Plug-In Electric Vehicle

1/15/22, 12:17 PM Plug-in electric vehicle - Wikipedia
Plug-in electric vehicle

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV), also known as new energy vehicle (NEV) in China, is any
road vehicle that can be recharged from an external source of electricity, such as wall sockets, and the
electricity stored in the rechargeable battery packs drives or contributes to drive the wheels. PEV is a
subset of electric vehicles that includes all-electric, or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in
hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).[3][4][5] Sales of the first series production plug-in cars began in December
2008, with the introduction of the BYD F3DM plug-in hybrid, and the all-electric Mitsubishi i-MiEV
in July 2009, but retail sales only gained traction after the introduction of the mass production all-
electric Nissan Leaf and the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt in December 2010.
Plug-in cars have several benefits compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. All-
electric vehicles have lower operating and maintenance costs, and produce little or no local air
pollution. They reduce dependence on petroleum and may significantly reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, depending on the electricity source. Plug-in hybrids capture most of these benefits when
they are operating in all-electric mode.
Cumulative global sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars and light utility vehicles
achieved the 1 million unit mark in September 2015,[6] 5 million in December 2018.[7] and the
10 million unit milestone in 2020.[8] Despite the rapid growth experienced, However, the stock of
plug-in electric cars represented just 1% of all passengers vehicles on the world's roads by the end of
2020, of which pure electrics constituted two thirds.[9]
As of June 2021, the Tesla Model 3 ranked as the world's top selling highway-capable plug-in electric
car in history, and also was the first electric car to achieve global sales of more than 1,000,000
units,[10][11] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the world's all-time best selling plug-in hybrid, with
global sales of 290,000 units through September 2021.[2]
As of December 2020, China had the world's largest stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger
cars with 4.5 million units, representing 42% of the world's stock of plug-in cars.[12][13] Europe ranked
next with over 3.2 million plug-in passenger cars at the end of 2020, accounting for about 30% of the
global stock.[12][14][15] The U.S. cumulative sales totaled about 1.8 million plug-in cars through
December 2020.[16] As of July 2021, Germany is the leading European country with cumulative sales
of 1 million plug-in vehicles on the road,[17] and also led the continent plug-in sales in 2019 and
2020.[18][19] Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world,[20] and also achieved
in 2021 the world's largest annual plug-in market share ever registered, 86.2% of new car sales.[21]
Contents
Terminology
New energy vehicles
Battery electric vehicles
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Aftermarket conversions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicle 1/46
Advantages compared to ICE vehicles All-time top-selling plug-in cars
Improved air quality (global sales as of December 2020)

Lower greenhouse gas emissions
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Less dependence on imported oil
Vehicle-to-grid
Disadvantages
Cost of batteries
Availability of recharging infrastructure
Potential overload of local electrical grids Tesla Model 3 electric car (~1,031,000)
(1)
Risks associated with noise reduction
Risks of battery fire
Car dealers’ reluctance to sell
Government incentives and policies
Production plug-in electric vehicles available
Sales and main markets
Top selling PEV models
See also
Nissan Leaf electric car (500,000)
References
External links
Books
Terminology

Wuling Hongguang Mini EV electric car
A plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) is any motor vehicle with (400,000)(2)
rechargeable battery packs that can be charged from the
electric grid, and the electricity stored on board drives or
contributes to drive the wheels for propulsion.[3][4] Plug-in
electric vehicles are also sometimes referred to as grid-
enabled vehicles (GEV),[4] and the European Automobile
Manufacturers Association (ACEA) calls them electrically
chargeable vehicles (ECV).[22]
PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery

Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (290,000)
electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), (2)
and electric vehicle conversions of hybrid electric vehicles
and conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[3][4] (1) As of June 2021. (2) As of September 2021[1][2]
Even though conventional hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
have a battery that is continually recharged with power from
the internal combustion engine and regenerative braking, they can not be recharged from an off-
vehicle electric energy source, and therefore, they do not belong to the category of plug-in electric
vehicles.[3][4]
"Plug-in electric drive vehicle" is the legal term used in U.S. federal
legislation to designate the category of motor vehicles eligible for federal
tax credits depending on battery size and their all-electric range.[23][24]
In some European countries, particularly in France, "electrically
chargeable vehicle" is the formal term used to designate the vehicles
eligible for these incentives.[25]
While the term "plug-in electric vehicle"
most often refers to automobiles or "plug-in cars", there are several other
types of plug-in electric vehicle, including battery electric multiple units,
electric motorcycles and scooters, neighborhood electric vehicles or
microcars, city cars, vans, buses, electric trucks or lorries, and military
vehicles.[26]
New energy vehicles

Brammo Empulse electric
In China, the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) refers to vehicles that are motorcycle at a charging
partially or fully powered by electricity, such as battery electric vehicles station.
(BEVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
(FCEVs). The Chinese government began implementation of its NEV
program in 2009 to foster the development and introduction of new energy vehicles.[27]
Battery electric vehicles
A battery electric vehicle (BEV) uses chemical energy stored in

rechargeable battery packs as its only source for propulsion.[4][28]
BEVs use electric motors and motor controllers instead of internal
combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion.[4]
A plug-in hybrid operates as an all-electric vehicle or BEV when

operating in charge-depleting mode, but it switches to charge-
sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state
U.S. Army GEM e2 neighborhood
of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric
electric vehicle.
range (AER).[29][30]
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV or PHV), also known as a plug-in hybrid, is a hybrid electric
vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full charge by connecting a plug to an
external electric power source.[4][31] A plug-in hybrid shares the characteristics of both a conventional
hybrid electric vehicle and an all-electric vehicle: it uses a gasoline engine and an electric motor for
propulsion, but a PHEV has a larger battery pack that can be recharged, allowing operation in all-
electric mode until the battery is depleted.[31][32][33]
Aftermarket conversions
An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion

engine vehicle (ICEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) to electric propulsion, creating an all-electric
or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.[34][35][36]
There are several companies in the U.S. offering conversions. The

most common conversions have been from hybrid electric cars to
plug-in hybrid, but due to the different technology used in hybrids
by each carmaker, the easiest conversions are for 2004–2009
Toyota Prius and for the Ford Escape/Mercury Mariner
Hybrid.[34]
Advantages compared to ICE vehicles

Several Prius+ converted plug-in
PEVs have several advantages. These include improved air quality,
hybrids.
reduced greenhouse gas emissions, noise reduction, and national
security benefits. According to the Center for American Progress,
PEVs are an important part of the group of technologies that will help the U.S. meet its goal under the
Paris Agreement, which is a 26-28 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by the year
2025.[37]
Improved air quality
Electric cars, as well as plug-in hybrids operating in all-electric mode, emit no harmful tailpipe
pollutants from the onboard source of power, such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. However, like ICE cars,
electric cars emit particulates from brake and tyres.[38] Depending on the source of the electricity
used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation
plants where they can be more easily captured from flue gases.[39] Cities with chronic air pollution
problems, such as Los Angeles, México City, Santiago, Chile, São Paulo, Beijing, Bangkok and
Kathmandu may also gain local clean air benefits by shifting the harmful emission to electric
generation plants located outside the cities.
Lower greenhouse gas emissions
Plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit

greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power, but from the
point of view of a well-to-wheel assessment, the extent of the
benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity
generation. This fact has been referred to as the long tailpipe of
plug-in electric vehicles. From the perspective of a full life cycle
analysis, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be
generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind, solar,
RechargeIT converted Toyota Prius
hydroelectric, or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or plug-in hybrids at Google's Mountain
zero well-to-wheel emissions.[3][39] In the case of plug-in hybrid View campus. The garage has
electric vehicles operating in hybrid mode with assistance of the recharging facilities powered by
internal combustion engine, tailpipe and greenhouse emissions solar panels.
are lower in comparison to conventional cars because of their
higher fuel economy.[3]
The magnitude of the potential advantage depends on the mix of generation sources and therefore
varies by country and by region. For example, France can obtain significant emission benefits from
electric and plug-in hybrids because most of its electricity is generated by nuclear power plants;
similarly, most regions of Canada are primarily powered with hydroelectricity, nuclear, or natural gas
which have no or very low emissions at the point of generation; and the state of California, where
most energy comes from natural gas, hydroelectric and nuclear plants can also secure substantial
emission benefits. The United Kingdom also has a significant potential to benefit from PEVs as low
carbon sources such as wind turbines dominate the generation mix. Nevertheless, the location of the
plants is not relevant when considering greenhouse gas emission because their effect is global.[39]
Lifecycle GHG emissions are complex to calculate, but compared to ICE cars generally while the EV
battery causes higher emissions during vehicle manufacture this excess carbon debt is paid back after
several months of driving.[40]
Lower operating and maintenance costs
Internal combustion engines are relatively inefficient at converting on-board fuel energy to
propulsion as most of the energy is wasted as heat, and the rest while the engine is idling. Electric
motors, on the other hand, are more efficient at converting stored energy into driving a vehicle.
Electric drive vehicles do not consume energy while at rest or coasting, and modern plug-in cars can
capture and reuse as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking through
regenerative braking.[41][39] Typically, conventional gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of the
fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories, and diesel engines can reach on-
board efficiencies of 20%, while electric drive vehicles typically have on-board efficiencies of around
80%.[41]
All-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also have lower

maintenance costs as compared to internal combustion vehicles,
since electronic systems break down much less often than the
mechanical systems in conventional vehicles, and the fewer
mechanical systems onboard last longer due to the better use of
the electric engine. PEVs do not require oil changes and other
routine maintenance checks.[41][39]
The operating cost of the Toyota

