2

Arduino Based Automated Toilet

Background of the Story

Public toilets these days are everywhere to be found. It can be seen in restaurants,

markets, malls, schools and even in business buildings. Public toilets are commonly

separated into male and female facilities attended by a janitor who is responsible for

monitoring and maintaining its cleanliness. Public toilets are used for the collection or

disposal of human urine and feces. In other words: “Public toilets are sanitation facilities

at the user interface that allow the safe and convenient urination and defecation”. So it is

really important to be maintained greatly and properly. A public toilet can provide far

more than access to the toilet for urination and defecation. People also wash their hands,

use the mirrors for grooming, get drinking water and use the waste bins. Public

toilets consist of one or more toilets (and commonly urinals) which are available for use

by the general public. Public toilets play a role in community health and individual well-

being. Where toilets are available, people can enjoy outings and physical activities in

their communities. Mental well-being is enhanced when people are out with families and

friends and know a place "to go" is available. Public toilets serve people who are

"restroom challenged". First, some people need to go very frequently, including young

and old people, females who are pregnant or menstruating, and those with some medical

conditions. Second, some people need toilet access urgently, suddenly and without

warning: such as those with chronic conditions such as Crohn's disease and colitis, and

those temporarily afflicted with food-borne illnesses. The inability to satisfy essential

physiological needs because no toilet is available contributes to health issues such as

urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and digestive problems which can later
 3

develop into severe health problems. Inadequate access to a restroom when required can

lead to substantial problems for men with prostate problems, women who

are menstruating or going through the menopause and anyone with urinary and fecal

incontinence. Public toilet plays a big part in sanitation that’s why it is important to be

cleaned and proper maintained. Because we might acquire illness and diseases form a

unhygienic public toilets. Public toilets mostly in schools and other crowded area and

establishments should be cleaned and maintained from time to time. But mostly public

toilets are poorly maintained just like in our school Colegio de Montalban. Public toilet in

Colegio de Montalban is not that well cleaned because of continuous use of students and

because it is not monitored regularly.

Public toilet is a sanitation fixture but it can be hazardous if it is not cleaned.

Having filthy public toilets are not the only problem, but also having a public toilets that

have faucets and toilet bowls that are not working are also a problem. Some public toilet

doesn’t have working faucets and flushers of toilet bowls are also not working. These

problems are caused by the people that are using it, it happens due to continuous use and

some are just intended and done to intentionally destroy these facilities. These are the

factors that lead us on planning to develop our project called “Automated Toilet” which

will help a lot to decrease the numbers of filthy public toilets and also to avoid acquiring

diseases from this kind of environment. It will also help to maintain the cleanliness on

every public toilets specifically on public toilets of our beloved school for which it is

implemented on it. Because of its automation then the users of it will not exert extra

effort to manually open or even flush the toilet. And it may help to reduce the facilities

being broken because the users have to touch because it is automated.

 4

In order to develop this project we gathered information and we researched

information for us to know what are the things and factors to be considered. First we

searched the basic informations such as what is public toilet? We found answers from

Wikipedia “A public toilet is a room or small building with one or

more toilets (or urinals) available for use by the general public, or by customers or

employees of a business. Public toilets are commonly separated into male and female

facilities, although some are unisex, especially for small or single-occupancy public

toilets. Increasingly, public toilets are accessible to people with disabilities. Public toilets

are known by many other names depending on the country. Examples are: "restroom,"

"washroom," "bathroom," "water closet", "comfort room," and "ladies'/women's room"

and "gents'/men's room." Some public toilets are free of charge while others charge a fee.

In the latter case they are also called pay toilets and sometimes have of a coin-operated

turnstile. Local authorities or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities.

Some are unattended while others are staffed by an attendant. In many cultures, it is

customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might

be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants. Public toilets are typically found in

schools, offices, factories, and other places of work. Similarly, museums, cinemas, bars,

restaurants, entertainment venues usually provide public toilets. Railway stations, filling

stations, and long distance public transport vehicles such as trains, ferries,

and planesusually provide toilets for general use. Portable toilets are often available at

large outdoor events. In many Asian, African, and countries heavily influenced

by Muslim cultures, public toilets are of the squat type, as this is regarded as more

hygienic for a shared facility.” There are also alternative names for public toilets. Public
 5

toilets are known by many names in different varieties of English. In American English,

"restroom" usually denotes a toilet facility designed for use by the public; however,

"bathroom" is also common. "Comfort station" sometimes refers to a visitor welcome

center such as those in national parks.

