. From (1) ane EC equating the values of h, we have +kv2 og THY = tog gn V2 or gtkv2_ & g-kyi2 or (ge tkV2) @-KV'2) = gr or — gk V'2 + gkV2— Rey2y'2 = 9, Dividing by kg V2V’'2, we have ¥ dhe -ptyA 1k, viz pate4 RESISTING. MEDIUM " 4 particle falls from rest ina medium in which the Ss wi ia ay mass, Prove that the distance fallen in time t is cost v hasse ese rarticle were ascending, show that at any instant its distance | wt nest point of its path is (1k) log sec {tV(gk)}, where ¢ now pe ‘ne time it will take to reach its highest point, re aj, When the particle is falling vertically downwards, let x be its om the starting point after time ¢. If v is its velocity at this en the resistance On the particle is mkv? in the vertically ban iirection. The weight mg of the particle acts vertically yl wir pet ava: ‘the equation of motion of the particle during the downward ‘gana is - mz =mg— mks? or dv A le a -kv Haat — # pew? oT RIG) - 7 inegrating, we get 4.1 ah = k Vey om" Vey ht Bu intially when ¢ = 0, v = 0; C20. 21 tanh 1 Tee oe Ve7e) eq. 8 tanh "Tam 7 Ve) or Tigray = anh ve) nya ay/(g) iment 7 i) cosh {1V(gk)} . 4 1 Ege sinh (@8) “Vie }: Tigh) cosh {Vk} ; “ay _ Wig) «sinh {tvGh)) "d= (1/k) + Hsin) ne Integrating, we get B z= (1k): tos oe {avg} + Ca: “ut initially when ¢ = 0,x = 0. 4 . o (ky en Sako + Cy = (1/4) 108} $0,204 aa . ich proves the first part o! ba (17k) tog cosh {¢V(gk)}s which PI —Dy Alay Ww Hn Ihe particle 7 tion, When Stk an 7 Upwards Mo! ™ then can M ae let y be lis distance man iu Min pore "i ner Th } is Its velocity at this point, ¢ aa ial tance 1. ey TI : f pa le ie saiaal direction, The weight nig 0} Particle vertically downwards, Stic. at ike equation of motion of the particle during the 7 motion is dy = mkv? or OY ow = mg = mkv "aT dv 2 rte per ee or. REG ) dv gta OT Ta Integrating, we get 1 or 1,1. ~1_¥ ke Vg Tig 7iey Let 1, be the time from the point. Then T = v0. O=-4+C, or Cc point of projection to reach the high =h. sl tants L Vige V7 = T oF tan = T)vGH) 2 Tem = tan {() = T) Vege} or ved. (6) “tan (4 ~ 7) Ve—Kp), -( 1t'h is the greatest height attained by the particle and x be ! depth below the highest Point of the point distant ¥ from the point Projection, then x ye Also if ¢ denotes the time ach the highest '=n-T, we have dy = _ We have dt = aT, dk ‘tom the distance y from the poitt Point, then ( From (2), and from (3), at aT from (), we haveA pEsISTING MEDIUM. 19 IN i ae vé + tan (Vk). : et gratings WP ig) , logsec {tV(gk)} ve asset L stanx de = log secx] x = (1/k) log sec {tV(gk)} + Cp. " put from (2) and (3), it is obvious that x = 0, when ¢ = 0, d=(I/k)logsecO+C, or C,=0. «, x= (1/K) log sec {tV(gk)}, which gives the required ditance the particle from the highest point. "py IL. A particle of unit mass is projected vertically upwards with Vin a medium for which the resistance is kv when the Speed of particle is v. Prove that the particle returns to the point of projection vat speed V, such that Viv, =Ei0g (SEEM). koe \g-kY (Meerut 1974) Sol. Let x be the distance of the particle of unit mass from the ‘ating point O at time t in its upward motion. If v is its velocity at ‘ts point, then the resistance is kv. The weight 1g of the paticle acts vertically downwards. - the equation of motion of the particle during its ward motion is a aa-g-k dt 8 jm ve gem) o _ dy * ote C7 a kv dy a ky +8 \ ay & kar = - EAM HB wy = - (I-A) = e+e is ant. +A, where A is # constant Integrating, ke = — v + & log (kv +8) grating, k — Eo av +8 A Eros av + ©) But initially when x = 0, = Vi kx = —v + Etog ev +8) +o 5 r eae Let h be the maximum height attained by the particle, Then al heighest point O',x =h and y = 0. h =¢+ flog (a) : Now after