Prius Plug-in Hybrid in the U.S. is
Less dependence on imported oil
estimated at US$0.03 per mile while
For
operating in all-electric mode.[41][42]
many developing
countries, and particularly for
the poorest African countries,
oil imports have an adverse impact on the government budget and
deteriorate their terms of trade thus jeopardizing their balance of
payments, all leading to lower economic growth.[43][44] Evolution of oil prices since 1987
(average Brent spot prices –
Through the gradual replacement of internal combustion engine adjusted for U.S. inflation).
vehicles for electric cars and plug-in hybrids, electric drive
vehicles can contribute significantly to lessen the dependence of
the transport sector on imported oil as well as contributing to the development of a more resilient
energy supply.[39][45][46][47]
Vehicle-to-grid
Plug-in electric vehicles offer users the opportunity to sell electricity stored in their batteries back to
the power grid, thereby helping utilities to operate more efficiently in the management of their
demand peaks.[48] A vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system would take advantage of the fact that most vehicles
are parked an average of 95 percent of the time. During such idle times the electricity stored in the
batteries could be transferred from the PEV to the power lines and back to the grid. In the U.S. this
transfer back to the grid have an estimated value to the utilities of up to $4,000 per year per car.[49]
In a V2G system it would also be expected that battery electric (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs)
would have the capability to communicate automatically with the power grid to sell demand response
services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.[48][50][51]
Disadvantages
Cost of batteries
As of 2020, plug-in electric vehicles are significantly more

expensive as compared to conventional internal combustion
engine vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles due to the additional
cost of their lithium-ion battery pack. Cost reductions through
advances in battery technology and higher production volumes
will allow plug-in electric vehicles to be more competitive with
Tesla Model S electric car (left) and
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles.[52] Fisker Karma plug-in hybrid (right)
at the parking spots reserved for
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) concludes that battery
green cars at San Francisco
costs are on a trajectory to make electric vehicles without International Airport.
government subsidies as affordable as internal combustion engine
cars in most countries by 2022. BNEF projects that by 2040, long-
range electric cars will cost less than US$22,000 expressed in 2016 dollars. BNEF expects electric car
battery costs to be well below US$120 per kWh by 2030, and to fall further thereafter as new
chemistries become available.[53]
Availability of recharging infrastructure
Despite the widespread assumption that plug-in recharging will

take place overnight at home, residents of cities, apartments,
dormitories, and townhouses do not have garages or driveways
with available power outlets, and they might be less likely to buy
plug-in electric vehicles unless recharging infrastructure is
developed.[54][55] Electrical outlets or charging stations near their
places of residence, in commercial or public parking lots, streets
and workplaces are required for these potential users to gain the
full advantage of PHEVs, and in the case of EVs, to avoid the fear Converted Toyota Prius plug-in
of the batteries running out energy before reaching their hybrids recharging at San Francisco
destination, commonly called range anxiety.[55][56] Even house City Hall charging station.
dwellers might need to charge at the office or to take advantage of
opportunity charging at shopping centers.[57] However, this
infrastructure is not in place and it will require investments by both the private and public sectors.[56]
Battery swapping
A different approach to resolve the problems of range anxiety and

lack of recharging infrastructure for electric vehicles was
developed by Better Place but was not successful in the United
States in the 2010s. As of 2020 battery swapping is available in
China and is planned for other countries.[58]
Potential overload of local electrical grids

Better Place's battery switching
The existing low-voltage network, and local transformers in
station in Israel
particular, may not have enough capacity to handle the additional
power load that might be required in certain areas with high plug-
in electric car concentrations. As recharging a single electric-drive car could consume three times as
much electricity as a typical home, overloading problems may arise when several vehicles in the same
neighborhood recharge at the same time, or during the normal summer peak loads. To avoid such
problems, utility executives recommend owners to charge their vehicles overnight when the grid load
is lower or to use smarter electric meters that help control demand. When market penetration of plug-
in electric vehicles begins to reach significant levels, utilities will have to invest in improvements for
local electrical grids in order to handle the additional loads related to recharging to avoid blackouts
due to grid overload. Also, some experts have suggested that by implementing variable time-of-day
rates, utilities can provide an incentive for plug-in owners to recharge mostly overnight when rates
are lower.[56][59][60]
In the 5 years from 2014 to 2019, EVs increased in number and range, and doubled power draw and
energy per session. Charging increased after midnight, and decreased in the peak hours of early
evening.[61][62]
Risks associated with noise reduction
Electric cars and plug-in hybrids when operating in all-electric mode at low speeds produce less
roadway noise as compared to vehicles propelled by an internal combustion engine, thereby reducing
harmful noise health effects. However, blind people or the visually impaired consider the noise of
combustion engines a helpful aid while crossing streets, hence plug-in electric cars and conventional
hybrids could pose an unexpected hazard when operating at low speeds.[63][64] Several tests
conducted in the U.S. have shown that this is a valid concern, as vehicles operating in electric mode
can be particularly hard to hear below 20 mph (30 km/h) for all types of road users and not only the
visually impaired.[65][66][67] At higher speeds the sound created by tire friction and the air displaced
by the vehicle start to make sufficient audible noise.[64] Therefore, in the 2010s laws were passed in
many countries mandating warning sounds at low speeds.
The 2011 Nissan Leaf had

a switch to manually turn off
its electric warning sound
system.
Risks of battery fire
Lithium-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell

rupture if overheated or overcharged, and in extreme cases this
can lead to combustion.[68] To reduce these risks, lithium-ion
battery packs contain fail-safe circuitry that shuts down the
battery when its voltage is outside the safe range.[69][70]
Several plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place

since the introduction of mass-production plug-in electric vehicles
in 2008. Most of them have been thermal runaway incidents
Frontal crash test of a Volvo C30
related to the lithium-ion batteries. General Motors, Tesla, and
DRIVe Electric to assess the safety
Nissan have published a guide for firefighters and first responders of the battery pack.
to properly handle a crashed plug-in electric-drive vehicle and
safely disable its battery and other high voltage systems.[71][72]
Car dealers’ reluctance to sell
With the exception of Tesla Motors, almost all new cars in the United States are sold through
dealerships, so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles, and negative attitudes can
hinder early adoption of plug-in electric vehicles.[73][74] Dealers decide which cars they want to stock,
and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase. Sales
people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about
a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales.[73] As with any new technology, and in the
particular case of advanced technology vehicles, retailers are central to ensuring that buyers,
especially those switching to a new technology, have the information and support they need to gain
the full benefits of adopting this new technology.[74]
There are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell
plug-in electric vehicles. PEVs do not offer car dealers the same
profits as a gasoline-powered cars. Plug-in electric vehicles take
more time to sell because of the explaining required, which hurts
overall sales and sales people commissions. Electric vehicles also
may require less maintenance, resulting in loss of service revenue,
and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits, their
service departments. According to the National Automobile
Dealers Association (NADS), dealers on average make three times Car dealerships can play a role in
as much profit from service as they do from new car sales.[73] the sales of plug-in electric vehicles.
Shown a dealership exhibiting first
Government incentives and policies generation Chevrolet Volts.
Several national, provincial, and local governments around the world have introduced policies to
support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been
established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary
incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle
for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.[12][75]
Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric

car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the
still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial
incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax
credits, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and
other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road, bridge and tunnel
tolls, and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of
registration and annual use vehicle fees. Some countries, like
France, also introduced a bonus-malus CO2 based tax system that All-electric car on a bus lane in Oslo.
penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales.[12][75][76]
As of 2020, monetary incentives for electrically chargeable vehicles are available, among others, in
several European Union member states, China, the United States, the UK, Japan, Norway, some
provinces in Canada, South Korea, India, Israel, Colombia, and Costa Rica.[12][77][78]
Among the non-monetary incentives there are several perks such allowing plug-in vehicles access to
bus lanes and high-occupancy vehicle lanes, free parking and free charging.[75] In addition, in some
countries or cities that restrict private car ownership (purchase quota system for new vehicles), or
have implemented permanent driving restrictions (no-drive days), the schemes often exclude electric
vehicles from the restrictions to promote their adoption.[76][80][77][81]
For example, in Beijing, the license plate lottery scheme specifies a fixed number of vehicle purchase
permits each year, but to promote the electrification of its fleet, the city government split the number
of purchase permits into two lots, one for conventional vehicles, and another dedicated for all-electric
vehicle applicants.[76] In the case of cities with driving alternate-days based on the license plate
number, such as San José, Costa Rica, since 2012, São Paulo and Bogotá since 2014, and Mexico City
since 2015, all-electric vehicles were excluded from the driving restrictions.[77][81][82][83]
Some government have also established long term regulatory

Timeline of national targets
signals with specific target timeframes such as ZEV mandates,
for full ICE phase outor
national or regional CO2 emissions regulations, stringent fuel

100% ZEV car sales[12][79]
economy standards, and the phase out of internal combustion
Selected countries Year
engine vehicle sales.[12][75] For example, Norway set a national
Norway (100% ZEV sales) 2025 goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission
Denmark vehicles (electric or hydrogen).[84][85]
Iceland Also, some cities are planning to
Ireland 2030 establish zero-emission zones
(ZEZ) restricting traffic access
Netherlands (100% ZEV sales)
into an urban cordon area or city
Sweden center where only zero-emission
United Kingdom vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed
access. In such areas, all internal
France
combustion engine vehicles are
Canada (100% ZEV sales) 2040 banned.[86][87]
Singapore Sign for London's Ultra Low
As of June 2020, Oxford is slated
Sri Lanka (100% HEV or PEV stock) Emission Zone (ULEZ). A
to be the first city to implement a
fee is charged to the most
Germany (100% ZEV sales) ZEZ scheme, beginning with a
polluting vehicles entering
U.S. (only 10 ZEV states)
small area scheduled to go into
Central London.
2050 effect by mid 2021. The plan is to
Japan (100% HEV/PHEV/ZEV sales) expand the clean air zone
Costa Rica (100% ZEV sales) gradually into a much larger zone, until the ZEZ encompasses
the majority of the city center by 2035.[88][89]
As of May 2020, other cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ, or partial or total ban fossil fuel
powered vehicles include, among others, Amsterdam (2030),[90] Athens (2025),[91] Barcelona
(2030),[91] Brussels (2030/2035),[86] Copenhagen (2030),[91] London (2020/2025),[86] Los Angeles
(2030),[91] Madrid (2025),[92] Mexico City (2025),[92] Milan (2030),[91] Oslo (2024/2030),[86] Paris
(2024/2030),[86] Quito (2030),[91] Rio de Janeiro (2030),[91] Rome (2024/2030),[86][93] Seattle
(2030),[91] and Vancouver (2030).[91]
Production plug-in electric vehicles available

