STUDIES ON ZEOLITE FAMILY CRYSTAL FOR PURIFICATION OF WATER

FROM MAHARASHTRA
A
SYNOPSIS
SUBMITTED TO THE
SHRI JAGDISH PRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA UNIVERSITY,
FOR THE DEGREE
OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
PHYSICS

By
Shital Annarao Munde
Registration No.201019071

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

DR. Astha Singh

UNDER THE CO-GUIDANCE OF

DR. ……………………

DEPARTMENT OF SHRI JAGDISH PRASAD JHABARMAL TIBREWALA

UNIVERSITY,
VIDYANAGARI, JHUNJHUNU, RAJASTHAN – 333001
2021
Topic : Studies on zeolite family crystal for purification of water
from Maharashtra

Name of the Scholar : Shital Annarao Munde

Reg. No. : 201019071

Subject : PHYSICS

Guide’s Name : Dr. Astha Singh

CO-Guide’s Name : Dr.

GUIDE Working Place : SHRI JJTUNIVERSITY, JJN

CO-GUIDE Working Place :

Signature of The Scholar Signature of the Guide

Signature of the CO-Guide

Introduction:

Zeolites have known for more than 200 years, but it was
not until the middle of this century that the scientific
community became generally aware of their attractive
properties or of this their geological significance in the
genesis of tuffaceous sediments. At present the zeolite
group includes more than 40 naturally occurring species,
and the largest of minerals among the silicates. The primary
building block of the zeolite frame work is the tetrahedron,
the center of which is occupied by a silicon or aluminum
atom with four atoms of oxygen at the vertices. Each
oxygen atom is shared between two literal. Hence the
tetrahedral form a continuous frame work. Substitution of
Si++¿ by Al ¿ indicate the negative charged framework, which is
compensated by monovalent or divalent cations located
together with the water molecules in structural channels.
Cations in the channels are substituted easily and therefore
they are termed exchange or extra framework cations.
Unlike Si and Al which are not exchanged under ordinary
conditions; latter are termed tetrahedral (T) or framework
cations. Before the 1960s zeolite minerals was thought to
be distributed in hydrothermal veins and geodes in basalts.
Due to the usual small size of the veins and because of
polyminerality, these deposits have no practical
importance, but samples of vein origin have been used to
establish the properties of the minerals and the possibility
of their utilization in industry. All known zeolites have
been found in hydrothermal veins, some of them are major
rock forming species. Only in recent decades, first in Japan,
then later in USA and Europe, have
a wide distribution of zeolites in certain sedimentary rocks
been established. These deposits differ markedly from the
primary type. During the last fifty years, interest in zeolite
crystals has interested at the remarkable rate. The
successful synthesis of crystalline zeolites has been resulted
in wide scientific interest and a great variety of applications
in industry. The fundamental properties and applications of
zeolite involve several scientific fields and cross many
traditional boundaries. Field involved is geology and
mineralogy, inorganic chemistry and physics including
crystallography, spectroscopy and solid-state physics. More
than 40 distinct species have been recognized; nearly 100
of varieties having no natural counterparts have been in
laboratory. The potential application of both natural and
synthetic zeolites steams, of course, from their fundamental
physical and chemical properties which turn are related to
their chemical composition and crystal structure. To cope
up with world growing energy requirements whether they
are from fossil fuels, nuclear, solar or other untapped
source, and modern technology will be forced to develop
new progresses or upgrade old ones to do a more efficient
job. New or modified technology invariably calls for new
or modified materials with properties to match. Natural
zeolites are thoroughly evaluated in the development of
new energy source or in the conservation of old ones. The
ability of certain zeolites to absorb nitrogen selectivity from
air and produce oxygen –rich products might find zeolites
at the forefront of such fields as coal- gasification. More
than 25% of coal reserves are in deep lying unlikeable
seams and will require underground gasification if they are
utilized. The use of onsite zeolite adsorption units,
however, might be answer
in that would be capable of producing any liquefaction.
Utilizing natural zeolites from its Bowie Arizona area NRG
Corporation of USA developed a pressure-wing adsorption
process to extract up to 25% Co2 , H 2 o∧H 2 S from gas
well. Along with quartz and feldspar minerals, zeolites are
tectosilicates, that is consist of three-dimensional
framework of Sio 4 tetrahedra. This arrangement of
tetrahedral reduces the overall Si : 0 ratio to 2 : 1 and if
each tetrahedral structure in the frame work contains silicon
is the central cation, The quadrivalent silicon is replaced
by trivalent
aluminicate, gives rise to a deficiency of a positive charge.
This charge is balanced by the presences of movement of
divalent cations, such as Na+, Ca++, K +¿¿ elsewhere
in the structure which are represented by
M2
empirical formula O Al2 . X Sio 2 . Y H 2 o where
n
M- is any alkali or alkaline earth cation,

n- the valance of that cation

X- Is a number between 2 and about 10

Y- Is a number between 2 and 7.