coming to instantaneous rest at O', the particle to fall vertically downwards. If v be its velocity at the point dig from O' after time ¢ (measured from the instant it started from then the resistance there is kv in the upward direction and the weip 1g acts vertically downwards. the equation of motion of the particle during its down motion is 1. Bag- or vgee-k or dy= = hed =~) (8 gy or bey = OE EE = (AE 1) a. Integrating, ky = — (g/k) log (g— 4) -¥ +B, where B ig constant. But at O',y=Oandy=0; -. B=(/k)logg. by = Blogg — Flog ¢ — ev) -v If the particle’ returns to the point O with velocity V, the O,v=V, andy =h. 1-34 fos fy) From (1) and (2), we have Fe ~~ EB or V+Vy, =f [le paar, — log Ga| or V+V; = log ar . Ex. 12, A particle of unit mass'is projected vertically upwards velocity Vo in a medium for which the resitance is kv when the SP* the particle is v, show that the distance covered when the velocity © given by= WA pesISTING MEDIUM an I ES tog : ko | mote (Meerut 94) For complete solution of this problem proceed as in the first oe ‘11. simply replace V by vo. pte 13, A particle projected upwards with a velocity U, in a medium resistance varies as the square of the velocity, will return to the wd projection with velocity vy TER ry Wer a time v Warr 2 + tanh 17], where V is the terminal velocity. 5 [Meerut 865, 96; Kanpur 88] solution. Upward motion. Let a particle of mass m be projected cially upwards from the point O with velocity U. If v is the velocity {ie particle at time ¢ at the point P such that OP =x, then the sistance at P is mkv? acting vertically downwards. Since the weight sgofthe particle also acts vertically downwards, therefore the equation ofmotion of the particle is de _ o maga =~ m8 — mkv i y 3 Gan @ +h) Of pnt © dv a @ -@ +h) ne . 2k de. P Integrating; log (g + ko®) = —2kx +A, where A is | }me ‘constant. a But initially at O, x = 0,v = U; { tideg + A= log (g + kU2). fa + log (g + kv2) = - 2kx + log (g + KU) . xs Fle eT : ton 00' =h is the maximum height attained by the particle, then =A andy =0. su(2) Now to find the time from O to O’, we write the equation (1) as dv _ By Br (ethyank et1 ow or d= — kk) + v2 "is given by Integrating, the time 4 from O (0 O' is gi y 0 dv fi --if —_*— fiae kJ, y G+ reo ast » 7 11 -1_¥ or 1 TGR [= we, 1 - k/p or = Teg 1{U v(k/g)}. rd motion. Now the particle comes to Instantaneous at die highest point O' and then falls downwards. If y is its y the point Q at the time ¢ (measured from the instant the falling downwards from 0") such that OQ = y, then res mkv? acting vertically upwards: Since the weight mg of the particle vertically downwards, therefore the equation of motion during downward motion is d mB ng — mkv? or Bag — mt If V is the terminal velocity of the particle during its down moiion, then d%y/dé = 0, when v = V, * O=g-kV2 or k/g=1/V2 Beet) v2 @ g oe s =p? - is Seas =2rdy _-2% yal’? —v2) or r= > yr 4 Integrating, log (v2 — v= oat + B, where B is a constant. But at O',y = 0 andy = *. B= log v2, oa 242) = ae v2) = oy + log v2 Vv or Y= log a 2g Vv If the particle Tet i i) *, Overyandy ay, TS" the point O with velocity vy» thet~ ‘A RESISTING MEDIUM ps bNIN. ok sutstituting > ig in (2), we have U2 h= Fog ( + $3. (0) From (6) and Ms we have v2 v24u2 2 2 Fog || ig Vv Ig 8 | v2 | = 2g vi+u2?