In Canadian English, public facilities are frequently called "washrooms", although usage

varies regionally. The word "toilet" generally denotes the fixture itself rather than the

room. The word "washroom" is rarely used to mean "utility room" or "mud room" as it is

in some parts of the United States. "Bathroom" is generally used to refer to the room in

the home that contains a bath or shower.

In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and New Zealand, the terms in use are

"public toilet", "public lavatory" (abbreviated "lav"), "public convenience", and more

informally, "public loo". A "bathroom" is a room containing a bath, a "washroom" is a

room for washing hands, and a "restroom" is a room to rest in when tired; none of which

would necessarily contain a toilet. As public toilets were traditionally signed as

"gentlemen" or "ladies", the colloquial terms "the gents' room" and "the ladies' room", or

simply "the gents" and "the ladies" are used to indicate the facilities themselves. The

British Toilet Association, sponsor of the Loo of the Year Award, refers to public toilets

collectively as "away-from-home" toilets.

In Philippine English, "comfort room", or "C.R.", is the most common term in use.

Some European languages used words cognate with "toilet", or the initialism, an

abbreviation for "water closet", an older term for the flush toilet. Public urinals (pissoir)

are known in several Romance languages by the name of a Roman

Emperor: vespasienne in French, vespasiani in Italian, and vespasiene in Romanian.

 6

Mosques, madrassas (schools), and other places Muslims gather, have public sex-

segregated "ablution rooms" since Islam requires specific procedures for cleansing parts

of the body before prayer. These rooms normally adjoin the toilets, which are also subject

to Muslim hygienical jurisprudence and Islamic toilet etiquette.” And also we found out

that there are many types of public toilets. “Many public toilets are permanent small

buildings visible to passers-by on the street. Others are underground, including older

facilities in Britain and Canada. Contemporary street toilets include automatic, self-

cleaning toilets in self-contained pods; an example is the Sanisette, which first became

popular in France. An Indian version of these automated toilet pods, remotely monitored

by sensors, are the Electronic Public Toilets or eToilets; they have proliferated across the

country since 2014, as part of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the campaign launched that year

to end open defecation.

Another traditional type that has been modernized is the screened French street urinal

known as a pissoir (vespasienne). An updated cylindrical urinal that lowers beneath street

level out of the way and pops up during hours when it is needed is the Urilift Pop up

Urinal. It is typically installed in entertainment districts and is operational only during

weekends, evenings and nights. This urinal brand, invented in the Netherlands, also offers

a pop-up toilet for women.

Private firms may maintain permanent public toilets. The companies are then permitted to

use the external surfaces of the enclosures for advertising. The installations are part of

a street furniture contract between the out-of-home advertising company and the city

government, and allow these public conveniences to be installed and maintained without

requiring funds from the municipal budget.

 7

Various portable toilet technologies are used as public toilets. Portables can be moved

into place where and when needed and are popular at outdoor festivals and events. A

portable toilet can either be connected to the local sewage system or store the waste in

a holding tank until it is emptied by a vacuum truck. Portable composting toilets require

removal of the container to a composting facility.

The standard wheelchair-accessible public toilet features wider door, ample space for

turning, lowered sinks, and grab bars for safety. Features above and beyond this standard

are advocated by the Changing Places campaign. Features include a hoist for an adult, a

full-sized changing bench, and space for up to two caregivers.”

As an "away-from-home" toilet room, a public toilet can provide far more than access to

the toilet for urination and defecation. People also wash their hands, use the mirrors for

grooming, get drinking water (e.g. refilling water bottles), attend to menstrual

hygiene needs, and use the waste bins. Public toilets may also become places for

harassment of others or illegal activities, particularly if principles of Crime prevention

through environmental design (CPTED) are not applied in the design of the facility.

Public toilets have health aspects because public toilets play a role in community health

and individual well-being. Where toilets are available, people can enjoy outings and

physical activities in their communities. By letting people get out of their cars and onto

their feet, bicycles and mass transit, public toilets can contribute to improved

environmental health. Mental well-being is enhanced when people are out with families

and friends and know a place "to go" is available.

Public toilets serve people who are "restroom challenged". First, some people need to go

very frequently, including young and old people, females who are pregnant or
 8

menstruating, and those with some medical conditions. Second, some people need toilet

access urgently, suddenly and without warning: such as those with chronic conditions

such as Crohn's disease and colitis, and those temporarily afflicted with food-borne

illnesses.