 Literature Review:

Zeolites were discovered in 1756 by Freiherr Axel Fredrick

Cronstedt, a Swedish mineralogist, who named them from
Greek word meaning “boiling stone”. The intumescences of
zeolites on heating has been used for years by amateur and
professional mineralogists to identify this group.(1,2) In the
last 250 Years only three zeolite minerals were regarded by
most of the geologists as mineralogical curiosities. Despite
their occurrence in almost every basalt floe, few
investigations of major geological significance were carried
out on them and zeolites were regarded for the most part of
museum cases and collection drawers. Damour.(3)
discovered that zeolites could be reversibly dehydrated
without destruction of the crystal, where as Friedel (4)
observed that various liquids such as benzene , alcohol,
chloroform and mercury could be occluded by the
dehydrated zeolites. In 1909 Grandje and emostreted
adsorption properties of zeolite using chabazite and gases
such as hydrogen, air, ammonia, H 2 S and iodine. It
was
observed that dehydrated zeolites would absorb small
organic molecules but reject larger ones, a phenomenon
described in 1932 by Bain (5) as “ Molecular sieving”. In
the four decades that followed, several reports on the
dehydration, adsorption and ion exchange properties of
zeolite minerals appeared in the literature, mostly from the
laboratories of Barrer in London and Sameshima in Japan.
According to modern ideas of ionic substitution and cation
exchange, cations substitute freely for one another in
zeolite species, the only restriction that being balance of
charge. Loosely bond water also present in the structure of
all zeolites and its ranges from 10 to 20 % of dehydrated
phase.
Part of all this water is given off continuously and
reversibly on heating a zeolite from room temperature to
about 3500𝑐𝑐. Once the water is removed, the cations fall
back to positions on the inner surface of the channels and
central cavities. The dehydration of zeolite is an
endothermic process conversely, rehydration is exothermic.
Water content of zeolite is depends on the percentage of
water of the atmosphere to which the zeolite exposed.
Discovery of different types of zeolites in low grade
metamorphic rocks of new Zealand and Sersale(6) early
work on Italy, a few farsighted geologists and volcanic
ashes by X-ray diffraction techniques. Most of the zeolites
in altered tuffs are extremely fine grained and defy reliable
microscopic characterization. Practical size ranges from
0.1μm to a few μm. Zeolites occurs in miniscule quantities,
and for research purpose investigators have sometimes been
required to work with minute quantities. As a result of such
investigations, a rare mineral zeolite clinoptilolite suddenly
become one of the most common mineral in tuffaceous
sedimentary. The realization that zeolite crystals have
potential applications in numerous area industrial and
agricultural applications in numerous area of industrial and
agricultural technology provide impetus for exploration and
development programme that have been carried out in
many countries. From the last four decade, status of zeolite
group of crystals has changed from that of museum
curiosity to an important mineral commodity. Commercial
use of natural zeolite crystals is still in its infancy.
However, more than 300,000 tones of zeolite tuff is being
mined each year in united states, Japan, Italy, USSR,
Germany, Korea and many other countries. Since from
1950 hundreds of discoveries of high grade zeolite deposits
in
sedimentary rocks of volcanic origin. This leads to the
development of host of applications which take advantage
of the low mining costs, near surface deposits and of
attractive physical and chemical properties of the zeolite
structures. Applications and potential applications range
from the removal of radioactive CS137 from nuclear waste
waters, to the use as fillers in paper industry. All the
commercial applications of both natural and synthetic
zeolite crystals exploit one or more of several physical or
chemical properties, including ion exchange, adsorption
and related molecular sieve properties, dehydration and
rehydration, silicious composition etc. These properties are
functions of the specific crystal structure of the respective
individual zeolite species and of their certain extrinsic
properties, such as tendency of sedimentary zeolites to
occur as light colored, lightweight, porous aggregates of
micrometer size crystals, have contributed to their past and
present day uses. The Natural zeolite Mordenite, Chabazite
and others are capable of withstanding rigors of continuous
cycling in acid environments and have been used
successfully to remove and carbon dioxide from gases
hydrocarbons. In recent years zeolite minerals found
increasing applications in the field of pollution abatement,
and they are fast becoming standard components in the
design and construction of such facilities. Both the ion
exchange and absorption properties of zeolite can be
utilized. However, most application that has been
developed is based on the ability of certain zeolites. The
concentration of uranium in presence of a heulandites
clinoptilolite zeolite in tuffaceous sandstone. Oxidized
uranium in ground water is presumed to have been
absorbed on the zeolite, which is some zones contains
about 0.9 %
uranium. These studies suggest that natural zeolites may be
used for extract and concentrate uranium and other ions
from low level processing solution, such as those
encountered during the place or heap leaching of uranium
and copper ores (7) Ion exchange properties of many
natural zeolites led themselves to concentration of heavy
metals from waste water effiuents of mining and
metalogical potions. Torri (8) reported that sodium