_ 2 v2 vray 2. ec V2 (V2 4 U2)—(V24U2)v2=y4 k (V2 + U2) v2 = U2V2, y= wr +2, | shich proves the first part of the question. To find the time from O’ [0 0, we write the sue (5) as v2 a eee V2 — 2) 2 aia Ae v’) or dt= Few | Integrating, the time ty from O' to O is given by fF: | we av W f 2 % v le n= tla nh 1 =“ tann- 121. | & Vio g Vv | | | +. the particle returns to the point of projection O in time ¥ nh. Hh th = TJ tan7! (UV(k/g)} + Franho! Ti ) Substituting k/g =,1/V2 from (4), we get | | V vane Yann 2 k tha gtan Nyt gaan 7 ¥ = tan Y sam" 7}, é : 4 Ex. 14. A particle is projected upwards with velocity u in a median se fetance of which is gu 2 tan? a times the square of t! el ci a ‘ing a constant. Show that the particle will return (0 ihe por Pojection with velocity u cos a after a time cosa}. ug-\ cota fe + log rl (Meerut 82P, 90P)Sol. Upward Motion. Let a particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards from the point O with velocity u. If v is the velocity of the Particle at time ¢ at the point P such that OP =x, then resistance at P is mgu~?tan?a, v2 acting in vertically downward direction. Since the weight mg of the particle also acts vertically downwards, therefore the equation of motion of the particle during its upward motion is a 2, = mg — mgu-? tana. v2 x @x = or sate 2tan2a@ (u2 cola + v2), w(1) From (1), we have a Ve = BU Pana (u2 cota + y2) or aa ota away pr v2 +u2 cora Integrating, we have woot2a xee 2 log (v? + u2 cot2a) +4, where A is a constant, But at O,x =Oandy =u, =~ @oora 2 2p log (u? cosec? a) +4 2 cot? . wWootra o A= log (u2 2 log (u? cosec? a), ; u2 cor2. ogee SS hog (2 + u2 coi? wcotra 2 2g '8(? + u2 cota) + log (u? cose?) 2 coq u é or x= is log 12 cosec? 2g + eoota If the particte i i O"x=hyvao, (© the point O° such that OO" =h, then sl 2 egt2 . u NE a yg MP cose2a egg 5 wood =>, logsec2a. ~C) To find the time fom © t0 0°, the equation (1) can be witet av dt ~~ 8-2 tan2@ (42 (u 2 or dt = — Wcor2 Etat Same dy 8 wWeoray ysW IN A_RESISTING MEDIUM 10! oo! 25 tty be the time from O to O' Then from 0 to O'"t vari dv varies from u to 0. So integrat; ¢ varies from vot a Srating from oO to O' we get 4 Ly uw core [: 1_v 40 = acore |tan- A gueore [a u 1% g Cote tan~ Mang = HS oa 6) fi e . (3 Motion. Now fro; he i Downward on. Nc m the highest Point O', thi i ards. Ify-is its distance afies the Particle fills srinete then ce after time ¢ from o and if v is the veloc 2 ihe total resistance at this point is ards. . The weight mg of the Particle acts vertically downwards, the equation of motion of the Particle during its downward notion is &y m2 = Mg — mgur 2 tan2 it 8 — meu 2 tan’ mgu~2tan2 a, y2, acting vertically ay « G2 7 BU Fran a (woo g — v2, (4) d Fy VB TBH Pan? a (woot a — 2) a oe u2cotta —2vdv a CO a 2g" Sv dys 2g weoa—e Integrating, we have 2 cot? ye ing 2 cora— v2) +B, But at O!,y =O andv = 0. wcora =~ 9g log U2 cot?a) + B. 2 coe u2 cota = 3 If % is the velocity at the lowest point O, then at O, y Ys Sy, 1 2 cot2 Subtracting, we gety = ra * log “ u2 cot? a _woora ~6) has We reota-h From cot? , a ue ius have wrote , joy Wool a— pl log sec? a oe P uP cotta — v4 2g or Sect = _Wrcotra u2 cot2 a — vtpes BO iteg 2 Aa or u2 cota — vf =u? col? a . COS sos a) = u2 col? a sin? = y2 or y} = u2cot2a. (1 — cosa) = We cost or vy) Sucosa, | | ie, the particle returns to the point o Pee With veloc ¥) Su cosa, This proves the first part of the question. Again tg j,5 the time from 0" to O, the equation (4) can be written as e gue? tan? a (u? cot? a — v2) it 2 dv or a= cota. 8 w cota — Let 1, be time from O to O. Then from O' to O71 varies from 9 to f) and ¥ varies from 0 to u cos a. Therefore integrating from 0" tg O, we have = ucosa f dy 0 uf cotr-a-y _woovta jog Lota tv 008 2 Feucota |? ucota—vIo ucota +u cosa + [log <== _ Jog 1 ucota —u cosa 1+ sin 1 + sina). (1 -sina) = “cota log + +2 = # cota tog G+ 8a) (1 = sina) 2g T-sina 2g (1 =sina). (I= sina) u (l=sinta) wu cosa_\? = Scota-log = = # cot ao, Paes 28 8 r= sina? 2g 8 (Tae cosa — sing the required time =, +15 = “cota Ie + log Tend : 258 1-sine Ex. 15. A heavy particle is