Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PAKISTAN-STUDIES
PRESENTED BY:
MUHAMMAD KASHIF
SECTION: (B-1): 1009576
Presented to:
MS. SAIMA MASOOD
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
Evidence of Stone Age human inhabitants of Gandhara, including stone tools and burnt
bones, was discovered at Sanghao near Mardan in area caves. The artifacts are approximately
15,000 years old. More recent excavations point to 30,000 years before the present. The region
shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave
culture, likely corresponding to the immigration of Indo-Aryan speakers and the nucleus
of Vedic civilization. This culture survived till 1000 BC. Its evidence has been discovered in the
hilly regions of Swat and Dir, and even at Taxila. the name of the Gandhari’s is attested in
the Rigveda and ancient inscriptions dating back to Achaemenid Persia. The Behistun inscription
listing the 23 territories of King Darius I (519 BC) includes Gandara along with Bactria and
Thatagush. In the book “Histories” by Herodotus, Gandhara is named as a source of tax
collections for King Darius.
IMPORTANCE OF GANDHARA
LANGUAGE
CULTURE
Gandhara is noted for the distinctive Gandhara style of Buddhist art, which developed out of a
merger of Greek, Syrian, Persian, and Indian artistic influence. This development began during
the Parthian Period (50 BC- 75 AD). The Gandharan style flourished and achieved its peak
during the Kushan period, from the 1st to the 5th century. It declined and suffered destruction
after the invasion of the White Huns in the 5th century. Stucco, as well as stone, was widely used
by sculptors in Gandhara for the decoration of monastic and cult buildings. Stucco provided the
artist with a medium of great plasticity, enabling a high degree of expressiveness to be given to
the sculpture. Sculpting in stucco was popular wherever Buddhism spread from Gandhara –
India, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and China.
Though the marks and ruins of Gandhara civilization can be found throughout Northern Pakistan,
its heritage has been saved more in true form in Taxila, Peshawar, and Swat valley. According to
Wikipedia, evidence of Stone Age human inhabitants of Gandhara, including stone tools and
burnt bones, was discovered at Sanghao near Mardan in area caves. The artifacts are
approximately 15,000 years old. This Civilization is primarily a symbol of human development
in the area of human knowledge, religion, art, and history for the world to come to a great extent.