exchanged clinoptilolite and mordenite removed almost all
the Cd++¿ ¿ from 10 ppm solutions of that ion. Mondale et al
(9) also pointed out the effectiveness of certain zeolites for
exchanging heavy metal ion from aqueous media. They
found that chabazite is able to remove more than 90 % of
Pb++¿¿ andCu++¿¿ from 10−3 molar solution. Zeolites are
hydrated aluminosilicate mineral crystals having skeletal
structure with well-defined voids and channels field with
considerable amount of water in it (10) Due to fascinating
properties and presence of well- defined voids and
channels, zeolite crystals have countless eco-friendly
applications in various fields, such as water treatment,
aquaculture, agriculture, horticulture, odor control, ion
exchange, gas adsorption, industrial gas separation, heat
storage and solar refrigeration. Now a day hundred tons of
zeolite powder is being used in petrochemical and other
industrial applications. So zeolite is becoming new
advanced material in different fields for eco- friendly
applications (11) From last many years detailed schemes
for utilizing energy from the sunray are commonly stymied
by the lack of efficient heat exchanges. But from last few
years considerable success has been achieved at the Texas
and USA in using natural zeolite (Chabazite and
clinoptilolite) to absorb and release heat from solar
radiation
for both air conditioning and water heating, the dehydration
of zeolites by day time and its rehydration at night results
in the exchange of several hundred BTU’s of heat energy
per pound of zeolite, sufficient to small buildings as
reported by Tchernev (12) He estimated that one ton of
zeolite in solar panels spread over 200 square feet of roof
surface will produce one ton of air conditioning. The
extremely non linear adsorption isotherms of crystalline
zeolites in contrast with other sorbent materials make
possible cooling efficiencies bettered by more than 50 % .
If continuous experimentation supports these initial results,
solar energy uses may create a market for natural zeolites
of a few million tones each year. In recent years zeolite
minerals found increasing applications in the field of
pollution abatement, and they are fast becoming standard
components. Most applications that are having been
developed are based on the ability of certain zeolites to
exchange large cations selectively from aqueous solutions.
The escalation of nuclear power plant construction in
different countries in the next decades will results in the
production of large quantities of waste. Natural zeolites
capable of extracting species such as
Sr 90 ,Cs137 , Co 60, Cr 51selectively and also of retaining
their ion –exchange properties in high flux environments
may well play major roll in the safe development of nuclear
power. Natural zeolites are considerably less expensive
than organic ion exchange resigns, and are much more
resistant to nuclear degradation. Natural zeolite
clinoptilolite is highly selective for ammonium ions, and
useful for extraction of ammonical nitrogen from sewage
and agricultural effluents. Another area of pollution control
involves use of natural zeolites in the removal of So2 and
other pollutants from
stack gases of oil and coal-burning power plant (13) In the
zeolite structure aluminosilicate frame work, exchangeable
cations and zeolitic water these three relatively independent
components are found. This independence is expressed in
existence of the same structure with varying components.
The aluminosilicate frame work is the most conserved and
stable component and defines the structure type. The
topology of the frame work, the numbers, distribution of
charges and stacking faults are basically formed at the
crystal growth stage and define a series of technologically
important properties of zeolite. Framework topology forms
the basis of contemporary classification of the zeolites.
Under ordinary conditions the channels and cavities in
zeolite framework are filled with cations and water
molecules. Ease of water removal and ion-exchange creates
an impression of disordered locations of cations and water
in the structures. For zeolites containing large cavities the
presence of large complexes of water molecules in void and
bonding between framework ions and exchangeable ions.
The water molecules can also serves bridge between
exchangeable cations. Perhaps the most typical situation
involves a cations bound to the channel wall on one side
and to a water molecule on other. Related high- silica
natural zeolites are rule bi-and polyatomic. As structural
refinements show, each cation occupy its own specific site
in natural and exchanged forms (14) Air and water
pollutions generally involve the presence of objectionable
compounds and particles. However, they may also be
caused by the absence of desirable ones, such as oxygen. In
the atmosphere of closed room its depletion is
uncomfortable and hazardous at worst. Zeolite adsorption
process utilized
to produce inexpensive, oxygen enriched streams of barer
nitrogen gas is selectively absorbed from air by several
zeolites crystalline materials yielding products containing
up to 95 % oxygen. The potential market for low cost
oxygen generators based on effective adsorption properties
of zeolites in direct competition with the more expensive
synthetic zeolites currently being used in several
commercial systems. At room temperature under conditions
of normal humidity, the three components of zeolite
structure are in equilibrium. On heating or evacuation,
water is released from the structure and this is accompanied
by other processes which establish equilibrium under the
new conditions. The temperature at which water released
from the structure and the rate of its loss depends upon the
water vapour pressure. At a pressure of 1 x 105 Pa the
