Aknowledgment

We (Foad and Abdulwasa) needs to thanks all who helps us in laboratory and field work at
Haramaya Institute of Technology specially our engineering workshop instructor Mr.Dawit,to
civil engineering head department Mr.Adisu and to our coordinator Belay for their effort in
making us get the laboratory materials for the laboratory work and showing us steps

We are also delighted to express our honour to the laboratory technician and workers of
electrical and computer engineering for allowing us their laboratory in order to visit and saw
installation of electrical lines

Table of content

Subject page

Chapter 1………………… 2

Chapter 2………………... 4

Chapter 3………………. 8

Chapter 4………………… 11

Chapter 5……..………… 14

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Objective of the course

• To get an understanding how the theoretical knowledge is fitted in practice.

• To gain experience in building material sciences.

• To develop our report writing skills.

Introduction

An assignment was given to us to visit a laboratory and site to see how the theoretical
knowledge is fitted in practice. Generally we saw around four things those are conducted both at
site and laboratory visit. The first is we visited civil engineering laboratory, the second is we
learned how to prepare concrete. The third is about Blocks(HCB) with their bond and at the
fourth time we visited and look at how to do formwork and reinforcement with different size and
dimensions. The last was about basic electrical installation

While doing site and laboratory works safety materials are necessary and forbidden to do without
using them some safety materials are: safety helmet, protective footwear, glove, eye glass and
other.

Laboratory visit :

The laboratory was civil engineering laboratory of Haramaya Institute of Technology

university .we went there twice .we observed the laboratory materials and how they work and
asked different question there.

• Name : civil engineering lab.

• Location : In Haramaya university, HIT college.

• laboratory engineer : Mr. Dawit and mr.Addisu.

• Reason for choosing this site : The main reason for choosing this site for observation
process and to see the theoretical knowledge being fitted in practice is that this lab visit was

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implementing all that theory we have gone through at this stage. E. Q use of bricks, use of
different ratio mortar and cement use of different aggregate and concentrate like PCC, RCC etc.

• Date of start : 04/01/2022.

• Completion date : 05/01/2022

Eqiupments in HIT laboratory

 Sieve shaker (with different sieve number like…4,10,30,40,50,100,200…)

 Balance
 Pan
 Volumetric flask
 Funnel
 Thermometer
 Oven
 Spatula
 Grooving Tools
 Casagrande liquid limit device
 Flask
 Hydrometer
 Direct shear testing machine

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CHAPTER TWO

CONCRETE WORK

Objectives

1.To achieve a specified compressive strength for a specified grade.

2.To achieve economy by selecting appropriate concrete ingredients.

3.To obtain maximum possible yield per bag of cement

Introduction

Concrete mix design is some material that composed together that is aggregates, Portland
cement, and water. The mixtures are frequently used to improve workability, reduce mixing
water requirements, increase strength of the concrete. The selection of concrete proportions
involves a balance between economy and requirements of strength, durability, density, and
appearance. The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability,
and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The property of
workability, therefore, becomes of vital importance. The compressive strength of hardened
concrete which is generally considered to be an index of its other properties, depends upon many
factors such as quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregates, mixing, placing and
compaction.

Methodology

The basic of relationships between of the concrete mix design is the concrete proportions must
be selected to provide workability, consistency, density, strength, and durability for the particular
application. •Workability There are 3 required factors depend on workability. The size of the
section to be concreted, the amount of reinforcement, and the method of compaction to be used.
The concrete must have a high workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a
reasonable amount of effort. The concrete that determines its capacity to be placed and
consolidated properly and be finished without harmful segregation.

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Material For concrete production : Concrete is a composite material consisting of a binder,
which is typically cement, rough and fine aggregates, which are usually stone and sand, and
water. These comprise the constituent materials of concrete. But because of the many variables
of the raw materials and how they are processed and combined, there are many opportunities for
problems to appear in concrete. Having a fundamental understanding of the different materials
and manufacturing processes may help those who inspect concrete to know what problems to
look for, where to look for them, and how to recognize them.

In simple terms:

• cement + water = cement paste;

• cement paste + sand = mortar; and

• mortar + stone = concrete.

Admixtures may be included in the mix to control setting properties.

The chemical reactions that take place when different constituent materials are combined can
vary depending on the properties of the individual materials. The materials can vary in their
chemical makeup and performance characteristics, depending on where they were mined or
quarried, and according to the manufacturing methods used and conditions in the manufacturing
plant

Necessary step to be followed

When it comes to mixing concrete, following three mixing methods are used for the production
of effective and good quality concrete.