During the 1990s several highway-capable plug-in electric cars
were produced in limited quantities, all were battery electric
vehicles. PSA Peugeot Citroën launched several electric
"Électrique" versions of its models starting in 1991. Other models
were available through leasing mainly in California. Popular
models included the General Motors EV1 and the Toyota RAV4
EV. Some of the latter were sold to the public and were still in use
by the early 2010s.[94]
The General Motors EV1 was the
In the late 2000s began a new wave of mass production plug-in first mass-produced and purpose-
electric cars, motorcycles and light trucks. However, as of 2011, designed all-electric car of the
most electric vehicles in the world roads were low-speed, low- modern era from a major
range neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) or electric automaker.
quadricycles.[95] Sales of low-speed electric vehicles experienced considerable growth in China

between 2012 and 2016, with an estimated NEV stock between 3 million to 4 million units, with most
powered by lead-acid batteries.[96]
As of December 2019, according to the International Energy Agency, there were about 250 models of
highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars available for sale in the world, up from 70 in 2014.[12]
There are also available several commercial models of electric light commercial vehicles, plug-in
motorcycles, all-electric buses, and plug-in heavy-duty trucks.
The Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance is the world's leading

light-duty electric vehicle manufacturer. Since 2010, the Alliance's
global all-electric vehicle sales totaled almost 725,000 units,
including those manufactured by Mitsubishi Motors through
December 2018, now part of the Alliance.[98] Its best selling all-
electric Nissan Leaf was the world's top selling plug-in electric car
in 2013 and 2014.[99] Tesla is the world's second largest plug-in
electric passenger car manufacturer with global sales since 2012 of
The Tesla Model 3 was the world's over 532,000 units as of December 2018.[100] Its Model S was the
top selling plug-in car in 2018.[97] world's top selling plug-in car in 2015 and 2016,[99][101] and its
Model 3 was the world's best selling plug-in electric car in
2018.[97]
Ranking next is BYD Auto with more than 529,000 plug-in

passenger cars delivered in China through December
2018.[102][103][104][105] Its Qin plug-in hybrid is the company's top
selling model with almost 137,000 units sold in China through
December 2018.[99][106][105] As of December 2018, the BMW
Group had sold more than 356,000 plug-in cars since inception of
the BMW i3, accounting for global sales its BMW i cars, BMW
iPerformance plug-in hybrid models, and MINI brand plug-
ins.[107]
The BYD Qin is the Chinese
BYD Auto ended 2015 as the world's best selling manufacturer of company's all-time top selling
highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, with 61,722 units model.
sold, followed by Tesla, with 50,580 units.[108][109][110] BYD was
again the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer in 2016,
with 101,183 units delivered, one more time followed again by Tesla with 76,243 units.[102][111] In
2017 BYD ranked for the third consecutive year as the global top plug-in car manufacturer with
113,669 units delivered. BAIC ranked second with 104,520 units.[104][106] The BAIC EC-Series all-
electric city car ranked as the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017 with 78,079 units sold in
China.[112]
After 10 years in the market, Tesla was the world's top selling plug-in passenger car manufacturer in
2018, both as a brand and by automotive group, with 245,240 units delivered and a market share of
12% of all plug-in cars sold globally in 2018.[97][113][114] BYD Auto ranked second with 227,152 plug-in
passenger cars sold worldwide, representing a market share of 11%.[114][115]
Sales and main markets
The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles between 2005 and

2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars, totaling about 1,700
units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose
to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which, only 350 vehicles were
plug-in hybrids.[117][118] By comparison, during the Golden Age of
the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock
peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.[116]
After the introduction of the first mass-production plug-in cars by

major carmakers in late 2010, plug-in car global sales went from
Detroit Electric car charging in 1919.
about 50,000 units in 2011, to 125,000 in 2012, almost 213,000 in
During the Golden Age of the
2013, and over 315,000 units in 2014.[119] By mid-September
electric car at the beginning of the
2015, the global stock of highway legal plug-in electric passenger
20th century, the EV stock peaked
cars and utility vans reached the one million sales
at about 30,000 vehicles.[116]
milestone,[6][120] almost twice as fast as hybrid electric vehicles
(HEV).[6][120]
Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in 2015

increased to more than 565,000 units in 2015, about
80% from 2014, driven mainly by China and
Europe.[119] Both markets passed in 2015 the U.S. as
the largest plug-in electric car markets in terms of total
annual sales, with China ranking as the world's best-
selling plug-in electric passenger car country market in
2015.[127][128] About 775,000 plug-in cars and vans
were sold in 2016, and cumulative global sales passed
the 2 million milestone by the end of 2016.[102] The
global market share of the light-duty plug-in vehicle
segment achieved a record 0.86% of total new car sales
Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in the
in 2016, up from 0.62% in 2015 and 0.38% in
world's top markets between 2011 and
2014.[129]
2020[12][119][121][122][123][124][125][126]
Cumulative global light-duty plug-in vehicle sales
passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017.[130]
About 1.2 million plug-ins cars and vans were sold worldwide in 2017, with China accounting for
about half of global sales. The plug-in car segment achieved a 1.3% market share.[112][131] Plug-in
passenger car sales totaled just over 2 million in 2018, with a market share of 2.1%.[97] The global
stock reached 5.3 million light-duty plug-in vehicles in December 2018.[7][121]
By the end of 2019 the stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles totaled 7.55 million units, consisting of
4.79 million all-electric cars, 2.38 million plug-in hybrid cars, and 377,970 electric light commercial
vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars still represented less than 1% of the world's car fleet in use.[12] In
addition, there were about half a million electric buses in circulation in 2019, most of them in
China.[12] In 2020, global cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in vehicles passed the 10 million unit
milestone.[8]
Despite the rapid growth experienced, the plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of
every 250 vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2018 (0.4%),[132] rose to 1 out of every 200
motor vehicles (0.48%) in 2019,[133] and by the end of 2020, the stock share of plug-in cars on the
world's roads was 1%.[9]
All-electric cars have outsold plug-in hybrids for

several years, and by the end of 2019, the shift towards
battery electric cars continued. The global ratio
between all-electrics (BEVs) and plug-in hybrids
(PHEVs) went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015,
increased to 66:34 in 2017, and rose to 69:31 in 2018,
and reached 74:26 in 2019.[97][134][135] Out of the
7.2 million plug-in passenger cars in use at the end of
2019, two thirds were all-electric cars (4.8 million).[12]
Since 2016, China has the world's largest fleet of light-

Evolution of the ratio between global sales of
duty plug-in electric vehicles, after having overtaken
BEVs and PHEVs between 2011 and
during 2016 both the U.S. and Europe in terms of
2020.[97][134][135]
cumulative sales.[102][136][137] The fleet of Chinese
plug-in passenger cars represented 46.7% of the global
stock of plug-in cars at the end of 2019. Europe listed
next with 24.8%, followed by the U.S. with 20.2% of the global stock in use.[12]
As of December 2017, 25 cities accounted for 44% of the world's stock of plug-in electric cars, while
representing just 12% of world passenger vehicle sales. Shanghai led the world with cumulative sales
of over 162,000 electric vehicles since 2011, followed by Beijing with 147,000 and Los Angeles with
143,000. Among these cities, Bergen has the highest market share of the plug-in segment, with about
50% of new car sales in 2017, followed by Oslo with 40%.[138]
China
As of September 2021, China had the world's largest stock

of highway legal plug-in vehicles with 6.78 million units,
corresponding to over 40% of the global plug-in car fleet
in use. Of these, fully electric accounted for 81.5% of the
all new energy vehicles in use.[12][143] Domestically
produced cars account for about 96% of new energy car
sales in China[112][144] A particular feature of the Chinese
passenger plug-in market is the dominance of small entry
level vehicles.[145]
China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle

and electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching over Cumulative sales of new energy vehicles in
500,000 buses in 2019, 98% of the global stock, and China between 2011 and
247,500 electric light commercial vehicles, 65% of the 2020.[136][139][140][141][142][13]
global fleet. In addition, the country also leads sales of
medium- and heavy duty electric trucks, with over 12,000
trucks sold, and nearly all battery electric.[12] Since 2011, combined sales of all classes of new energy
vehicles (NEV) totaled almost 5.5 million at the end of 2020.[13][136][139][140][141][142] Of these, there
were 4.9 million new energy vehicles in use at the end of 2020, accounting for 1.75% of all vehicles on
the road in China.[146]
The BAIC EC-Series all-electric city car was China's the top selling plug-in car in 2017 and 2018, and
also the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. BYD Auto was the world's top selling car manufacturer
in 2016 and 2017.[147][104][106][112][148] In 2020, the Tesla Model 3 listed as the best-selling plug-in car
with 137,459 units.[149]
Europe
Europe had 3.26 million plug-in electric passenger cars

and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of
2020, consisting of 1,722,003 fully electric passenger cars,
1,394,915 plug-in hybrid cars, and 146,611 all-electric light
commercial vehicles.[14][15] The European stock of plug-in
passenger is the world's second largest market after China,
accounting for 25% of the global stock in 2019.[12] Europe
also has the second largest electric light commercial
vehicle stock, 31% of the global stock in 2019.[12]
In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in
brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug- electric passenger cars in Europe 2011-2020
in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark
for the first time.[150][151] In addition, Europe outsold
China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since
2015.[152][153]
The plug-in car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in
2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[154][155][156] The largest country markets in the European region in
terms of EV stock and annual sales are Germany, Norway, France, the UK, the Netherlands, and
Sweden.[12] Germany surpassed Norway in 2019 as the best selling plug-in market, leading both the
all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments in Europe.[156] and in 2020 listed as the top selling
European country market for the second consecutive year.[12][151]
Germany
As of December 2021, Germany has the largest plug-in

stock of plug-in electric cars in Europe, with cumulative
sales of 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars since
2010.[18][157] The German fleet in use consists of 54% all-
electric vehicles and 46% plug-in hybrids.[17]
Germany listed as the top selling plug-in car market in the

European continent in 2019 and achieved a market share
of 3.10%.[125][158] Despite the global decline in car sales
brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the segment market
share achieved a record 13.6% in 2020.[159] with a record
volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in
2020, up 263% from 2019, allowing Germany to be listed Germany by type of powertrain between 2010
for a second year running as the best selling European and 2021.
plug-in market.[160][159] Both years, the German market
led both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid
segments.[160]
Despite to the continued global decline in car sales brought by the shortages related to the COVID-19
pandemic, and computer chips in particular, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were
registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids and 355,961 all-electric cars,
allowing the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.[157]
France
As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric

vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of
512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and
274,096 plug-in hybrids.[162] Of these, over 60,000 were all-
electric light commercial vehicles.[12][163]
The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from