dehydration temperature will be 200º C higher in vacuum.
Strictly speaking, zeolites in dehydrated state are
metastable under ambient conditions. The temperature of
thermal decomposition depends upon the duration and rate
of heating, presence of water .So studies on zeolite
behavior on dehydration are essential importance, since
zeolites have molecular sieve effects, sorptive and catalytic
properties only in dehydrated state.(15)Earth is made-up of
water, fire, air, soil, rocks and different kind of crystals in
it. Every life initially born in water only in presence of
sunlight. Hence life without water is highly impossible on
earth. So for lives “water is elixir of life”. If we see the
availability of water on earth, then it is found that 71 % of
total land is occupied by water. So earth looks blue if we
look from any planet. Even though very high amount of
water is available on surface of earth, but it is available in
drinking and nondrinking form type. Out of total
available water more than 99 % of water is available in sea,
Ice River, underground saline water, underground moisture
and air moisture contain forms. But all this form of water is
undrinkable and non useful for irrigation purpose. Only less
than 0.1 % of total water available in underground sweet
fresh water and rivers which is drinkable and useful for
domestic and irrigation purpose? India is a developing
country with high growth rate population whose economy
is based on agrees. Agricultural developing country like
India to become develop it demands clean source of energy
and pure water, food and air. Under the name of
development very high attention is given for
industrialization, urbanization and green revolution. So
drinkable fresh sweet water is heavily polluting due to
industrial, municipal waste, agrochemical fertilization (16)
This is affecting on human health without any couse. Our
Maharashtra is third largest state by area in India
distributed over 307,713 km2 area with 112,374,333
population (17) with 950/m2 population density (18).In
Maharashtra in an average from 60 to 90 days 1360mm to
1773mm rain falls in kokan marathwada vidarb
. But our Maharashtra is under Deccan trap region so it has
poor water harvesting capacity, very large amount of water
reaches to sea becoming salty nearly in 34 gm of salt is
available in 1 kg of sea water. So entire water is becoming
salty (19) Now contaminated water is killing one after
every four hours in Maharashtra (20) Hence for
Maharashtra it is said that’ pure water is not on earth but it
is available in the sky’. Today more than 163 millions
peoples in India do not have access to clean water, the
highest in the world (21) According to index Delhi
,Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Nashik , Jaipur ,
Ahmedabad and Indore are the cities
 facing ‘extreme risk’ . About 80 % of Indians water is
severely polluted because peoples dump raw sewage silt
and garbage into the Country Rivers and lakes. This has led
to water being undrinkable and polluted having relied on
illegal and expensive sources (22) Each year’s more than
1.5 millions Indian children dies from diarrhea. Out of the
entire Indian population experts predict that 40 % of
peoples may not have a connection to a clean water source
by 2030 (23)In the past five years 11.768 peoples were died
due to unsafe drinking water (24, 25).In mineralogical
terms water is called as “ Zeolitic” when it can be removed
at elevated temperature without destruction of the original
structure which can absorb once more on recovery of
original conditions. Zeolite water is represented in the
crystals by
𝐻2𝑜 Molecules. But the properties and the states of
this component differ essentially in various – structures.
there is one of the objectives of study. Several conventional
methods are used for the removal of pollutants from
drinking water, such as coagulation followed by filtration,
membrane processes and ion exchange. Adsorption
methods proved to
be effective, economically efficient, easy to perform and
construct. A very unique property of natural zeolites is their
selectivity towards cationic. The excellent results of
adsorption experiments, especially for the modified forms
along with the fact that the clinoptilolite–Fe system is
inexpensive, easily synthesized and regenerated, harmless
for human beings, as well as for the environment, we can
consider it as a very promising selective metal adsorbent
(26) The applicability of natural zeolites for the
simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid, two of
the most encountered current contaminants, from the
surface
waters was also investigated. Their removal depends on pH
value, initial concentrations of humic acid and ammonia,
temperature and contact time. The obtained results
indicated that zeolite showed best performance for
simultaneous removal of ammonia and humic acid at the
pH close to that of natural water The development of new
and cost effective methods to remove as from ground water
and drinking water also becomes one of the research
priorities. The occurrence of arsenic in natural ground
waters is due to geological composition of soil. (27) the
unique ion exchange and adsorption properties, high
porosity and excellent thermal stability of zeolites make
them very suitable for many applications, also in water
treatment processes. Many different studies have
demonstrated their effectiveness in reducing the
concentrations of contaminants (heavy metals, anions and
organic matter) in water. The complexity of aquatic
systems demands special attention in the selection and
preparation of materials for water purification. The
chemical behavior of natural zeolites in different aqueous
environments, which was also a subject of recent
geochemical and technological studies, additionally proved
