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Solution:
2) What are the major differences between wired and wireless networks?
Solution:
does not need physical wired connections. Wireless channels are subject
networks.
Solution:
Cable connection is not convenient and inefficient and its costs are high.
4) What’s the protocol layering principle and why do we need to use the
layered protocol stack?
Solution:
Solution:
peers/parties.
6) What does TCP stand for and what are functions of TCP?
Solution:
Solution:
Functions:
Flow control to avoid congestion
8) What does MAC stand for and why do we need the MAC protocol?
Solution:
9) What does PHY stand for and why do we need the PHY layer
algorithms?
Solution:
Physical Layer.
10) What are the major two types of computer network traffics?
Solution:
11) What does QoS stand for and what is QoS for the real-time traffic and
what’s QoS requirement for the non-real-time traffic?
Solution:
Quality of Service.
QoS.
Solution:
closed-loop channel.
o Hybrid schemes
Section 1:
Solution:
Analog signal:
Digital signal:
Signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and
Solution:
bandwidth?
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Guided Media:
Unguided Media:
signals.
Solution:
Takes advantage of the fact that the useful bandwidth of the medium
interferences.
7) What is attenuation?
Sollution:
8) If a signaal has a fu
undamentaal frequen
ncy of 1000 Hz, thhen what’ss its
period?
Sollution:
Perriod = 1 / 1000
1 Hz = 1 ms
9) What is the
t channeel capacityy for a teelephone channel
c w
with a 300 Hz
Sollution:
b. R
Repeat a) for
f the casse of 8-bitt words.
Sollution:
a.
capacity?
Sollution:
Secction 2:
S
Solution:
Scopee of a LAN
N is smalleer
buiildings
devicees
orgganization
Internal data rate of LAN is much greater
circuit-switching networks?
Solution:
Real-time services
based networks.
Solution:
Datagram-based:
packets
Packets don’t necessarily follow same route and may arrive out of
sequence
how to recover
Virtual-circuit based
dedicated path
Packets still buffered at each node and queued for output over a line
Solution:
Solution:
Real-time service
Non-real-time service
Solution:
The circuit switch still needs overhead to build the connections. Also, the
bandwidth occupation will not change once the connections have been
built, thus often leading to utilization of the assigned bandwidth not equal
prior to signal transfer for establishment. All the above factors may cause
7) One key design decision for ATM network was whether to use fixed-or
variable-length cells. Let us consider this decision from the point of view
Derive an expression for N. Hint: The expression will need to use the
operator of [X] which is taking the smallest integer greater than or equal
to X.
header plus the flags to delimit the cells or an additional length field in
the header. Let Hv = additional overhead bytes required to enable the use
Hv.
c) Let L = 48, H = 5, and Hv = 2. Plot N versus message size for fixed and
Solution:
a.
Secction 3:
1 ,
Sollution:
Section 4:
disturbances/corruptions?
Solution:
called scatterers
channels?
Solution:
delay spread
Solution:
All scatterers are located on ellipses with transmitter (Tx) and receiver
(Rx) as the foci. One ellipse is associated with one path length/delay.
differentiate them?
Solution:
equalization techniques
Solution
Solution:
paths are the same, the signal is strengthened; if the phases of signals
10) Precisely define the wireless channel fading and what are main
causes for the wireless channel fading?
Solution:
and receiver may change. The overall effect caused by multipath delay
called fading
11) Define LOS and NLOS and what are the differences between them?
Solution:
among the multi paths, having smallest propagation delay (often assumed
12) (i) Prove that the following statement holds true. The received
cos 2 cos 2 ,
where and are the amplitudes of the signal components from the
cos 2 ∅ ,
where
α 2 cos 2
andd
sin 2
∅ tan
cos 2
Sollution:
13)) Define the wirelless channnel long-teerm fadin
ng or short
rt-term fad
ding
Sollution:
Rayyleigh fadding).
Lonng-term fading
f is long-term
m slow variation
v in
i the m
mean levell of
14)) Why do
d we neeed to m
model the wireless channel as a lin
near
tim
me-variant (LTV) system and hhow to do
o so?
Sollution:
As a mobile station mo
oves, the pposition of
o each scaatterer w.rr.t. transmiitter
and receiver may change. So, we need to use linear time-variant system.
Section 6:
Problem 2‐1:
, .
Solution:
, ∗
Problem 2-2:
A wireless channel is specified by the time-variant channel impulse
response
τ
, 1 cos Ω , 0 τ T,
T
where T=0.05 ms, Ω 10π, and θ ∈ π, π is a constant.
T and T.
Solution:
(a) , ,
= ,
= 1 cos Ωt θ
= cos Ωt θ
= cos Ωt θ
(b) ,
0, 0;
, , 0 ;
= , , ;
, , ;
0,
0, 0;
cos Ωt θ , 0 ;
= cos Ωt θ ;
, ;
0,
(c) From r t given in (b), for each transmitted symbol, the received
Prooblem 2-33:
Sollutions:
= , exp 2
= , exp 2 exp 2
= , exp
p 2 exp
e 2
= , exp 2
≜ , exp 2
Problem 2-4:
For the channel specified in Example 2.1 and the transmitted signal
Problem 2-3.
Solution:
4 cos Ωt
,
1 2
t 2 2
, =H(f,t) 2 2
1
4 cos Ωt 2 2
1 2
0,
0
cos Ωt ,
= cos Ωt 2 ,
,
0,
Com
mpared too Problem
m 2-2, wee can see that the received
r ssignal in this