The inability to satisfy essential physiological needs because no toilet is available

contributes to health issues such as urinary tract infections, kidney infections, and

digestive problems which can later develop into severe health problems. Inadequate

access to a restroom when required can lead to substantial problems for men

with prostate problems, women who are menstruating or going through

the menopause and anyone with urinary and fecal incontinence.

If bus and truck drivers on timed schedules have difficulty in accessing toilets, this puts

them risk of bladder and digestive health problems. Furthermore, if the concentration of a

driver in urgent need is compromised, it becomes a broader public safety concern.

Workers therefore have legal rights to access a toilet during their work day. In the United

States, the Department of Labor's Occupational Health and Safety protects workers' rights

to toilet breaks because of the documented health risks. This protected right to a toilet is a

function of the workplace and is lost when workers leave the workplace.

According to the Government of Australia, more than 3.8 million Australians of all ages

are estimated to suffer continence issues.  This represents 18% of the Australian

population. Therefore, the Department of Health and Ageing maintains the National

Public Toilet Map to enable the public to find the closest facility.
 9

The public toilet is an essential element in a community's physical and social

infrastructure, without which people cannot participate in their communities with dignity

and confidence.”

And about its design it does have entry, service access, sensors, lighting, cisterns and

fixture:

Entry

Doorless entry

Modern public toilets may be designed with a labyrinth entrance (doorless entry), which

prevents the spread of disease that might otherwise occur when coming in contact with a

door. Doorless entry provides visual privacy while simultaneously offering a measure of

security by allowing the passage of sound. Doorless entry also helps deter vandalism;

fewer audible clues to another person entering discourage some vandals. Doorless entry

may also be achieved simply by keeping an existing door propped open, closed only

when necessary.

Coin operated entry

Pay toilets usually have some form of coin operated turnstile, or they have an attendant

who collects the fee.

Service access

Modern public toilets often have a service entrance, utilities passage, and the like, that

run behind all the fixtures. Sensors are installed in a separate room, behind the fixtures.

Usually the separate room is just a narrow corridor or passageway.

Sensors
 10

Sensor-operated fixtures (faucets, soap dispensers, hand dryers, paper towel dispensers)

prevent the spread of disease by allowing patrons to circumvent the need to touch

common surfaces. Sensor-operated toilets also help conserve water by limiting the

amount used per flush, and require less routine maintenance. Each sensor views through a

small window into each fixture. Sometimes the metal plates that house the sensor

windows are bolted on from behind, to prevent tampering. Additionally, all of the

electrical equipment is safely behind the walls, so that there is no danger of electric

shock. However, a RCCB must be used for all such electrical equipment.

Lighting

Service lighting consisting of windows that run all the way around the outside of the

toilet using electric lights behind the windows, to create the illusion of extensive natural

light, even when the toilets are underground or otherwise do not have access to natural

light. The windows are sometimes made of glass brick, permanently cemented in place.

Lighting installed in service tunnels that run around the outside of the toilets provides

optimum safety from electrical shock (keeping the lights outside the toilet), hygiene (no

cracks or openings), security (no way for vandals to access the light bulbs),

and aesthetics (clean architectural lines that maintain a continuity of whatever aesthetic

design is present, e.g., the raw industrial urban aesthetic that works well with glass brick).

Cisterns (tanks)

Older toilets infrequently have service ducts and often in old toilets that have been

modernized, the toilet cistern is hidden in a tiled over purpose-built 'box'. Often old

toilets still have high-level cisterns in the service ducts. On the outside, the toilet is

flushed by a handle (just like an ordinary low-level cistern toilet) although behind the
 11

wall this handle activates a chain. Sometimes a long flushing trough is used to allow

closets to be flushed repeatedly without waiting for the cistern to refill. This trend of

hiding cisterns and fittings behind the walls started in the late 1930s in the United States

and in the United Kingdom from the 1950s, and by the late 1960s it was unusual for toilet

cisterns to be visible in public toilets. In some buildings such as schools, however, a

cistern can still be visible, although high-level cisterns had become outdated by the

1970s. Many schools now have low-level cisterns.

Fixtures

Public toilets by their nature see heavy usage, so they may rely on a flushometer with a

stronger and louder flush than a home toilet. Some high-vandalism settings, such as

beaches or stadiums, will use metal toilets. Public toilets generally contain several of the

following fixtures.