projected vertically upwards in a medium the resistance-af which varies as the square of velocity. If it has a kinetic energy K ints upwards path at a given point, when it passes the sam? point on the way down, show that its loss of energy is zg WH K’ is the limit to which the energy approaches in its downwards couse. [Meerut 855; Lucknow 9] Sol. Let a particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards with a velocity u from the point O, If v is the velocity of the particle at time # at the point P such that OP =x, then the resistance at P is ™"”wy A RESISTING MEDIUM a ee ~ ing vertically dowenvards. The weight mg of the particle, cul co dl e wertically downwards. HO" The equation of motion of the particle during its — mg — muy? Pye 5 a elt +eu Al) If H is the maximum height attained by the particle, P then at the highest point O’ the particle comes to rest and f me gers falling vertically downwards. If y is the distance + mv? fallen in time f from O” and v is the velocity of the particle atthis point, then the resistance is muv? acting vertically “0 upwards. <. the equation of motion of the particle during its downward motion Is ay : a& . mat mg— muy or T= g— wv? (2) IV is the terminal velocity of the particle during its downward notion, then d2y/de2 = 0 when v = V. Therefore 0 = g ~ uV2 ae or eve (3) + From (2), the equation of motion of the particle in downward motion is or Integrating, log (V2 — v2) = - ay +A, where A is’a constant. But at 0", y = Oandy = 0 A=logV2. log (V2 — y2) = -— By + log V2 * 2gy 2 top (V2 — r= losv log ( ) ig . v2 v2 * 4) Ls a\: th,28 DYNAMIC, article at the point Q at distay, stance 4 If v, is the velocity of the P then from (4), 2 from O', when falling downwards, Wop (a ha Woe aan? “(5 Upward Motion, When the particle is moving upwards from 0 then from (1) with the help of ()s the equation of motion of the particle is dx v2 av & 2 fe. -g(1+7] or Vay wv + vy 2vdv 28° 2vdy de. or Pav Vv 2g . Integrating, log (V2 + v2) = — 72* + B, where B is a constant, But at Ox =0,v=u5 -. B= log (V2 +). log V2+24) = — ed + log (V2 + U2) } é _ye V2 +u2 or x= 2% log vi+v|" (6) If v2 is the velocity of the particle at the point Q in its upward motion then at Q,x = OQ =H-h,v =z yi V2 +u2 “ H-h= {57} log |Ga 2 wf?) (2) = ee Since H is the maximum height attained by the particle the putting x = Handy = 0 in (6), we get refore v2 V2 +u2 H=— ox (8) 2 log ml: ( Substituting the values of h and H from (5) and (8) in (D, we v2, v24+ur V2 v2 v2, Vv? w log = oy yaa? % ve” 2 lee p2— vy 2 or log Wee) [= | = log [=| V2 log V2 + vo? wi og (ee V2 4 v2 y2 log [Oe top 5 ( V2 +4 u2 v2—vy yee ON. INA RESISTING MEDIUM. 3 y ew v2 Vi (V2 + ¥2\(V2 — v2) =v o (V2+v2)V2-(V2+v2)v2=y4 o v2y2 . Ya a) Now the kinetic energy K of the particle at the point Q at depth anne 5 1 prelow 0" during its upward motion = 3 mv? and the K.E. at Q during 1 downward motion = mv. Also the terminal KE. = 4 m2, | The requried loss of K.E. dmv? - pm? ve v2 m |v — VE vl Substituting for ¥2.from (9) m vz 1 my,2)2 “2 Pave Imyz4h 2 mv? + Lm, tere K’ = Lm? = limiting K.E. in the medium. Ex. 16. If the resistance vary as the 4th power of the velocity, the nergy of m Ibs. at a depth x below the highest point when moving in a vatical line under gravity will be E tan (mgx/E) when rising, and Evanh (mge/E) when falling, where E is the terminal energy in the medium, (Allahabaid 1977; Meerut 77, 94) Sol. Let a particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards with ‘velocity w in the given resisting medium. If v is the velocity of the Patticle at time ¢ at the point whose distance is y from the starting point then the resistance on the particle is muv‘ acting vertically