The Renault Zoe is the country's all-
0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014.[164][165]
time best selling plug-in electric car
After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old
with over 100,000 units delivered
diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and since inception through June
plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share to 1.17% in
2020.[161]
2015,[166][127] climbed to 2.11% in 2018, and achieved 2.8% in
2019.[12][167] Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought
by the COVID-19 pandemic, plug-in electric car sales in France during the first six months of 2020
achieved a record sales volume of 65,267 units, and a market share of 9.1%,[168][169] and achieved a
record market share of 15.1% in 2021.[162]
As of December 2019, France ranked as the country with the world's second largest stock of light-duty
electric commercial vehicles after China, with 49,340 utility vans in use.[12] The market share of all-
electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% in 2014, and 1.77% in 2018.[167][170]
United Kingdom
About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had

been registered in the UK up until December 2021,
consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000
plug-in hybrids.[171]
A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning

in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to
37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.[172][173][174]
Again sales surged to 175,339 units in 2020, despite the
global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19
pandemic, and achieved record sales of 305,281 units in
2021.[175] Registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK
between 2011 and 2021.
The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16%
in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in
2018.[172][176][174] The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, rose to 10.7% in 2020,[177] and
achieved a record 18.6% in 2021.[171]
As of June 2020, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK
over 46,400 units registered, followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31,400 units.[178]
Norway
As of 31 December 2021, the stock of light-duty plug-in

electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use,
consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans
(including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.[179]
Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in
Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to
2018.[20][180] Until 2019, Norway listed as the European
country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans,
and the third largest in the world.[12]
The Norwegian plug-in car segment market share has

been the highest in the world for several years, reaching
Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in
39.2% in 2017, up from 29.1% in 2016,[181][182] 49.1% in
electric car segment market share of new car
2018,[183] rose to 55.9% in 2019,[184] and reached 74.7% in
sales and monthly records 2011–2021.
2020, meaning that three out of every four new passenger
car sold in Norway in 2020 was a plug-in electric.[185] In
September 2021, the combined market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of
91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids,
becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country.[186][187]
The plug-in segment market share rose to 86.2% in 2021.[21]
In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars in use was a
plug-in electric vehicle.[188][189] and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all
passenger cars on Norwegian roads.[190]
The country's fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the
cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated in the country comes from
hydropower.[191][192] Norway is the country with the largest EV ownership per capita in the
world.[193][194][195]
Netherlands
As of 31 December 2020, there were 297,380 highway-legal light-

duty plug-in electric vehicles on the Dutch roads, consisting of
182,481 all-electric cars, 182,481 plug-in hybrids, and 6,247 all-
electric light utility vans. When all other classes of vehicles are
accounted for (buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles, etc.), the
Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet in use climbs to 382,721
units.[197]
The Volkswagen ID.3 was the best
As of July 2016, the Netherlands had the second largest plug-in selling plug-in car in the Netherlands
ownership per capita in the world after Norway.[198] Plug-in sales in 2020.[196]
fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result of
the change in government's incentives, the plug-in market share
declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017.[199][200] The intake rate rose to
6.5% in 2018 in anticipation of another change in tax rules that went into effect in January 2019,[199]
and increased to 14.9% in 2019, and rose to a record 24.6% in 2020.[197]
United States
As of December 2021, cumulative sales of highway legal

plug-in electric passenger cars in the U.S. totaled
2,322,291 units since 2010.[201] Since December 2016 the
U.S. has the world's third largest stock of plug-in
passenger cars, after having been overtaken by Europe in
2015 and China during 2016.[136][137] California is the
largest plug-in regional market in the country, with
803,816 plug-in cars registered up until December 2020,
46% of national sales.[16]
The Tesla Model 3 electric car has been the best selling
plug-in car in the U.S. for two consecutive years, 2018 and Comparison of plug-in car market shares in
2019.[202][203] Cumulative sales of the Model 3 surpassed California vs the American market (2011-
in 2019 the discontinued Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid to 2020)
become the all-time best selling plug-in car in the country,
with an estimated 300,471 units delivered since inception,
followed by the Tesla Model S all-electric car with about 157,992, and the Chevrolet Volt with
157,054.[204]
Japan
As of December 2019, Japan had a stock of plug-in passenger cars

of 294,000 units on the road, consisting of 152,320 all-electric
cars (51.8%) and 141,680 plug-in hybrids (48.2%).[12] The fleet of
electric light commercial vehicles in use totaled 8,720 units in
2019.[12]
Plug-in sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015 and 24,851 units in

2016.[12] The rate of growth of the Japanese plug-in segment
slowed down from 2013, with annual sales falling behind Europe, As of April 2018, the Nissan Leaf
the U.S. and China during 2014 and 2015.[127][206] The segment listed the all-time top selling plug-in
market share fell from 0.68% in 2014 to 0.59% in 2016.[96] Sales car in Japan, with 100,000 units
recovered in 2017, with almost 56,000 plug-in cars sold, and the delivered.[205]
segment's market share reached 1.1%.[207] Sales fell slightly in
2018 to 52,000 units with a market share of 1.0%.[208]
The decline in plug-in car sales reflects the Japanese government and the major domestic carmakers
decision to adopt and promote hydrogen fuel cell vehicles instead of plug-in electric vehicles.[209][210]
Top selling PEV models
All-electric cars and vans
The Tesla Model 3 surpassed the Nissan Leaf in early 2020 to become the world's all-time best selling
electric car,[10] and, in June 2021, became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[11] The
Model 3 has been the world's best selling plug-in electric car for three consecutive years, from 2018 to
2020.[211][97][134] The United States is the leading market with an estimated 395,000 units
sold,[204][212] followed by the European market with over 180,000

units delivered, both through December 2020.[213][214] The Model
3 was the best-selling plug-in car in China in 2020, with 137,459
units sold.[149]
Global sales of the Nissan Leaf totaled 500,000 units by

December 2020, 10 years after its inception.[215] Europe is the
world's largest Leaf market with more than 180,000 units sold
through December 2020,[216][214] of which, over 65,500 units The Nissan Leaf was the world's all-
have been registered in Norway, the leading European country time top selling highway legal plug-
market.[217] As of December 2020, U.S. sales totaled 151,471 in electric car until December
units,[218] and sales in Japan totaled 146,216 units.[219] 2019.[10]
Ranking third is the all-electric Tesla Model S with global

deliveries of 263,504 units as of December 2018.[220][221][222][223][224] The United States is its leading
market with about 157,992 units delivered through 2019.[204] The Wuling Hongguang Mini EV has
dominated sales in the Chinese market in 2021, selling over 400,000 units in just over a year from its
release.[225]
Europe's all-time top selling all-electric light utility vehicle is the Renault Kangoo Z.E., with global
sales of over 57,500 units through November 2020.[226]
The following table presents global sales of the top selling highway-capable electric cars and light
utility vehicles produced since the introduction of the first modern production all-electric car, the
Tesla Roadster, in 2008 and September 2021. The table includes all-electric passenger cars and utility
vans with cumulative sales of about or over 200,000 units.
Top selling highway legal electric cars and light
utility vehicles produced between 2008 and September 2021(1)
Market
Global
Cumulative
Model Source
launch sales[227][228] sales through
Tesla Model 3 Jul 2017 ~814,000 Dec 2020 [211][224][229][230][231][232]
Nissan Leaf Dec 2010 500,000 Dec 2020 [215]
Wuling Hongguang Mini EV Jul 2020 400,000(2) Sep 2021 [1]
Tesla Model S Jun 2012 ~305,000 Aug 2020 [134][220][221][222][223][224]
Renault Zoe Dec 2012 284,800 Dec 2020 [233][234]
BMW i3 Nov 2013 210,000(3) Jul 2021 [235]
BAIC EC-Series Dec 2016 203,000(2) Aug 2020 [236][237]
BAIC EU-Series 2016 196,000(2) Aug 2020 [236]
Tesla Model X Sep 2015 ~177,000 Aug 2020 [134][221][222][223][99][224][238][239][240][241]
Chery eQ Nov 2014 139,000 Aug 2020 [227]
Notes:
(1) Vehicles are considered highway-capable if able to achieve at least a top speed of 100 km/h (62 mph).
(2) Sales in main China only. (3) BMW i3 sales includes the REx variant (split is not available).
Plug-in hybrids
The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the world's all-time best

selling plug-in hybrid according to JATO Dynamics.[242] Global
sales achieved the 250,000 unit milestone in May 2020.[243]
Europe is the Outlander P-HEV leading market with 126,617 units
sold through January 2019,[244] followed by Japan with 42,451
units through March 2018.[245] European sales are led by the UK
with 36,237 units delivered, followed by the Netherlands with
25,489 units, both through March 2018.[245] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is
the world's all-time best selling plug-
Ranking second is the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid (Toyota Prius in hybrid, with 290,000 units
Prime) with about 225,000 units sold worldwide of both delivered globally through
generations through December 2020.[246][247] The United States September 2021.[2]
is the market leader with over 93,000 units delivered through
December 2018.[248] Japan ranks next with about 61,200 units
through December 2018,[208][247] followed by Europe with almost 14,800 units through June
2018.[247][249]
Combined global sales of the Chevrolet Volt and its rebadged models totaled about 186,000 units by
the end of 2018,[248][250][251][252][253] including about 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe
through June 2016.[254] Volt sales are led by the United States with 157,054 units delivered through
December 2019,[204] followed by Canada with 17,311 units through November 2018.[251][252] Until the
end of 2018, the Chevrolet Volt family listed as the world's top selling plug-in hybrid, when it was
surpassed by the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.[242]
The following table presents plug-in hybrid models with cumulative global sales of around or more
than 100,000 units since the introduction of the first modern production plug-in hybrid car, the BYD
F3DM, in 2008 up until September 2021:
Top selling highway legal plug-in hybrid electric cars
between 2008 and Dec 2020