1. Hand Mixing of Concrete (Mixing concrete manually without a mixer machine)

2. Machine Mixing of Concrete (Mixing concrete with a mixer machine)

1. Hand Mixing of Concrete (Mixing of Concrete Without a Mixer Machine)

Hand mixing is the process of mixing the ingredients of the concrete manually without a mixer
machine. Mixing concrete without a mixer is used only for small works where the concrete
requirement is less and quality control is less important. In the hand mixing of concrete,
uniformity of mixing is difficult to achieve and requires special care and efforts
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Process of Hand Mixing of Concrete:

• Hand mixing of concrete is done on a hard, clean and non-porous base made of masonry
or flat iron sheet plates.

• The measured quantity of sand is spread on the platform and then the cement is dropped
over the sand.

• The sand and cement are mixed thoroughly for several times with the help of shovels in
the dry state until the mixture attains an even colour throughout and is free from streaks.

• Next, the measured amount of coarse aggregates is spread out in uniform layer on the
above mixture and mixed properly. Remember to use measurement boxes for batching of
aggregates, i.e. to determine how much aggregates are to be used. Never use or allow the use of
‘Ghamelas’ for batching, i.e. measuring quality of aggregates.

• Later, the whole mixture is blended properly like turning over by twist from the center to
the side, then back to the center and again to the sides several times.

• After that, depression is made at the center of the mixed materials.

• And, 75% of the required quantity of water is added in the depression and mixed with the
help of shovels.

• Lastly, the remaining amount of water is added and the mixing process is continued till a
uniform colour and consistency of concrete is obtained. The total time taken for mixing of
concrete should not exceed 3 minutes.since we didn’t see machine mixing at site no need to write
it here

Property check

1 we will check a sand by a simple method in a field test by Rubbing Test Method Sand quality
test at Field

2 to check concrete after mixed

By using slump test method It is used to check the workability of concrete

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This easy test is carried out in just seven stages, using a slump cone, a steel rod, and a measuring
stick. Here’s how you carry out the test:

• 1. Place the cone on a flat, smooth, horizontal surface and stand on the footholds either
side to ensure the cone is planted firmly on the ground

2. Fill the cone in three layers, using the steel tamping rod to compact — or tamp — the
concrete after each layer in an even, uniform manner (this should be done 25 times per layer).

• 3. Once the cone is filled, remove any overflowing concrete from the top, making sure
the concrete fills the cone exactly to the top level. Remove any spilled concrete from the base of
the cone, too.

• 4. Lift the cone vertically, using a slow and steady motion until the cone is clear of the
concrete. Place the cone upside down on the surface next to the concrete.

• 5. The concrete will subside — or slump. To measure the slump, place the steel rod
across the top of the upturned cone so it overhangs the concrete.

• 6. Now, measure from the rod down to the top of the slump. The level of slump is
measured to the nearest 5

Mortar and it’s preparation

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Mortar is a homogenous mixture of cement, sand and water. Different types of mortars are used
in masonry construction based on their applications, binding materials, strength, bulk density and
their purposes.

the preparation of the cement mortar involves following steps:

Selection of Raw Materials

Proportion of cement mortar

Mixing ingredients

CHAPTER THREE
BLOCKS/HCB

Objectives

the focus of this paper is a description of the various methods currently Available for
accelerating the curing of concrete, particularly for precast concrete applications.

1. Introduction

As building development throughout the world continues, the desire to construct cheaper
structures on sites.That are more difficult to build on, in shorter periods of time, all while
providing improved performance. will always

Be desirable in order to maximize both product economy and quality. As such, the construction
industry is constantly

Searching for ways to improve their product.

Materials for block making

3.1 Cement

Cement should comply with SANS 50197-1. Strength class should be 42,5N or higher because
the concrete

Must develop strength as rapidly as possible. Note that it is illegal to sell common cement in
South Africa without a

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Regulatory Letter of Authority (LOA) number which indicates compliance with SANS 50197-1
or EN 197-1.

3.2 Aggregates

Sand and stone are fragments of rock and differ only in size. Sand particles will pass through a
sieve with

4,75-mm square openings. Stone particles will not because they are too large. It can be seen that
strength depends on

A number of interrelated factors. It is therefore not possible to design a mix in a laboratory.