 Toilet with toilet seat; whereas a home toilet seat has a lid, a public toilet may or

may not

 Toilet paper, often within a lockable dispenser

 Coat hook

 "Pull-down" purse holder

 Sanpro bin for menstrual products; this may be classified as clinical waste and be

subject to special regulations concerning disposal

 Dispenser for flushable paper toilet seat covers

At the point of hand-washing Faucets (taps), note some are at a lower level for children

and wheelchair users

 12

 Antiseptic hand-wash dispenser or soap dispensers, pump bottles or auto

dispensers

 Mirror (usually over sinks)

 Paper towel dispenser (sometimes they have auto-sensors for touchless

dispensing)

 Garbage can (a rubbish bin)

 Hand dryer (used manually or with auto-sensors)

 Urinals (almost exclusively in men's and boys' bathrooms; although see female

urinal)

 Vending machines dispensing condoms, diapers (nappies), painkillers, energy

drinks, perfume, breath mints, facial tissue, confectionery, undergarments, swimwear,

soap, sex toys, or sanitary napkins or tampons

 Air fresheners or odour control systems

 Infant changing table, often fold-down (usually in women's rooms, but

increasingly in men/s rooms, due to legal change)

 Sometimes showers are also present, often with soap, shampoo, or similar

dispensers (often at truck stops)

It also has costs:

User fees

Toilets that require the user to pay may be street furniture or be inside a building, e.g. a

shopping mall, department store, or railway station. The reason for charging money is
 13

usually for the maintenance of the equipment. Paying to use a toilet can be traced back

almost 2000 years, to the first century AD. The payment may be taken by a bathroom

attendant, or by a coin-operated turnstile or cubicle door (see John Nevil Maskelyne, who

invented a door-lock requiring the insertion of a penny coin, hence the euphemism to

"spend a penny".) The first pay toilet in the United States was installed in 1910 in Terre

Haute, Indiana

Privatization and closures

In some places, the provision of public toilet facilities is under great pressure. One

response by public authorities is to close the buildings, often citing criminal

activity. The United Kingdom government austerity programme has led to major council

cut-backs to public toilet provision, with knock-on effects on the public realm as a whole.

Some of the buildings, particularly the underground ones, are sold and used for other

purposes, e.g. as a bar.

Another response is to privatize the toilets, so that a public good is provided by a

contractor, just as private prisons are. The toilets may fall under the category of privately

owned public space - anyone can use them, but the land ultimately belongs to the

corporation in question. When toilets that have been privatized are improperly run, or

closed, there may be calls to take them back into the control of the public authority, as

with Westminster Council in central London - one of the wealthiest places in the world,

where members of the public are reduced to urinating in the parks and streets for lack of

available facilities.

Toilets for customers

 14

Customers often expect retail stores and shopping centers to offer public toilets.

Customers rank complimentary toilets highly, and their availability influences shopping

behavior. By offering appropriate customer toilets, retail stores and shopping centers may

enhance their profits and image; however, many retailers pay insufficient attention to

their customer toilet facilities. Due to the potential of customer toilets to increase profits

and improve store image, retailers could benefit from regarding toilets as a marketing

investment rather than a property expense. Some business, like Starbucks have officially

opted to let anyone use their toilets, without having to purchase anything.”

Public toilets are also associated in our society and culture. Public toilets are

usually segregated by sex, except for those to be used by people with disabilities. In

many cultures, this separation is so characteristic that pictograms of a man or a woman

often suffice to indicate the facility, without explicit reference to the fixtures themselves.

In restaurants and other private locations, the identifications can be designed to match the

decoration of the premises. Some toilets also function, in part, as changing rooms(locker

rooms), owing to their gender-segregated nature. For example, in beach areas, a portion

of the building is equipped with benches so that people can change into or out of their

bathing suits.

Amnesty International includes segregated toilets among its list of suggested measures to

ensure the safety of women and girls in schools. In jurisdictions using the Uniform

Plumbing Code in the U.S., sex separation is a legal mandate via the building code. In

many places the queues for the women's toilets are longer than those for the men's; efforts

to deal with this are known as potty parity.

 15

In the 21st century, with lobbying from the transgender rights movement, some initiatives

have called for gender-neutral public toilets, also called unisex public toilets (also called

gender-inclusive, gender-neutral or all-gender).

Many public toilets have either individual or gender-neutral facilities. They can

accommodate people with disabilities, elderly persons who may require assistance from a

carer of another gender, or other cases where public gender-segregated facilities might

lead to discomfort. Gender-neutral toilets are also an option in cases where gender-

segregated ones are not practical, such as in aircraft lavatories and passenger train toilets.