Market
Global
Cumulative
Model Source
launch sales sales through
Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV Jan 2013 290,000 Sep 2021 [2]
Toyota Prius PHV Jan 2012 225,000 Dec 2020 [246]
Chevrolet Volt(1) Dec 2010 ~186,000 Dec 2018 [248][250][251][253]
BYD Qin(2) Dec 2013 136,818 Dec 2018 [99][105][255]
BYD Tang(2) Jun 2015 101,518 Dec 2018 [105][255][256][257]
Notes: (1) In addition to the Volt sold in North America, combined sales of the Volt/Ampera family includes
about 10,000 Vauxhall/Opel Ampera and about 1,750 Volts sold in Europe,[258][259] 246 Holden Volt sold in Australia,[260]
and 4,317 units of the Buick Velite 5 sold only in China (rebadged second generation Volt).[253]
(2) Sales in China only. BYD Qin total does not include sales of the all-electric variant (Qin EV300).
See also
All-electric vehicle (EV) or battery electric vehicle (BEV)
Battery electric multiple unit
Electric car
Electric car use by country
Electric vehicle battery
Electric vehicle warning sounds
Hybrid tax credit (U.S.)
List of electric cars currently available
List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
Neighborhood electric car
New energy vehicles in China
Plug In America
Plug-in hybrid vehicle, (PHEV)
RechargeIT (Google.org PHEV program)
Renewable energy by country
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nault.com/global/en-gb/renault-nissan-mitsubishi/media/pressreleases/21221696/les-ventes-des-e
ntreprises-membres-de-lalliance-atteignent-1076-millions-dunites-en-2018). Groupe Renault
Media (Press release). Paris. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2019-02-02. As of December 2018, a total of
724,905 electric vehicles have been sold by the Alliance since 2010.
99. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-26). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A
Row" (http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-
in-a-row/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-26. See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative
global sales in the two graphs.
100. Kane, Mark (2019-01-02). "Tesla Production And Deliveries Graphed Through Q4 2018" (https://in
sideevs.com/tesla-production-deliveries-graphed-q4-2018/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2019-01-02.
101. Sharan, Zachary (2017-02-04). "Tesla Model S & Nissan LEAF Clocked As World's Best-Selling
Electric Cars In 2016" (https://cleantechnica.com/2017/02/04/tesla-model-s-clocked-as-worlds-bes
t-selling-electric-car-in-2016/). EV Volumes. CleanTechnica.com. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
102. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). "The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car" (http://www.hybrid
cars.com/the-world-just-bought-its-two-millionth-plug-in-car/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2017-01-17. An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been
sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars,
including imports), Europe (638,000 plug-in cars and vans), and the United States (570,187 plug-
in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636),
France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy
vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling plug-in
car market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in electric cars.
103. Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-07). "China's BYD Becomes World's Third-Largest Plug-in Car Maker" (http://
www.hybridcars.com/chinas-byd-becomes-worlds-third-largest-plug-in-car-maker/).
HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
104. "Top 10 Automakers by 2017 NEV Sales" (http://autonews.gasgoo.com/new_energy/70013135.ht
ml). Gasgoo China Automotive News. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2018-01-29. "According to the data
released by China Passenger Car Association (CPCA), BYD topped the rank with annual NEV
delivery of 113,669 units, increasing 11% year on year. With NEV deliveries soaring 125% on an
annual basis to 104,520 units, BAIC BJEV took the second place among the top ten automakers."
105. Kane, Mark (2019-01-14). "BYD Sold Record 37,000 Electric Cars In December 2018" (https://insi
deevs.com/byd-sold-record-electric-cars-december-2018/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2019-01-14. BYD Auto sold in China 227,152 plug-in cars, up 109% from 2017. During 2018 BYD
Qin sales totaled 47,425 units and BYD Tang sales totaled 37,146 units.
106. Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). "BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla
Again" (https://insideevs.com/byd-1-world-plug-in-electric-car-sales-beats-tesla/). InsideEVs.com.
Retrieved 2018-01-29. "BYD sold 108,612 passenger plug-in cars in China in 2017, enough to
make it the world's top selling plug-in car manufacturer for the third year in a row."
107. Mark Kane (2019-01-11). "BMW Sold 142,617 Plug-In Electric Cars In 2018" (https://insideevs.co
m/bmw-sold-142617-plug-in-ev-cars-2018/). Inside EVs. Retrieved 2019-01-12. The BMW Group
sold 142,617 plug-in electric cars in 2018, and cumulative sales since inception of the BMW i3
totaled over 356,000 BMW and MINI electrified vehicles. BMW set a target of cumulative sales of
500,000 units by the end of 2019.
108. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-12). "Tesla Model S Was World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car in 2015" (http://ww
w.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-was-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-in-2015/). HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-02-06. The Tesla Model S was the top selling plug-in electric car in 2015 with
50,366 units sold, followed by the Nissan Leaf (about 43,000), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV
(over 40,000), the BYD Qin (31,898) and the BMW i3 (24,057). The Model S is also the second-
best seller ever with 107,148 sales since its mid-2012 launch, behind the Nissan Leaf and ahead
of GM’s Volt/Ampera family, credited with 106,000 sales.
109. John Voelcker (2016-01-15). "Who Sold The Most Plug-In Electric Cars In 2015? (It's Not Tesla Or
Nissan)" (http://www.greencarreports.com/news/1101883_who-sold-the-most-plug-in-electric-cars-
in-2015-its-not-tesla-or-nissan). Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-01-17. BYD Auto delivered
31,898 Qins, 18,375 Tangs, and 7,029 e6s during 2015. Added to that are small numbers of the
T3 small commercial van and e5 battery-electric compact sedan, along with 2,888 Denza EV
compact hatchbacks built by its joint venture with Daimler. Altogether, BYD sold a total of 61,722
light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in China in 2015.
110. Natasha Li (2016-03-04). "Alternative Energy Vehicles Account HALF of BYD's Profits for the Very
First Time in 2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160308124723/http://autonews.gasgoo.com/ch
ina-news/alternative-energy-vehicles-account-half-of-byd-s-160304.shtml). Gasgoo Automotive
News. Archived from the original (http://autonews.gasgoo.com/china-news/alternative-energy-vehi
cles-account-half-of-byd-s-160304.shtml) on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-03-07. BYD Auto
delivered 69,222 new energy vehicles in China in 2015, including buses, of which, a total of
61,722 were passenger vehicles, mostly plug-in hybrids, led by the Qin and Tang.
111. Jin Peiling (2017-01-10). "谁是2016年电动汽车市场的霸主？" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170
116173833/http://www.weidu8.net/wx/1010148405424698) [Who is the dominant electric vehicle
market in 2016?] (in Chinese). Daily Observation Car. Archived from the original (http://www.weid
u8.net/wx/1010148405424698) on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-15. BYD sold more than
100,000 new energy passenger cars in China in 2016, about 30,000 more units than Tesla
Motors. The BYD Tang was the top selling plug-in car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units
delivered.
112. Jose Pontes (2018-01-18). "China December 2017" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2018/01/china-de
cember-2017.html). EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Sales of plug-in electric cars in China,
including imports, totaled 600,174 units in 2017. The BAIC EC-Series was the top selling plug-in
with 78,079 units sold in China, making the city car the world's top selling plug-in car in 2017. The
top selling plug-in hybrid was the BYD Song PHEV with 30,920 units. BYD Auto was the top
selling car manufacturer. Foreign brands captured only about 4% of plug-in sales in 2017, with
about half by Tesla. The Chinese plug-in car market represented roughly half of the 1.2 million
plug-ins sold worldwide in 2017.
113. Jose, Pontes (2019-02-03). "2018 Global Sales by OEM" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/02/2
018-global-sales-by-oem.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-02-03. "Tesla led plug-in car sales
among automotive groups in 2018, with 245,240 units delivered, followed by BYD with 229,338,
and the Renault-Nissan Alliance with 192,711."
114. "BMW sells over 140,000 plug-in cars throughout 2018" (https://www.electrive.com/2019/01/10/bm
w-sells-over-140000-plug-in-cars-throughout-2018/). electricdrive.com. 2019-01-10. Retrieved
2019-01-14. The global share of plug-in electric cars by brand in 2018 was led by Tesla with 12%,
followed by BYD with 11%, BMW with 9%, BAIC with 6%, and Roewe and Nissan, both with 5%.
115. "BYD NEV sales in 2018 exceed 240,000 units" (http://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/Detail/70015547.
html). Gasgoo. 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-14. BYD Auto sold 247,811 new energy vehicles
in 2018 (including commercial heavy-duty vehicles), up 118% from 2018, of which, 227,152 were
passenger cars, consisting of 103,263 units all-electric cars and 123,889 units were plug-in hybrid
vehicles. In addition, 20,659 new energy commercial vehicles were sold in 2018.
116. Justin Gerdes (2012-05-11). "The Global Electric Vehicle Movement: Best Practices From 16
Cities" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/justingerdes/2012/05/11/the-global-electric-vehicle-movemen
t-best-practices-from-16-cities/). Forbes. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
(May 2016). "Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20160824165154/https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outl
ook_2016.pdf) (PDF). IEA Publications. Archived from the original (https://www.iea.org/publication
s/freepublications/publication/Global_EV_Outlook_2016.pdf) (PDF) on 2016-08-24. Retrieved
2016-09-07. See pp. 4–5, and 24–25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34–37.
118. Clark, Pilita; Campbell, Peter (2016-08-31). "Motor Industry: Pressure on the Pump" (https://app.ft.
com/cms/s/31d68af8-6e0a-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.html). Financial Times. Retrieved
2016-09-01.
119. Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (2016-03-28). "Fact #918:
March 28, 2016 – Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015" (http://en
ergy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-918-march-28-2016-global-plug-light-vehicle-sales-increased-about-80
-2015). Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
120. Nic Lutsey (2015-09-29). "Global milestone: The first million electric vehicles" (http://www.theicct.o
rg/blogs/staff/global-milestone-first-million-electric-vehicles). International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT). Retrieved 2015-10-10.
(May 2018). "Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting" (https://webstore.iea.org/download/
direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf) (PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved
2018-10-23. See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113. The global stock of
plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 3,109,050 units, of which, 1,928,360 were battery electric
cars..
122. European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2017-02-01). "New Passenger Car
Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2016" (http://www.acea.
be/uploads/press_releases_files/20170201_AFV_Q4_2016_FINAL.PDF) (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved
2018-10-23. See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total
Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2015.
Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2017" (http://www.acea.
be/uploads/press_releases_files/20180201_AFV_Q4_2017_FINAL.PDF) (PDF). ACEA. Retrieved
2018-10-23. See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total
Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2017 and Q1-Q4 2016.
(May 2019). "Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling-up the transition to electric mobility" (https://websto
re.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf) (PDF). IEA
Publications. Retrieved 2020-05-11. See Statistical annex, pp. 210–213. The global stock of plug-
in electric passenger cars totaled 5,122,460 units at the end of 2018, of which, 3,290,800 (64.2%)
were battery electric cars (See Tables A.1 and A.2)..
Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2019" (https://www.ace
a.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20200206_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2019_FINAL.pdf) (PDF). ACEA.
Retrieved 2020-05-11. See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA
- Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2018 and 2019.
126. Irle, Roland (2021-01-19). "Global Plug-in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3,2 Million in 2020" (http://
www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/). EV-volumes.com. Retrieved
2021-01-20. Plug-in sales totaled 3.24 million in 2020, up from 2.26 million in 2019. Europe, with
nearly 1.4 million untits surpassed China as the largest EV market for the first time since 2015.
127. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). "Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015" (http://www.hybridc
ars.com/top-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved
2016-02-12. About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were sold worldwide
in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States was the leading
market with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China with 258,328 units sold since 2011.
Japan ranks third, followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and
the UK (53,254). Over 21,000 units were sold in Japan in 2015.
128. Berman, Brad (2016-02-13). "US Falls Behind Europe and China in Global Plug-in Vehicle
Market" (http://www.plugincars.com/us-falls-behind-europe-and-china-global-plug-vehicle-market-
131369.html). Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
129. Staff (February 2017). "Global Plug-in Sales for 2016" (http://www.ev-volumes.com/news/global-pl
ug-in-sales-for-2016/). EV-Volumes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
130. Vaughan, Adam (2017-12-25). "Electric and plug-in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide" (htt
ps://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/dec/25/electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-cars-3m-worldwid
e). The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-01-20. "The number of fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars on
the world’s roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017."
131. EVvolumes.com (January 2018). "Global Plug-in Sales for 2017-Q4 and the Full Year (prelim.)" (ht
tp://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/). EVvolumes.com.
Retrieved 2018-02-17. Global registrations totaled around 1.2 million units in 2017, 57 % higher
than 2016. These include all global BEV and PHEV passenger cars sales, light trucks in
USA/Canada and light commercial vehicle in Europe. The segment market share was 1.3%, and
in December the global plug-in share touched the 2 % mark for the first time.
132. Coren, Michael J. (2019-01-25). "E-nough? Automakers may have completely overestimated how
many people want electric cars" (https://qz.com/1533976/automakers-may-overproduce-14-million
-electric-cars-by-2030/). Quartz. Retrieved 2019-01-25. "Despite exponential growth, with a record
2 million or so EVs sold worldwide last year, only one in 250 cars on the road is electric."
133. "Global Electric Vehicle Stock Reaches 7.2 Million" (https://evstatistics.com/2020/06/global-electri
c-vehicle-stock-reaches-7-2-million/). EV Statistics. 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
totaled 2,209,831 plug-in passenger cars in 2019, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 74:26, and a global
market share of 2.5%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 300,075 units
delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with
367,820 units, followed by BYD with 229,506."
135. Hertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018). "The global electric-
vehicle market is amped up and on the rise" (https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/automotive-an
d-assembly/our-insights/the-global-electric-vehicle-market-is-amped-up-and-on-the-rise).
McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2019-01-27. See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-
17.
136. Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-27). "China Takes Lead As Number One In Plug-in Vehicle Sales" (http://ww
w.hybridcars.com/china-takes-lead-as-number-one-in-plug-in-vehicle-sales/). HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2017-01-06. As of November 2016, cumulative sales of plug-in vehicles in China totaled
846,447 units, including passenger and commercial vehicles, making it the world's leader in
overall plug-in vehicle sales. With cumulative sales of about 600,000 passenger plug-ins through
November 2016, China is also the global leader in the passenger plug-in car segment, ahead of
Europe and the U.S.
137. King, Danny (2016-12-29). "China far ahead of US, Europe in total electric vehicle sales" (http://w
ww.autoblog.com/2016/12/29/china-far-ahead-of-us-europe-in-total-electric-vehicle-sales/).
Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2017-01-08. "Last year, China overtook both the US and Europe in
annual sales of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. This year, it will move ahead of both the US
and Europe in cumulative plug-in vehicle sales."
138. Dale Hall, Hongyang Cui, Nic Lutsey (2018-10-30). "Electric vehicle capitals: Accelerating the
global transition to electric drive" (https://www.theicct.org/publications/ev-capitals-of-the-world-201
8). The International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved 2018-11-01. Click on "Download
File" to get the full report, 15 pp.
139. Liu Wanxiang (2017-01-12). "中汽协：2016年新能源汽车产销量均超50万辆,同比增速约50%" (htt
p://www.d1ev.com/48462.html) [China Auto Association: 2016 new energy vehicle production and
sales were over 500,000, an increase of about 50%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. Retrieved
2017-01-12. Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2016 totaled 507,000, consisting of 409,000
BEV vehicles and 98,000 PHEVs.
140. Automotive News China (2018-01-16). "Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017" (http://www.a
utonewschina.com/en/article.asp?id=17104). Automotive News China. Retrieved 2018-01-19.
Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of
652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced
new energy passenger vehicles totalled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and
111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell
vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.
141. "中汽协：2018年新能源汽车产销均超125万辆，同比增长60%" (https://www.d1ev.com/news/shuj
u/85937) [Chia Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles
exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 2019-01-
14. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million,
consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.
142. Kane, Mark (2020-02-04). "Chinese NEVs Market Slightly Declined In 2019: Full Report" (https://in
sideevs.com/news/396291/chinese-nevs-market-slightly-declined-2019/). InsideEVs.com.
Retrieved 2020-05-30. Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 1,206,000 units in 2019, down 4.0%
from 2018, and includes 2,737 fuel cell vehicles. Battery electric vehicle sales totaled 972,000
units (down 1.2%) and plug-in hybrid sales totaled 232,000 vehicles (down 14.5%). Sales figures
include passenger cars, buses and commercial vehicles..
143. Gasgoo News (2021-10-12). "China's car parc amounts to 297 million units by end of Sept. 2021"
(https://autonews.gasgoo.com/m/70018886.html). Retrieved 2021-11-23. "China's new energy
vehicle (NEV) parc amounted to 6.78 million units by the end of September 2021, 81.53% of
which were full-electric vehicles. The Jan.-Sept. NEV registrations rocketed 178.49% over a year
earlier to 1.871 million units, 767,000 of which were registered in the third quarter"
144. Dune, Michael J. (2016-12-14). "China's Automotive 2030 Blueprint: No. 1 Globally In EVs,
Autonomous Cars" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldunne/2016/12/14/chinas-automotive-20
30-blueprint-no-1-globally-in-evs-autonomous-cars/2/#4cd597695e48). Forbes. Retrieved
2016-12-14.
145. Majeed, Abdul (2016-09-29). "China faces acid test in vehicle emissions" (http://www.thehindubusi
nessline.com/specials/auto-focus/china-faces-acid-test-in-vehicle-emissions/article9163602.ece).
Business Line. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
146. Liu Fangyu (2021-01-08). "2020年全国机动车保有量达3.72亿辆机动车驾驶人达4.56亿人" (http://
www.xinhuanet.com/auto/2021-01/08/c_1126958570.htm) [In 2020, the number of motor vehicles
in the country will reach 372 million, and the number of motor vehicle drivers will reach 456
million]. People's Daily Online (in Chinese). Xinhuanet. Retrieved 2021-03-06. "As of the end of
2020, the number of new energy vehicles in the country reached 4.92 million, accounting for
1.75% of the total number of vehicles (Translation to English)"
147. "China's new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83% year on year" (http://autonews.
gasgoo.com/new_energy/70015566.html). Gasgoo. 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-21. Sales of
new energy passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units in 2018.The BAIC EC series ranked as
China's top selling plug-in car in 2018 with 90,637 units delivered.
148. "Top 10 NEV Models by 2017 Sales" (http://autonews.gasgoo.com/70013142.html). Gasgoo
China Automotive News. 2018-01-18. Retrieved 2019-01-15. Sales of the BAIC EC series totaled
78,079 cars in 2018 and ranked as China's top selling plug-in car.
149. "Domestic EV makers rival Tesla in China, can they win?" (http://english.sdchina.com/show/45938
46.html). SDchina.com. 2021-02-05. Retrieved 2021-02-19. See table: Top 10 NEV sold in China
in 2020.
150. Schmidt, Matthias (2020-12-03). "Exclusive: Western Europe's plug-in electric car market
surpasses 1 million landmark" (https://www.schmidtmatthias.de/post/exclusive-western-europe-s-
plug-in-electric-car-market-surpasses-1m-landmark). Schmidt Automotive Research. Retrieved
2021-01-16.
151. Jacobs, Frank (2021-01-07). "Yes, 2021 is the year EVs go mainstream" (https://www.fleeteurope.
com/en/new-energies/europe/features/yes-2021-year-evs-go-mainstream?a=FJA05&t%5B0%5D=
Electrification&t%5B1%5D=ICE&curl=1). Fleet Europe. Retrieved 2021-01-12. "Close to 1.25
million EVs were sold in Europe in 2020, around 10% of the total"
152. Carrington, Damian (2021-01-19). "Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite
pandemic" (https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/19/global-sales-of-electric-cars-ac
celerate-fast-in-2020-despite-covid-pandemic). The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-01-19. "The EV-
volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m),
the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m)." Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in
2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global
market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units
delivered.
153. " "罚出来的"爆发式增长欧洲新能源车销量首次超越中国" (https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-0
2-08/doc-ikftssap4811940.shtml) ["Punished" explosive growth, European new energy vehicle
sales surpassed China for the first time] (in Chinese). Sina Finance. 2021-02-08. Retrieved
2021-02-08.
154. Kane, Mark (2021-02-20). "European Countries Listed By Plug-In Electric Car Market Share In
Q1-Q4 2020" (https://insideevs.com/news/489169/european-countries-plugin-market-share-q1q4-
2020/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21. "The average market share of new passenger
plug-in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11.4% (from less than 3.6% in 2019)."
Figures includes the European Union, EFTA (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) and the UK, using
available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA).
155. LeSage, Jon (2017-02-06). "Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug-in
Sales" (http://www.hybridcars.com/renault-zoe-ekes-by-mitsubishi-outlander-in-2016-european-pl
ug-in-sales/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
156. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-02-11). "En Europe, les ventes de voitures
électriques en hausse de 80 % en 2019" (http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=778
8) [In Europe, sales of electric cars up 80% in 2019] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
mitteilungen/Fahrzeugzulassungen/2022/pm01_2022_n_12_21_pm_komplett.html) [Press
release No. 01/2022 - Vehicle registrations in December 2021 - Annual balance] (in German).
KBA. Retrieved 2022-01-09. A total of 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in
Germany in 2021, consisting of 325,449 plug-in hybrids (12.4% market share) and 355,961 all-
electric cars (13.6% market share).
158. Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019" (ht