Instead, a trial-and-error.Process, using the equipment of the block yard, is followed. This
process aims to arrive at the best combination of Aggregates an Concrete d the right aggregate:
cement ratio.

• Types of Hollow Concrete Blocks:

Concrete Stretcher Blocks: Concrete stretcher blocks are used to join the corner in the
masonry. Stretcher blocks are widely used concrete hollow blocks in construction. They are laid
with their length parallel to the face of the wall.

Corner blocks are used at the ends or corners of masonry. The ends may be window or door
openings etc. they are arranged in a manner that their plane end visible to the outside and other
end is locked with the stretcher block.

Concrete Pillar Blocks Pillar block is also called as double corner block. Generally these are
used when two ends of the corner are visible. In case of piers or pillars these blocks are widely
used

Jamb Concrete Blocks: Jamb blocks are used when there is an elaborated window opening in
the wall. They are connected to stretcher and corner blocks. For the provision of double hung
windows, jamb blocks are very useful to provide space for the casing members of window.

• Partition concrete blocks are generally used to build partition walls. Partition blocks
have larger height than its breadth. Hollow part is divided into two to three components in case
of partition blocks.

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• Lintel block or beam block is used for the purpose of provision of beam or lintel beam.
Lintel beam is generally provided on the top portion of doors and windows, which bears the load
coming from top. Concrete lintel blocks have deep groove along the length of block as shown in
figure. After placing the blocks, this groove is filled with concrete along with reinforcement.

• Frogged brick block contains a frog on its top along with header and stretcher like
frogged brick. This frog will helps the block to hold mortar and to develop the strong bond with
top laying block.

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction :

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are: 1 Stretcher bond 2 Header bond
3 English bond and 4 Flemish bond

Other Types of bonds are:

 Facing bond
 Dutch bond
 English cross bond
 Brik on edge bond
 Raking bond
 Zigzag bond
 Garden wall bond

Stretcher bond : Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation
of figure below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with
only their stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above.

Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond
is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent bricks in full width thick brick walls

CHAPTER FOUR

Form work and reinforcement

Objective

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Form work : the purpose of formwork Formwork is a mould or box into which wet concrete can
be poured and compacted so that it will flow and finally set to the inner profile of the box or
mould. The purpose of this formwork is to contain freshly placed and compacted concrete until it
has gained enough strength to be self-supporting. Formwork should be designed to withstand all
expected loads include the self weight, weight of reinforcement, weight of wet concrete and wind
loads. It is must be sufficient to prevent deflection under loading otherwise it will undergo
deformation. Furthermore, the formwork uses to produce a concrete member of the required
shape and size. If the formwork design are not proper or does not follow the requirements, then it
will break when the concrete is placed. There also various formwork shape that design based on
horizontal system and vertical system. Formworks for horizontal system are beams and slabs and
also formwork for vertical system are walls and column.

General design of formwork the formwork design must be sufficiently rigid to prevent undue
deflection during the placing of the concrete. If the formwork is not rigid then the shape of
concrete form when it is harden are not as original design. This will reduce its strength and the
structure prone to collapse. It also must have adequate strength to carry the working load and the
weight or pressure of the wet concrete and to withstand incidental loading and vibration of the
concrete. Furthermore, formwork must set to line and level within the specified tolerance and
include any camber or bend which may be required. The joints between the formwork panels
should be sufficiently tight to prevent loss of mortar from concrete. Particular care is needed to
provide sufficient number of form ties used to link together the opposite panel of a wall form.
When there is mistake in formwork design, these may lead to large deflections or leakage of
mortar. This failure can cause a dangerous collapse and gives serious impact on the appearance
of the structural such as honeycomb. The size and design of the panel should permit easy
handling and simple method of erection and striking to reduce the incidence of blowholes.
Arrangement of panels also should be such that they are not trapped during striking and it should
be possible to strike side from beams without disturbing the soffit formwork.

General requirement of formwork Each formwork design should be strong enough to support
the load of wet concrete which is generally considered to be approximately 2400 kg/m3. Thus,
the time of striking should be related to the strength of the concrete and soffit forms to beams
and slabs must be left in place longer than is necessary for the side forms. It must not be able to

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deflect under load which would include the loading of wet concrete, self weight and any
superimposed loads such as operatives and barrow runs over the formwork. The formwork must
be accurately set out before the process of removing the formwork. Concrete being a fluid when
placed, it will take up the shape of the formwork which it must be the correct shape, size and in
the right position. Furthermore, to prevent grout leakage, the formwork must have grout-tight
joint. So that there is no honeycomb or fin produced. This can be prevented by using sheet
material or special self adhesive tape.