Toilet facilities for disabled people, especially those reliant on a wheelchair, may be

either unisex or gender-specific. Anthropologist Roger Lancaster draws the historical

links between racial and sexual segregation of public toilets, and proposes future designs

that re-think public space in a way "at once unsegregated, child-friendly, and

handicapped accessible"

Public toilets have long been associated with graffiti, often of a transgressive, gossippy,

or low-brow humorous nature (cf. toilet humour). The word latrinalia—

from latrine (toilet) and -alia (a collection)—was coined to describe this kind of

graffiti. A famous example of such artwork was featured on the album cover of the

satirical Tony Award Broadway musical Urinetown, using felt-tip pen scribblings.

As graffiti merged into street art, so some public street-level toilets began to make a

feature of their visibility. The Hundertwasser toilet block is a colourful example

in Kawakawa, New Zealand, designed by an Austrian artist and viewed as a tourist draw

in a small town.
 16

Some public toilets are known for drug-taking and drug-selling, as well as vandalism.

This type of criminal activity is associated with all "neglected, unsupervised buildings",

not just toilets, and good cleanliness and maintenance, and ideally an attendant on the

premises, can act as a protection against these problems.

Violent crime inside public toilets can be a problem in areas where the rate of such

crimes in general is very high. In South Africa for instance, many people have reported

being afraid to use public toilets. There have been several highly publicized murders in

public toilets, such as the Seocho-dong public toilet murder case in South Korea in 2016.

In the US, an infamous case was the murder of a 9-year-old boy in 1998 in a San Diego

county public toilet.

Like other things exiting on people’s surroundings public toilet has also history. Public

toilets were part of the sanitation system of ancient Rome, often in proximity to or as part

of public baths (thermae). By the Middle Ages public toilets became uncommon, with

only few attested in Frankfurt in 1348, in London in 1383, and in Basel in 1455.

In the early 19th century, large cities in Europe started installing public toilets: first in

Paris, then in Berlin in 1820 and in London in 1851.

George Jennings, the sanitary engineer, introduced public toilets, which he called

"monkey closets", to the Crystal Palace for The Great Exhibition of 1851.[51] He also used

the euphemism "halting station", now in use in Indian English for a basic place to stay

attached to a railway station. Public toilets were also known as "retiring rooms" (cf

"drawing room", from "to withdraw", and waiting room.)

 17

Underground public toilets were introduced in the United Kingdom in the Victorian era,

in built-up urban areas where no space was available to provide them above ground. The

facilities were accessible by stairs, and lit by glass brick on the pavement. Local health

boards often built underground public toilets to a high standard, although provisions were

higher for men than women. Most have been closed as they did not have disabled access,

and were more prone to vandalism and sexual encounters, especially in the absence of an

attendant. A few remain in London, but others have been converted into alternative uses

such as cafes, bars and even dwellings.

In the United States, concerns over public health and sanitation spurred the sanitarian

movement during the late 1800s. Reforms to standardize plumbing codes and household

plumbing were advocated for; the intersection of advancements in technology and desire

for cleanliness and disease-free spaces spurred the development of restrooms and toilets.

Facilities for women sometimes had a wider emphasis, providing a safe and comfortable

private space in the public sphere. The Ladies Rest Room is one example of the non-

euphemistic use of the term: literally, a place to rest.

A notable early example of a public toilet in the United States is the Old School Privy.

The American architect Frank Lloyd Wright claimed to have "invented the hung wall for

the w.c. (easier to clean under)" when he designed the Larkin Administration

Building in Buffalo, New York in 1904.

In parts of the United States, public toilets were subject to racial segregation, due to

the Jim Crow laws prior to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This segregation imposed

significant restrictions on the lives of African-Americans. Those who were able to afford

cars could avoid the indignities of segregated trains and buses, but they faced the
 18

difficulty of finding a public toilet they were allowed to use. Courtland Milloy of

the Washington Post recalled that on cross-country roadtrips in the 1950s his parents

were reluctant to stop the car to allow the children to relieve themselves – it just wasn't

safe. One solution to this was to carry a portable toilet (a sort of bucket-like arrangement)

in the trunk of the car.

Statement of the Problem

General Problem

- Unmaintained cleanliness of toilet in Colegio de Montalban.

Specific Problem

The following specific problem in the Toilet of Colegio de Montalban are

stated:

- Unsanitized toilets

- Broken Flushers of toilets

- Stinky toilets

- Wet and slippery floor

- Muddy floor

- Not enough ventilation

 19

Objective of the Study

General Objective

- To design and develop an automated toilet to maintain the cleanliness of toilet

in Colegio de Montalban.