Omnvaras, t nati “+ the equation of motion of the particle during its upward ion is | mw — mg —myrt or wa | fy gay’, (1) Why a2 bighes: 8 the maximum height att tained by the particle, then at the * Point, say O', the particle will 11 come to rest ‘and will start falling30 _ DYNAN, nin time C1OM OF ang y i on FeHIAMANCE Ay yt Any downwards, If x is the distance tale velocity of the particle at this point, th vertically upwards. the equation of motion of the particle during its doyyy Mean motion is x 4 = mg my" magi me a il ” anne wy If V is the terminal velocity, then O=ag-nvs be ee ms gvi 6) from (2), the equation of motion of the particle when moving vertically downwards is Pe (yp -eys) shit ie (! a") =e vl) w(l Po pa Bvt) 2 or = ae or a= Fee pouting v2 =z so that 2y dv = dz. Integrating, 5 stan” 135 = Be +A, where A. is a constant Le pony 1 oe 2 or pau ia pata: But at O',x=Oandy =0; . A=0. 1 Sy VE eee anne 1 ve og pi tanh py or tanh la" v2 or v2-= V2 tanh (2gx/V2), : the KE. at a depth x below the highest point when moving Smy2 = tmV2 tanh (2g¢/V2) = fmV? tanh (mgx/t m2) = E tanh (mgr/E)> where E = {mV? = the terminal energy in the medium. Upward motion. When the particle is moving upwa! then from (1) with the help of (3), the equation of motio! particle is dy 4 a8 ( + } downwards is 0 rds from nf the vaa hy oui «Pew Vs dy, putting v2 =z so that 2vdv = dz, . one tn 4 imegratings 775 an "5 = — AF + B, where B is a constant puatOQy=Oveu; + Baan Fa = ba or 3 tan 115 — tant wa(5) At the highest point O',y = h andy =0. (6) If, is the velocity during the upward motion at a depth x below ihe highest point O', i.e., at a height y = —x from the starting point 9,then from (5), we have 2 v Fit = tan = tan =O) Subtracting (7) from (6), we have. 2a ant (i or vee V2 tan (| Vv v2)" the KE. at a depth x below the highest point when rising is ie imvi = mV? tan (A) LmV2 tan (mgr/(EmV2)} = E wan (ee): rig’ 7. A particle moving in a straight line is sabe 3 g bee kv3, where v is the velocity. Show that ify isthe veo a tn : "hen the distance is gv 2 u/(\ + kus) nd (= (7) + 3h whe : "Ne intiat velocity. (Meerut 1983, 2389 ) eae it ‘ity u fro into) Suppose a particle of mass m starts with velocity i from iy ~ Let v be the velocity of the particle oy a sae a? acting i itance on the is ‘Bins, ype time ¢. Then the resitance > 7 article. € direction of motion of the parcDINAH, 32 the equation of motion of the particle is ws = mk Fs 5 fe Here “r vgn [: ae ds or # = —kds. i A is a constant. ating, — © = — As +A, where Integrating, — 7; oman initially when s = 0,V=4U5 0 =- tu. But initially eo a ogacks yen —_ or veu/(1 + kus), which proves the first part of the question. u T+kis* arm (EBS) as = (f+ ts) a. ye oe Now ie Integrating, = (5 + 343) +.B, where B is a constant. Bulr=0,s=0, “ B=0. F asad ge, “ t= a + 2 ks. Ex. 18. A heavy particle is projected vertically upwards with velocity U ina medium, the resistance of which varies as the cube of the particle's velocity. Determine the height to which the particle will ascend. (Meerut 1980) Sol, Leta particle of mass m be projected vertically upwards with velocity U. If v be the velocity of the particle at time ¢ at the point whose distance is x from the starting point O, then the resistance 0" the particle is mv acting vertically downwards. Also the weight mg of the particle acts vertically downwards. “. The’ equation of moti i ing. it 10S fein quati jotion of the particle during. its up! | te | a2 M8 — mp3 | m dy “ ae 8 ~ ww A) then the ainsi downwards in the given resisting medi - Motion will be act vertically upwards and the equation (PALA) = mg — my?jy A RESISTING MEDIUM WN. js the terminal velocity, then d2x/dt2 = 