Material for formwork

1.4.1 Main Requirements In choosing the material for formwork, the requirement that need to be
considered is hardness, permeability and surface texture. Hardness is defined as the high
resistance to various kinds of shape change when force is applied. The hardness of the formwork
is significant to ensure that the formwork is strong enough to cater the concrete that is going to
be place into it. Permeability on the other hand is the property where the material allows water to
pass through its pores. This requirement need to be considered to ensure that the formwork do
not absorb too much of the concrete moisture. Surface texture is the physical condition of the
formwork surface which is going result the appearance of the concrete. Having good surface
texture of formwork is the in order to get the best look of concrete once the formwork is
removed.

Size and dimension

Size and Quantity of Reinforcement for Building Works

Sl. No RCC Member Size of reinforcement required

1. Column footings 10mm or 12mm

2. Grade beams 12mm, 16mm – 85% Stirrups – 6mm or 8mm– 15%

3. Plinth beams 8mm diameter – 85%, Stirrups 6mm – 15%

4. Columns 16mm, 20mm and 25mm – 90% Ties – 6mm or 8mm – 10%

Bar bending and formalities

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Bar bending is the process of cutting bending and fixing reinforcement bars as per drawing.The
responsibility of the structural engineering has been completed by suggesting the right
reinforcement bars to the structure. But at the site many people need to understand the
reinforcement details in a simple manner for their responsibilities.

Guidelines to follow

• Every RCC structural element should have a separate BBS. Do not group them as one.

• Ensure to follow the IS guideline for bending hook length lap length and development
length calculation.

• It would be handy if you memorize the unit weight of steel bars.

• Ensure the estimation by thump rule calculation of steel reinforcement for different
structural members.

• Keep bar bending shape codes handy for easy reference.

BBS basic and formulas to be remembered

• Diameter of bars (in mm) – 6,8,10,12,16,20,25,28,32,36,40mm.

• The standard length of reinforcement bar —12 meter or 40 feet

• Weight of bar (kg) per metre formula —D2/162

Extension length formulas

• Footing lap length formula —40d

• Column lap length formula —50d

• Development length for dowel bars —16d

• Hook length —9d

Concrete cover

• Footing — 75 mm

• Column and beam — 25–50 mm

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CHAPTER 5

BASIC ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Objective

At the end of this learning element you will be able to identify various types of conduit for
electrical installation and their use

Introducton

Apparatus needed for the work

Some of materials needed for the installation works are

1. Switch
2. Lamp
3. Conduit
4. Socket outlet and other

One phase/switch

One-way switch basically operates as a make or break switch. When it is turned on, the two
terminals are connected, and when it is turned off, the contact between the two is broken. In
contrast, a two-way switch is basically two, one-way switches combined into one

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 Two phase Switch

The two way switch acts as two switches that can control a single appliance. This is a 2 switch
for a single appliance. Suppose you are on the top of stairs and want to turn on the light above
the stairs then using the two way switch you can turn on/off the same light with two different
areas or locations

The most common electrical testing procedures:

Protective Conductor Continuity: It’s crucial that every protective conductor in a circuit meets
current electrical standards. …

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 Circuit Breaker Functionality: …

Ring Circuit Testing: …

Polarity testing

Phase and neutral

In AC circuit current flows in both directions. Phase acts as main supply line while neutral acts
like a return path for the circuit to be completed.

Phase has some potential value but neutral has zero potential value in normal condition.

In the case of fault condition or Short Circuit there is flow of Current and voltage from neutral.

It is required to close the circuit for the utilization of electrical energy and neutral is used as
return/Closing path.

Lamp:device for producing illumination, originally a vessel containing a wick soaked in

combustible material and subsequently such other light-producing instruments as gas and electric
lamps.it needs neutral line

Breaker: ( Circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical circuit
from damage caused by an overcurrent or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current
flow to protect equipment and to prevent the risk of fire.

Switch: In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or

connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or diverting i

from one conductor to another.it needs phase lines

Socket Outlet: A network socket is a software structure within a network node of a computer
network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The
structure and properties of a socket are defined by an application programming interface for the
networking architecture.

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