Specific Objective

The following specific objectives for the toilets of Colegio de Montalban are

stated:

- To design and develop an automated air freshener that will sanitize the toilets.

- To design and develop an automated toilet bowl that will help prevent

breaking of flushers

- To design and develop an automated floor-wipers that will self-clean the floor.

- To design and develop an automated light switch.

- To design and develop an automated ventilation.

- To test and evaluate the developed prototype in terms of accuracy and

efficiency.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

Scope
 20

- This project will automatically flush the toilet if it detects human in front of it

and will automatically flush after the human already leave. It will also

automatically clean the floor and destine the water into the drainage area.

- It will automatically switch on the lights if someone opens the door and use

the facilities and will automatically turn off as soon as he/she leaves.

- It will automatically turns on the exhaust fan if the temperature sensor

triggers.

- It will automatically sprays air freshener to sanitize and fragrance the odor.

- It will automatically turns on the faucet as it senses user.

- It is an arduino based project. We will also use sensors like UDS (Ultrasonic

Distance Sensor). We will also use servo motors and Arduino Mega 2560 for

microcontroller and program.

Delimitations

- Cleaning of the user is not included.

- It can’t release air fresheners.

- It can’t always maintain the dryness of the floor since it is continuously used.

- Doors of the toilets are manually opened.

Significance of the Study

Society

- This project will have a great effect on the society. It will help maintain

cleanliness and sanitation on every public toilet. It will greatly help to make
 21

the schools, commercial structures and some other places that have existing

public toilets.

- Sanitation refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal

of human urine and faecal matter.

- Lack of proper sanitation is a serious issue that is affecting most developing

countries. The importance of hygienic toilets lies in an effort to prevent

diseases which can be transmitted through human waste, which afflict both

developed and developing countries. It is estimated that up to five million

people die each year from preventable waterborne diseases due to inadequate

sanitation. Most of the affected are young children below the ages of five and

women and girls.

- In many private and public institutions such as bus stations, drinking places,

offices and surprisingly even police stations, courts and other government

institutions, toilets do not receive proper attention as compared to the rest of

the buildings that’s why this project will greatly help these institutions.

- And sometimes the situation is exasperated by the public users who do not

exhibit toilet etiquette. Worse still, some individuals are not civic-minded or

concerned about others when they use public toilets. It will be prevented since

it is automated that’s why it will maintain cleanliness on its own.

- It only needs a few individuals who are careless about hygiene to turn clean

toilets into dirty ones.

- Some people are in the habit of not flushing toilets after use, while others

squat on the seat. It must be noted that no matter how beautiful the buildings
 22

or premises are, if the toilets are dirty, the country is seen as backward. That’s

why we made the flushing automated.

- Floors should be moped thoroughly with cleaning agents and as the general

rule of toilet etiquette,

- Public toilets must be used as we use our own toilets at home. There must be

workers specifically assigned to clean toilets at every institution, especially

public places, to ensure cleanliness throughout the day.

- One example I can cite is the intercity bus terminus where these restrooms are

kept clean. This may be attributed to the availability of cleaners at all times at

an institution.

- The shopping malls that have dotted Lusaka City are also another example of

buildings that are provided with clean toilets.

- At any given time, there are cleaners to ensure these restrooms are prepared

for the next user.

- However, it is disappointing to note that in many cases, those who are

assigned to ensure the cleanliness of toilets are degraded by society. They are

looked down upon as the lowest people in society.

- Sanitary officers should not be stigmatized by society as the job they do is

very important in the provision of good health service. Actually I call them

“health assistants”, and deserve to be well remunerated and must be provided

with proper standardized attire.

- They may not be of a better schooling, but can we imagine life without them?

No one would want to use a public toilet.

 23

- It is important to note that access to basic sanitation and good hygiene is a

human right and everyone deserves the right to the benefits and dignity of a

safe toilet, especially women and girls, who are often vulnerable to the effects

of poor sanitation.

Education

- The development of this project will also help the schools for which it is

primarily implemented for school. It will help the utilities to maintain

cleanliness and also the students who are using these unsanitized public

toilets. It will greatly affect the mood of every students and it will help them

not to hesitate upon using these public toilets.

Economy

- Developing this project will also help the economy. Going to the toilet will

not be a big problem because toilets will become clean and there will be no

hesitation so that they can now focus on working instead of preventing to

urinate because of unsanitized toilets.

 24

Conceptual Framework

Fig 1.1 Conceptual Framework