tps://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2019/2019
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Registrations Barometer December 2019] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-05-14. See the tab
Kraftsoffarten: A total of 45,348 plug-in hybrids (market share 1.3%) and 63,321 all-electric cars
(market share 1.8%) were registered in Germany in 2019.
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release No. 02/2021 - Vehicle registrations in December 2020 - Annual balance sheet] (in
German). KBA. Retrieved 2021-01-10. A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were
registered in Germany in 2021, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and
194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
160. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-01-08). "Baromètre des immatriculations - En
décembre 2020, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté plus de 16 %
du marché français : du jamais vu !" (http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7950&fro
m_espace_adherent=0) [Registrations barometer - In December 2020, electric and plug-in hybrid
vehicles represented more than 16% of the French market: unprecedented!] (in French). AVERE
France. Retrieved 2021-01-23. See infograh "Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles depuis
Janvier 2010" - As of December 2020, there were 470,295 plug-in electric cars and utility vans,
consisting of 337,986 all-electric cars and vans, and 132,309 plug-in hybrids registered since
2010.
161. Kane, Mark (2020-07-03). "Renault EV Sales In France Is Booming: 17,650 ZOE Sold In H1
2020" (https://insideevs.com/news/432216/renault-ev-sales-france-zoe-h1-2020/). InsideEVs.com.
162. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2022-01-07). "[Baromètre] 20,4 % de parts de
marché en décembre 2021 pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables… et 15 %
sur l'ensemble de 2021 !" (https://www.avere-france.org/publication/barometre-204-de-parts-de-m
arche-en-decembre-2021-pour-les-vehicules-electriques-et-hybrides-rechargeables-et-15-sur-lens
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hybrid vehicles… and 15% for the whole of 2021!] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved
2022-01-08. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de
septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December
2021, a total of 786,274 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France,
consisting of 512,178 all-electric cars and vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids in circulation.
Registrations of all-electric cars and vans totaled 174,191 units in 2021, and plug-in hybrids
totaled 141,787 units, for a total of 315,978 units. The light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved
a market share of 15.1%
163. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-10-06). "En septembre 2021, les véhicules
électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté près de 18 % du marché français" (http://ww
w.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=8035&from_espace_adherent=0) [Barometer In
September 2021, electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles represented nearly 18% of the French
market] (in French). AVERE France. Retrieved 2021-10-12. See infograh "Barometre mensuel de
la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant
Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of September 2021, a total of 687,876 plug-in electric
passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric cars
and vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids in circulation.
164. Autoactu.com (May 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en
France" (http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/voitures-electriques/chiffres-vente-immatricul
ations-france/) [Sales figures & electric car registrations in France] (in French). Automobile
Propre. Retrieved 2016-05-14. See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015, 2014, 2013,
2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.
165. Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). "+115% pour les ventes de voitures électriques en France pour
2012" (http://www.automobile-propre.com/215-pour-les-ventes-de-voitures-electriques-en-france-
pour-2012/) [Electric car sales in France increased 115% in 2011] (in French). Automobile Propre.
166. France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-08). "Immatriculations des hybrides
rechargeables : La barre des 5.000 est franchie !" (http://www.avem.fr/actualite-immatriculations-d
es-hybrides-rechargeables-la-barre-des-5-000-est-franchie-5924.html) [Plug-in hybrid
registrations: The 5,000 barrier is achieved!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2016-05-14. A total of
5,006 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2015.
167. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09). "Baromètre annuel : près de 40 000
véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !" (http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Articl
e/?article_id=7532&from_espace_adherent=0) [Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles
registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2019-01-18. A total of 53,745 light-
duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric
cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-
in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the country in 2018.
Includes revised figures for 2017
168. France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-07-08). "Baromètre mensuel : un mois de juin
2020 record pour les immatriculations de véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables" (http://
www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7877&from_espace_adherent=0) [Monthly
barometer: a record June 2020 for electric and plug-in hybrid vehicle registrations] (in French).
AVERE France. Retrieved 2020-07-19. See infograh "Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles
depuis Janvier 2010" - As of June 2020, there were 344,725 plug-in electric cars and utility vans,
consisting of 267,120 all-electric cars and vans, and 77,605 plug-in hybrids registered since 2010.
169. Jose, Pontes (2020-07-14). "France June 2020" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/07/renault-zo
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170. Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en
France" (http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/utilitaires-electriques/ventes-utilitaires-electri
ques-france/) [Sales figures & electric utility van registrations in France] (in French). Automobile
Propre. Retrieved 2016-10-02. See "Ventes d’utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-
electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new
van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
171. Goodall, Olly (2022-01-07). "2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales" (https://www.nextgr
eencar.com/news/9286/2021-largest-ever-increase-plugin-sales/). UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved
2022-01-08. "... the cumulative total of plug-in vehicles on UK roads – as of the end of December
2021 – to over 740,000. This total comprises around 395,000 BEVs and 350,000 PHEVs." Overall
in 2021, there were more than 190,000 sales of BEVs in the UK, with over 114,000 sales of
PHEVs. Plug-in vehicles represented 18.6% of market share in 2021.
172. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-01-07). "December 2013 – EV
registrations" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/). SMT. Retrieved
2014-01-12. A total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013.
173. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2018-01-05). "December – EV