0, when v = V. Weeg-wV3 of w/e = 1/V3, : from (1), We have dv v3 yo=u-g 14a] =~ feos + 0) a V3) _vdv , a=- (Platina an 8 vdv = — tw a & W+V)(—wW+ 72 ~-(2) oe VE A By+C Now let CH) @-W4+V2) vert Bop, +2 ~@) veA(2—W+ V2) + (By +O +V), Equating the coefficients of like powers of v from the two sides, 0=A+.B, 1=-AV+BV4+C and 0=AV2 + cy, Sobing, we have, A = — 1/3V, B=1/3VandC = 1/3, Substituting in (3), we have : WRITS * WEI tae wt) 02 —W+ +V) " 3V@2—-Wayn- . from (2), we have COW ay 42-2 bam teeth 8 WVU+V) ” 3V02— rae 7 ay Pla {ir -Y+Y | vtV @=W+V2 ; Ef av -V) “3 yept — ee Me J xl vey IG We VB * TGF w aA] © “Eten wv 1 VAV 22 WV? 2 one euwry|* “een , we have re V2 Fo) sana ey av et +2 ar" WV] *? hry 2 where D is a constant F [mee +1) + Hog o2— 4 19 + v3tan- 2 | +D. 4) v3Vi =0,v=U. But initially when x =" —log(U+¥) + Hog (U2 - UV + v2 0=-3 -12U- 4 + v3tan“1 =| +, 7 Subtracting (5) from (4), We have we = log (U+ V) + logy + Vv) + Hog — U4 yy h BUY tan 1 2~Y) v3V a = Hog (2 - Vv + V2) + V3 (= : 2 v2, v+V U-Uv+V" beh & [matye tee ye Ww +V2 2U-V awe a1 = tan-122=V" + v3 | tan V3 tan’ ar If A is the height to which the particle will ascend, then when x =h. oe . : y2 Vv ‘ -UV+V' tha tos (7¥7] + 4108 v2 2w-Vv 1 1 =tan-1{-4) +3 {1m v3v 7 an ( a v2 (U2- UV + 2172 ~12U-V 2) or 0-3 toe +0) + v3 | tan’ BV *6 Ex. 19. A particle of mass m falls from rest at a distance a the centre of the earth, the motion meeting with a small resis Proportional to the square of the velocity v and the retardation be * for unit velocity; show that the kinetic. energy at a distance x from centre is 1s 21 2j2 ok ee fa mgr [} ate(t :) ane (2, the square of 4 being neglected and r is the radius of the earth. [Meerut 90, OP =x, then the two accelerations i.e., the forces acting 00 tH mass of the particle at P are: (i) _ The attraction of the earth towards its centre = 4/2" BY the surface of the earth, the attraction (acceleration) § x == the radius of the earth,INA RESISTING. MEDIUM. Adrtmeg or Ase rg. attraction of the earth towards the ., the et x decreasing) 4s r2y/x?, re i sistance of the medium on the particle =’ > Pe ect H dation due tO (ye direction of motion. But for v = 1, the retar tance IS fs persist ve wk i? or key, : . the retardation on the particle due to the resistance of the is pv? acting in the direction of x increasing, pedi ‘the equation of motion ofsthe particle is a ne + uy? ay % 2) r, ; Dial + pv? or 140) 3 wa dv) 2rrg a ae CHR (1) stich is a linear differential equation in v2, LF. = of EL gD, «. the solution of (1) is 2r vem 2ux = C= f aoe 2mx dx, where C is a constant 1 20-2) = c-2rig. f 5a = 2ux) dr, [expanding e~ 2#* and neglecting the squares and higher powers 1.2 . 21 — 2px) 2-278. f (22) « © 21 — 2px) =C +28 (: +ln tes}. 0) But initially at x = a,v = 0. ‘ Laat ~@) .O=C+2rg qtr log a}. Subtracting (3) from (2), We me (1 = 2px) = arg [2-3 + 2H OBE vousitenmG} eg 2 159] ~__ (Expanding higher power: of a] fe “ct z41_1 ii tat wtrty | 4 —Ledger |--5) - test 2 lz at lz ay Ex DB. A particle roses from rest at a distor point O unter the action of a force ta O equal to pt per unit of mass. If the revistance of the metium in which it ries tires the sepuare Of the velocity per unit mass, then shir that the Of it vdnity when it te at a distance 2 fom OD BE Gee 4 Show aliy that when it, comes to rest it will be at a distance b given by Why MH = (1+ aj SA, Leta particle of mass m start from rest at 2 distance 2 the fixed point O. If v is the velocity of the particle at time t point P such that OP =x, then the two forces acing on the ame: (ij the force myx vnwrats O (iz, in the direction Gecreaing) < and (iy the sesstance of the medium = mix? acing opposite 19 disection of