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Lexi Co Logie
Lexi Co Logie
groups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms are used. They
are used for the economy of space and effort in writing.
• A few of the most important cases are listed below: a.m. (Lat. Ante
meridiem) – “in the morning”; cf. (Lat. Conferre) – “ compare”; e.g. (Lat. Exempli
gratia) – “ for example”; ibid. (Lat. Ibidem) – “ in the same place”; i.e. (Lat. Id est) –
“that is”; loc.cit. (Lat. Locus citato) – “in the passage cited”; p.m. (Lat. Post meridiem) –
“in the afternoon”; q.v. (Lat. Quod vide) – “which see “; viz. (Lat. Videlicet) –
“namely”. Actual letters are also read in the following cases: a.m. [‘ei’em], e.g.,q.v.,p.m.
• There are also graphical abbreviations of native origin, where in the spelling
we have abbreviations of words and word-groups of the corresponding English
equivalents in the full form.
The reading of some graphical abbreviations depends on the context, for example the
abbreviation m. can be read as: male, married, masculine, minute; av. Can be read as
avenue or average.
2. Ways of Forming Phraseological Units. Semantic Structure of Phraseological Units