their applicability, although monitoring of pH and its
changes, remains very important for their use of real
environments. Namely, zeolites can interact with hydrogen
or hydroxyl ions present in solutions and, as a consequence,
certain physio-chemical phenomena such as hydrolysis of
solids, degradation, dissolution and even phase
transformations can occur. All these phenomena again
depend on the structural characteristics and the chemical
composition of the used zeolite. Nowadays, modified
natural zeolites are increasingly used also for biological
treatment of
water, precisely for surface binding of biological agents
from water. Further research should be focused on the
optimization of the surface modification procedures to raise
their efficiency and to enhance the capability of
regeneration (28)The present study gives about water
purification; filtration technique .Purification of water is
mainly focused because of a sensitive reason that it is one
of the essential sources of survival for all living beings.
Water is found in many forms on the earth’s surface, large
amount of drinking water is from lakes and rivers. All
living beings need drinking water but human beings need
them to be drunk in a purified manner with rich in minerals
and salts. Pure water refers to absence of bacteria and
disease causing microorganisms, dissolved metal ions and
heavy impurities. To gain the whole usefulness of drinking
water, it should be not only pure but also healthy. Healthy
water refers to presence of nutrients such as minerals and
salts that are required to the human body for functioning of
body organs like heart, kidneys and blood circulation freely
throughout the body. The surface waters in the Republic of
Macedonia are seriously endangered by different sources of
pollution, but as major sources are the urban wastewaters
and the wastewaters from the industry and mining. Most
urban settlements and industrial capacities directly
discharge their wastewaters in the rivers without treatment,
which leads to their pollution especially in the densely
populated areas. Some rivers are turned into collectors for
wastewater that emanates from the discharges of the major
pollutants. The quality of the water in the rivers Vardar,
Crna River and Bregalnica, after the collection of the
wastewater from the households and the industries from the
bigger cities through
which they flow is below the stipulated national standards.
The trend for lowering of the pollution in recent years is
positive, but unfortunately this trend is a result of the
lowered intensity of industrial activity in our country. A
small advance has been made in the treatment of the urban
wastewaters in the past few years in the Republic of
Macedonia. There is a secondary treatment for the urban
wastewaters in just a few cities in Macedonia, but the
current treatment facilities cover only 10-12% of the need
for treatment. A small amount of treatment facilities have
been built for treating the industrial wastewaters, and most
of them have technologies only for a mechanical treatment.
A small number of these treatment facilities have
technologies for mechanical and chemical (or biological)
treatment of the industrial wastewaters. Some of these
facilities are out of order because of defects, lack of spare
parts, or just because their regular maintenance is very
expensive. Although the condition with the quality of the
surface waters in some regions is substandard, in the
Republic of Macedonia appropriate measures are being
undertaken to reduce and even prevent the pollution of the
waters, with which a better ecological status or potential of
the waters would be achieved. All the technologies had
tried to make water pure but not healthy. This makes a lot
of difference in life cycle before and after drinking only
pure water for a longer period. Some technologies for
purification of water chose harmful polymers and dreadful
chemical compositions. The then technologies updated and
entered into the nanotechnology and polymers for water
purification and filtration. Reverse Osmosis is base for any
purification process that uses semi permeable membrane
which contain
ultra, micro and nano porous membranes which removes
bacteria and microbes as well as minerals and salts. This
RO processed water may cause illness on consuming for a
long time continuously. Hence some fiber composites and
mineral cartridges were introduced to overcome to add
minerals and salts to water. Membrane filters are widely
used for filtering both drinking water and sewage. For
drinking water, membrane filters can remove virtually all
particles larger than 0.2 μm—including giardia and
cryptosporidium. Membrane filters are an effective form of
tertiary treatment when it is desired to reuse the water for
industry, for limited domestic purposes, or before
discharging the water into a river that is used by towns
further downstream. They are widely used in industry,
particularly for beverage preparation (including bottled
water). However no filtration can remove substances that
are actually dissolved in the water such as phosphates,
nitrates and heavy metal ions. All these techniques adopted
for purification of water and usage of fiber composites,
polymer membranes are reviewed in this article with
defects in them that might cause a lot of damage to
mankind. The use of natural zeolites in wastewater
treatment is one of the oldest and the most perspective
areas of their application. The presence of heavy metals
(Zn, Cr, Pb, Cd, Cu, Mn, Fe, etc.) in wastewater is a serious
environmental problem and their removal by natural
zeolites have been extensively studied along with other
technologies, including chemical precipitation, ion
exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation
flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. Recent
investigations of natural zeolites as adsorbents in water and
wastewater treatment, their
properties and possible modification of natural zeolites
have been a subject of many studies. Various natural
zeolites around the world have shown good ion-exchange
capacities for cations, such as ammonium and heavy metal
ions. Modification of natural zeolites can be performed by
several methods, such as acid treatment, ion exchange, and
surfactant functionalization. The modified zeolites can
show high adsorption capacity also for organic matter and
anions. The wastewaters from the households in the
Republic of Macedonia, if not being treated, present a
major impact on the quality of the surface waters, mainly
because of the deposits of organic materials and nutrients,
as well as dangerous substances. The wastewaters from the
settlements should be treated in appropriate treatment
stations before being discharged. The types of treatment
according to the Directive for treatment of the urban
wastewaters are taken as representative indicators for the
level of treating and the potential improvement of the
aquatic environment. With the primary (mechanical)
treatment parts of the suspended solid particles are
removed, while the secondary (biological) treatment uses
aerobic and anaerobic micro organisms for decomposition
of most organic matter and preserving parts of the nutrients
(about 20 to 30%). The tertiary (advanced) treatment more
efficiently removes the organic matter. Generally, this
includes preserving of the phosphorous, and in some cases
removal of the nitrogen. The primary treatment on its own
does not remove the ammonium, while the secondary
(biological) treatment removes up to 75%. Point sources are
those in which it’s possible to easily identify the
contamination area, since it comes from one source. In
most cases it is the stacks of sewerage, waste water
from industrial production, households or sewage treatment
plants. It also includes black landfills on the banks of rivers
and streams. Rainwater raises a number of chemical
reactions in them. Many toxic substances arise from them
that become part of the water cycle. Line sources are
formed by the main transit roads and railway lines, which
are located along the rivers. From trains and cars toxic oils
and diesel release to the environment. Pollutants can also
get to water from the exhaust gases. A significant pollution
occurs mainly in spring or winter, when the snow melts and
at a time when the rivers receive a variety of sprinkles (and
salt) used on the roads. The hardest part is to locate the
diffuse sources because the pollution originates from
multiple sources distributed over a larger area. Diffuse
sources of pollution are mainly agricultural fields, non –
canalized villages, surfaces soil erosion and so on. The dust
and the air pollutants from industry contribute to water
pollution, too. Pollution from diffuse sources gets into
surface and groundwater by rain, flushes or leakages. Water
pollution significantly contributes to the decline of
biodiversity in inland waterways. Most polluted streams
end up in the ocean, where it is a threat to coastal areas and
fishing. Chemicals and toxic substances discharged into
waters also affect humans, either directly or they
accumulate in the bodies of fish or other organisms and end
up in the human body after they have been eaten. These
cause various developmental, hormonal and neurological
diseases. Major expansion of the chemical industry 40
years ago, for example, caused that some species of fish in
European lakes and rivers began to act like hermaphrodites.
In our conditions the waste waters are usually discharged
into the
sewage treatment plants. The degree of purity of the
recovered water is dependent on the technology used. It
should be noted that, despite the purification a residues
from pollution remain in the water. Due to fast
development of industry, a rate of waste water is increasing
rapidly. The waste water contains various pollutants
including heavy metals, oils and toxic organics affecting on
environment and human health. Point sources are those in
which it’s possible to easily identify the contamination
area, since it comes from one source. The removal of
pollutants from water is the subject of many studies
researcher from all over world are working on waste water
treatment. Solvent extraction, membrane filtration,
chemical precipitation etc different efficient techniques are
using for removal of contaminates from water (29, 30). The
water filters like activated carbon, synthetic polymers etc
are commercially available in the market. But due to high
cost of these absorbents, researchers are still trying to find
new cheaper and more efficient absorbents. It is observed
that these absorbers are affecting on human health there is
huge wastage of water. Zeolites are mostly used absorbents
because they are environmentally friendly, low cost, and
natural, possess good selectivity for different cations and
have high ion-exchange capacity (31) Looking horrific
condition of pure water rich peoples are establishing water
industries at the source of water and collecting hues
economy and becoming richest in the world. Furthermore,
they are using chemical rich filters parched from rich
country affecting on human health. This leads to take study
on purification of water. The filters should be natural, safe;
easy to use material should be available locally. Excavation
of zeolite is doing in Maharashtra having quarries of zeolite
crystals at Ajanta cave near Aurangabad and passion area
pune. Due to fascinating properties and eco-friendly
applications of zeolite crystal and horrific condition of pure
water has been decided to take study on this topic.
 Objectives:

. Relatively few of the known natural zeolites are utilized

in major application, where as considerable number are
sitting on the shelf, As it were with perhaps the hidden
potential.
. in addition development in recent years lead to the
unquestionable conclusion that the group of zeolite
species be much larger than now known.
. Considering the importance of zeolite crystals it is
undertaken Studies on zeolite family crystals for
Purification of water from Maharashtra.

Following are a few important aspects taking in to

Consideration during this investigation

Selection of crystals

While selecting crystals of zeolite family important factors

taken in to account that its availability and the earlier reported

work on these crystals. With this idea in mind, that natural

zeolite crystals available in deccan trap area of India particularly

in Bhor and Thul Ghats of Sahyadri mountains near poon

Baroda city and Ajanta caves near Aurangabad.

1. To study morphological identification of natural

zeolite crystal. Morphological studies of crystals
surface reveal the growth history of the crystal.
So, it is decided to carry on this type study on
Natural zeolite crystal.
2. To study structural studies on zeolite crystals.
 The potential applications of zeolites are based
on their fundamental physical and chemical
properties, which in turn are related to their
crystal structure and chemical compositions.
Hence it is decided to undertaken frame work
structural studies of zeolite crystals.
3. To study physiochemical properties of saline
water before and after filtration through natural
zeolite crystals.
4. To prepare best natural zeolite filter for
purification of water.
 Work Plan and Methodology:

1. Make survey of Maharashtra for identification of

zeolite crystal quarries.
2. Collection of natural zeolite crystals from various parts
of Maharashtra particularly from Marathwada.
3. Collection of saline water from sea
4. Morphological study of collected natural zeolite crystals.
5. Identification of zeolite crystals.
6. Separation of pure and impure zeolite crystals.
7. Grinding and sieving of zeolite powder in different
micron sizes of pure zeolite crystals.
8. Preparation of different size filters for filtration of
collected saline water from sea.
9. Laboratory testing of before and after filtration of water.
10. Comparison and study of result obtained.
11. Publication of results in conferences and research
journals.
12. Compilation of result in the form of thesis for award of
ph. D.
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