motion iz., in the direction of x increasing. “ fhe equedign of motion of Me parsicte ma ~ ie + mb a or vG=-metbt or 44 yy = — po bo ay, or ~ Ue = — Ys, which is a Sineas alfferential equation im v2.2h Lint ion (1) fs ne solution of the equation (1) is Myr = C — f ure de, where C is a constant we Catal came ; F } oc-™ fae = =H |? [integrating by parts] | Sige tee _ scone] veteac+e xem Zee 4. ea(2) But initially when x = a,v = 0, onc +e [acne + (3) Subtracting (3) from (2), we ae ‘ tert lee : J be v2 Bt he Eee ae-a wn(4) a ea eH 4 BT enema, which proves the first part of the question. Let V be the velocity of the Particle at the centre of force O so uty = V when x = 0. Then from (4), we have a Y= — Te ta + BH — @- 2a} ie, the particle does not come to rest at. the centre of force O. Therefore the particle moves to the left of O with velocity V. As the Particle moves to the left of O, the force of attraction and the resistance ofthe medium will act towards O, and therefore the velocity of the Particle will 80 on decreasing. If the Particle comes to instantaneous "Slat a distance b from O on its left, then v = 0, when x = — b, “| from (4), we have (ub/k) — (wa/k) ek (- b= 0) + (4/2K3) [1 — @2k (=o 4) b uf 48H) 2b = 2a or kK . (1 ~ 2bk) = (2ak + 1) e~ 2ak , ¢ 2k & (1 ~ 2bk) €2k = (1 + 2ak ew 2ak, icin '9° cx 21. What do you understand by ‘terminal velocity’ ? Give Maton that th € terminal velocity obtained from vertically downward * 'S also used for the motion vertically upwards. Why is it so ? bh| 38 Pe der gravity in a resistin 7 Sol, Suppose a particle ically upwards on the particle “tity, ‘The force of resistance a downwards. As the velocity of ty i force of previa sos va aie of resistance also goes on increas? j goes on increasing the istance becomes equal to the weight ing Suppose the force of resistan Of the po it has attained the velocity V. Then the resulta ue a article becomes zero and so duri A downward acceleration of the pi with constant velocity 978 the subsequent motion the particle falls YY, called the ferminal velocity. . 7 ‘ Thus if a ae is falling under gravity in a resisting medium, then the velocity V when the force of resistance on the particle becomes @ to the weight of the particle so that the downward acceleration Of the Particle is zero is called the terminal velocity. If a particle is projected vertically upwards in a resisting Medium, then both the force of resistance and the weight of the Particle ag, vertically downwards ie, act against the direction of Motion, Consequently. the velocity of the particle. goes on decreasing ang becomes zero when the particle reaches the point of maximum height, Thus in the upwards motion the question of terminal Velocity does not arise. The terminal Velocity in a resisting medium arises Only in the downward motion. . . Ex.22. A heavy Particle is projected vertically downwards with an initial velocity U, in ‘a. resis ! | isting medium. Discuss the behaviour of its velocity when U is less than, equal to or greater than the terminal velocity Vin the medium, (Allahabad 1987) Bee el the initial velocity U is tess than the terminal velocity V, then the velocity of the particle B0cS on increasing till it becomes equal ‘0 the terminal velocity V, After attaining this terminal velocity V, the Particle will move with Constant velocity V, If the initial velocity U is e nes th qual to the terminal. velocity V, t! the Pibucle will continue moving with thie constant velocity U. If the initial velocity of Projection U is greater than the termi! is a eat oa velocity of the particle goes on decreasit ‘0 the: terminal velocity V, After attaining “rmlnal velociy; the parte will mee’ with constant velocity