registrations" (https://www.smmt.co.uk/2018/01/december-ev-registrations/). SMMT. Retrieved
2018-01-11.Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-
electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the
Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have
been registered through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017,
resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.
174. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2019-01-07). "December – EV
registrations" (https://www.smmt.co.uk/2019/01/december-ev-registrations-2/). SMMT. Retrieved
2019-01-17.Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-
electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,367,147 new cars were registered in 2018,
resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 2.53% of new car sales.
175. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2022-01-06). "UK automotive looks to
green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" (https://media.smmt.co.
uk/december-2021-new-car-registrations/). SMMT. Retrieved 2022-01-08. Download the file
"December 2021" for detailed data for 2021 and revised 2020.
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registrations" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/2015/01/december-2014-ev-registrations/). SMT. Retrieved
2015-01-08. A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of
6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered
in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
177. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2021-01-06). "UK automotive looks to
green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" (http://www.smmt.co.uk/
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179. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2022). "Antall elbiler og
ladbare hybrider i Norge" (https://elbil.no/elbilstatistikk/elbilbestand/) [Number of electric cars and
rechargeable hybrids in Norway] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210127081913/https://elbil.no/elbilstatistikk/) from the original on 2021-01-27.
Retrieved 2022-01-07. Click on the tab "Elbil" for the stock of electric cars and "Ladbar hybrid" for
the stock of plug-in hybrids. As of 31 December 2021, the stock of registered light-duty plug-in
electric vehicles totaled 647,000 units, consisting of 470,309 battery electric vehicles and 176,691
plug-in hybrids.
180. Bratzel, Stefan (2019-01-16). "E-Mobility 2019: An International Comparison of Important
Automotive Markets" (https://auto-institut.de/index_htm_files/Press_Release_E-Mobility_2018_20
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7/category751.html) [Car sales in 2017] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
182. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05). "Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor
– venter ny vekst i år" (http://elbil.no/elbilsalget-ned-i-fjor-venter-ny-vekst-i-ar/) [EV Sales: Down
from last year - awaiting new growth this year] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening. Retrieved
2017-01-18.
183. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2019-01-02). "Bilsalget i 2018" (http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i
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2019-01-09.
184. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "Bilsalget i 2019" (https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsal
get-i-2019) [Car sales in 2019] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
185. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-01-05). "Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020" (https://ofv.
no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-desember-2020) [Car sales in December and throughout 2020] (in
Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
186. Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-10-01). "Car sales in September 2021" (https://ofv.no/bil
salget/bilsalget-i-september-2021) [Car sales in September 2021] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved
2021-10-07.
187. Kane, Mark (2021-10-02). "Norway: All-Electric Car Sales Reach New Record In September
2021" (https://insideevs.com/news/537973/norway-plugin-car-sales-september2021/).
InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
188. Kane, Mark (2018-10-07). "10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins" (https://insideevs.
com/10-norways-passenger-vehicles-plug-ins/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
189. Miley, Jessica (2 October 2018). "45% of New Cars Sold in Norway in September were All-Electric
Vehicles" (https://interestingengineering.com/45-of-new-cars-sold-in-norway-in-september-were-al
l-electric-vehicles). Interesting Engineering. Retrieved 10 November 2018. "Despite the huge
increase in new electric cars on the road, EVs still only account for roughly 10% of all of Norway's
vehicles."
190. Norsk Elbilforening (January 2022). "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" (https://elbil.
no/elbilstatistikk/elbilbestand/) [Passenger car stock in Norway by fuel] (in Norwegian). Norsk
Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2022-01-07. See graph under
"Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" - As of 31 December 2021, there were 15.95%
all-electric cars and 6.18% plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined plug-in
electric passenger cars represented 22.13% of all passenger cars in circulation in the country.
191. Figenbaum, Erik; Kolbenstvedt, Marika (June 2016). "Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric
and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle users" (https://www.toi.no/getfile.php?mmfileid=43161). Institute of
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TØI report 1492/2016. See pp. 1.
192. Alister Doyle & Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at
what cost?" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cars-norway-idUSBRE92C0K020130313).
Reuters. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
193. Joly, David (2015-10-16). "Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales" (https://www.n
ytimes.com/2015/10/17/business/international/norway-is-global-model-for-encouraging-sales-of-el
ectric-cars.html?_r=0). The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
194. Agence France-Presse (2011-05-15). "Electric cars take off in Norway" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20110517153515/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/electric-cars-take-off-in-nor
way-2284439.html). The Independent. Archived from the original (https://www.independent.co.uk/l
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2011-10-09.
195. AVERE (2012-06-07). "Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018" (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20131024170630/http://www.avere.org/www/newsMgr.php?action=view&frmNe
wsId=611&section=&type=&SGLSESSID=tqiice0pmjdclt7l4q0s3s1o27). AVERE. Archived from
the original (http://www.avere.org/www/newsMgr.php?action=view&frmNewsId=611&section=&typ
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196. Jose, Pontes (2021-01-07). "Netherlands December 2020" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/01/
netherlands-december-2020.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2021-03-02.
197. "Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2020)" (https://www.
rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/01/Statistics%20Electric%20Vehicles%20and%20Charging%20in%2
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Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO.
February 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-02. As of 31 December 2020, there were 297,380 highway-
legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered (in use) in the Netherlands, consisting of
182,481 fully electric cars, 108,652 plug-in hybrids, and 6,247 all-electric light utility vans. The
total number of all classes of plug-in electric vehicles (including buses, heavy-duty truck, mopeds,
etc.) on the road totaled 382,721 units. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2020. Sales of plug-
in passenger cars totaled 87,946 vehicles and the segment market share was 24.6%.
198. Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car: Concentration of plug-in
electrified car registrations per 1,000 people" (http://www.hybridcars.com/americans-buy-their-half
-millionth-plug-in-car/top-world-pev-concentration-per-1000-people-jul-2016/). HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-09-04. As of July 2016, Norway had a concentration of registered plug-in cars per
1,000 people of 21.52, the Netherlands of 5.63, California of 5.83, and the United States national
average was 1.52.
199. "Elektrisch Rijden – Personenauto's en laadpunten Analyse over 2018" (https://www.rvo.nl/sites/d
efault/files/2019/01/Elektrisch%20Rijden%20%20Personenautos%20en%20laadpunten%20%20A
nalyse%20over%202018.pdf) [Electric Driving - Passenger cars and charging points - Analysis for
2018] (PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for
Enterprising - (in Dutch). RVO. January 2019. Retrieved 2020-05-11. As of 31 December 2018,
there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands,
consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility
vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December
2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The
Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.
200. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars" (http://ww
w.hybridcars.com/norway-is-fourth-country-to-register-100000-plug-in-cars/). HybridCars.com.
Retrieved 2016-05-09. As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a
stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008.
China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about
150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by
Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
201. Argonne National Laboratory (January 2022). "Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales
Updates: Plug-In Vehicle Sales" (https://www.anl.gov/es/light-duty-electric-drive-vehicles-monthly-
sales-updates). Argonne National Laboratory. Retrieved 2022-01-13. "Cumulatively, 607,567
PHEVs and BEVs have been sold in 2021. In total, 2,322,291 PHEVs and BEVs have been sold
since 2010."
202. Kane, Mark (2019-01-24). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018" (https://inside
evs.com/us-plug-in-electric-car-sales-charted-december-2018/). InsideEVs. Retrieved
2019-01-24. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car
Sales (cumulative)"
203. Loveday, Steven (17 January 2020). "FINAL UPDATE: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard" (htt
ps://insideevs.com/news/343998/monthly-plug-in-ev-sales-scorecard/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
8 May 2020. See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" - Cumulative sales in the U.S.
totaled 329,528 units in 2019, and the top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925
units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, The Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV
with 16,418 and the Tesla Model S with 14,100 units.
204. Kane, Mark (2020-01-11). "The Top 10 Plug-In Electric Cars In U.S. - 2019 Edition" (https://insidee
vs.com/news/392375/top-10-electric-cars-sales-us-2019/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2020-05-19.
At the end of 2019, the all-time top selling plug-in cars in the U.S. were the Tesla Model 3 with
300,471 units, Tesla Model S with 157,992, Chevrolet Volt with 157,054 units, Nissan Leaf with
141,907 and the Toyota Prius PHV with 109,003 (by September 2019).
205. "Nissan LEAF sales surpass 100,000 in Japan" (https://newsroom.nissan-global.com/releases/rel
ease-36a71146ed04eaba0f0dff94b50c8dfe) (Press release). Yokohama: Nissan. 2018-04-20.
206. Kane, Mark (2016-04-02). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales Visualized From 2011 to 2015" (https://insid
eevs.com/plug-in-electric-car-sales-visualized-from-2011-to-2015/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2016-06-19.
207. Jose Pontes (2018-02-02). "Japan December 2017" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2018/02/japan-de
cember-2018.html). EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-02-17. About 56,000 plug-in electric cars were sold
in Japan in 2017.
208. Pontes, Jose (2019-01-29). "Japan December 2018" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/japan-
december-2018.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-02-01. A total of 52,013 plug-in cars were
sold in Japan in 2018, with a market share of 1.0%. The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in
model with 25,722 units, followed by the Prius PHEV with 12,401 units.
209. Shirouzu, Norihiko; Lienert, Paul (2015-10-28). "Auto power play: Japan's hydrogen car vs
China's battery drive" (https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autoshow-japan-electric-insight-idUSKC
N0SM04F20151028). Reuters. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
210. Deign, Jason (2015-02-10). "Japan Makes a Big Bet on the Hydrogen Economy" (http://www.gree
ntechmedia.com/articles/read/japans-big-bet-on-hydrogen). Green Tech Media. Retrieved
2016-06-19.
totaled 3,124,793 plug-in passenger cars in 2020, with a BEV to PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a global
market share of 4%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3 with 365,240 units
delivered, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2019 with
499,535 units, followed by VW with 220,220."
212. C.J. Moore (2021-02-14). "Tesla's commanding lead in U.S. EVs illustrated by registration report"
(https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/teslas-commanding-lead-us-evs-illustrated-registration
-report). Automotive News. Retrieved 2021-02-14. According to Experian, in 2020 the top U.S.
EVs by registrations were the Tesla Model 3 with 95,135 units.
213. Gauthier, Michael (2020-02-19). "European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year,
Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion" (https://www.carscoops.com/2020/02/european-car-sales-cli
mbed-to-15-7-million-units-last-year-tesla-model-3-is-the-ev-champion/). Carscoops. Retrieved
2020-05-16. Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and
topped sales in the region in the EV segment.
214. Attwood, James (2021-01-27). "Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe's best-selling EV"
(https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/renault-zoe-eclipses-tesla-model-3-europes-best-s
elling-ev). AutoCar UK. Retrieved 2021-02-14. According to Jato Dynamics, 85,713 Tesla Model 3
cars and 30,916 Leafs were sold in Europe in 2020.
215. Nissan (2020-12-03). "Nissan marks 10 years of LEAF sales, with over 500,000 sold worldwide"
(https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/nissan-marks-10-years-of-leaf-sales-with-over-
500000-sold-worldwide/). Automotive World. Retrieved 2020-12-11. "Nissan today celebrated the
10th anniversary of the Nissan LEAF and the delivery of 500,000 LEAF vehicles since the model
was first introduced. More than 148,000 have been sold in the United States"
216. Musk, Jonathan (2019-12-19). "Nissan drops Leaf pricing" (https://fleetworld.co.uk/nissan-drops-le

af-pricing/). Fleet World. Retrieved 2020-05-19. "With almost 440,000 sold since 2010, the model
remains the world’s best-selling electric vehicle, and also in the UK where it has received more
than 32,000 orders. European sales currently stand at 150,000, the company said."
217. Øystein B. Fossum (2021-01-19). "Mest solgte noensinne" (https://dinside.dagbladet.no/motor/me
st-solgte-noensinne/73269895) [Most sold ever] (in Norwegian). Dinside.no. Retrieved
2021-02-25. The Nissan Leaf is the all-time best selling electric car in Norway, with 65,528 units
registered through 2020.
218. Kane, Mark (2021-01-08). "US: Nissan LEAF Sales Were Decent In Q4, But 2020 Was Its Worst
Year Ever" (https://insideevs.com/news/464880/us-nissan-leaf-sales-2020/). InsideEVs.com.
219. Kane, Mark (2021-01-17). "Japan: Over 11,000 Nissan LEAFs Were Sold In 2020" (https://insidee
vs.com/news/466194/japan-nissan-leaf-sales-december-2020/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2021-01-17. "The cumulative LEAF sales stand at 146,216"
220. Cobb, Jeff (2018-01-22). "Tesla Quietly Sold 200,000th Model S Last Year" (http://www.hybridcars.
com/tesla-quietly-sold-200000th-model-s-last-year/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
"Tesla sold its 200,000 Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017, in October or early November,
becoming the second plug-in car to cross this sales threshold after the Nissan Leaf (300,000 units
by early 2017). As of December 2017, Tesla reported global sales of 212,874 Model S cars."
221. "Tesla Q1 2018 Vehicle Production and Deliveries" (http://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-releas
e-details/tesla-q1-2018-vehicle-production-and-deliveries?ReleaseID=1062670). Palo Alto: Tesla.
2018-04-03. Retrieved 2018-09-02. Q1 deliveries totaled 11,730 Model S cars and 10,070 Model
X.
222. "Tesla Second Quarter 2018 Delivery" (http://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-release-details/tesl
a-q2-2018-vehicle-production-and-deliveries). Palo Alto: Tesla. 2018-07-02. Retrieved
2018-09-02. Q2 deliveries totaled 10,930 Model S cars and 11,370 Model X.
223. "Tesla Q3 2018 Vehicle Production and Deliveries" (http://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-releas
e-details/tesla-q3-2018-vehicle-production-and-deliveries). Palo Alto: Tesla. 2018-10-02.
Retrieved 2018-10-20. Q3 deliveries totaled 55,840 Model 3 cars, 14,470 Model S, and 13,190
Model X.
224. "Tesla Fourth Quarter 2018 Delivery" (http://ir.tesla.com/news-releases/news-release-details/tesla-
q4-2018-vehicle-production-deliveries-also-announcing-2000). Palo Alto: Tesla. 2019-01-05.
Retrieved 2019-01-07. "Q4 deliveries grew to 90,700 vehicles, which was 8% more than our prior
all time-high in Q3. This included 63,150 Model 3 (13% growth over Q3), 13,500 Model S, and
14,050 Model X vehicles. In 2018, we delivered a total of 245,240 vehicles: 145,846 Model 3 and
99,394 Model S and X."
225. https://cnevpost.com/2021/10/13/hongguang-mini-ev-sales-reached-35169-units-in-sept-up-75-
year-on-year/
226. "Renault, Leader of EV Sales in Europe" (https://en.media.groupe.renault.com/news/renault-leade
r-of-ev-sales-in-europe-9c0d-989c5.html) (Press release). Île-de-France: Groupe Renault. 2020-
12-07. Retrieved 2021-02-21. "ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in
Europe. More than 268,000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch (As of November
2020)."
227. Kane, Mark (2020-10-04). "See The Best Selling Battery Electric Cars Of All-Time Here" (https://in
sideevs.com/news/447165/see-best-selling-battery-electric-cars/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved
2020-10-05.
228. Jose, Pontes (2020-10-02). "Milestone of the Month: 100k models" (http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2
020/10/milestone-of-month-100k-models.html). EVSales.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
229. "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2018 Update" (http://ir.tesla.com/static-files/0b913415-467d-4c0
d-be4c-9225c2cb0ae0). Palo Alto: Tesla. 2019-01-30. Retrieved 2019-01-30. "In Q4, we delivered
63,359 Model 3 vehicles to customers in North America."
230. "Investor Communication: Tesla Q1 2020 Update" (https://ir.tesla.com/static-files/c1723af4-ffda-48
81-ae12-b6f3c972b795). Investor relations (Press release). Tesla, Inc. 2020-04-29. Retrieved
2020-05-16. "Model 3/Y Production 87,282 Deliveries 76,266 (1Q 2020)" Includes updated
production and sales figures from 1Q 2019 through 1Q 2020.
231. "_Update_Letter_2017-3Q.pdf Tesla Third Quarter 2017 Update" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
80111165022/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/5846881552x0x962149/00F
6EB90-2695-44E6-8C03-7EC4E06DF840/TSLA). Tesla. 2017-11-01. Archived from the original (h
ttp://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/5846881552x0x962149/00F6EB90-2695-4
4E6-8C03-7EC4E06DF840/TSLA) on 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2018-05-27. "In Q3, we delivered
25,915 Model S and Model X vehicles and 222 Model 3 vehicles, for a total of 26,137 deliveries"
232. "Tesla Fourth Quarter & Full Year 2017 Update" (https://web.archive.org/web/20180208182745/htt
p://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/4934165653x0x970775/34923C55-6853-422
3-ADDA-CB3CDC1B919F/TSLA_Update_Letter_2017-4Q.pdf) (PDF). Tesla (Press release). Palo
Alto: Tesla. 2017-02-07. Archived from the original (http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-
4CW8X0/4934165653x0x970775/34923C55-6853-4223-ADDA-CB3CDC1B919F/TSLA_Update_
Letter_2017-4Q.pdf) (PDF) on 2018-02-08. Retrieved 2018-10-20. A total of 1,542 Model 3
vehicles were delivered in Q4 2018.
233. Groupe Renaul (2020-03-19). "2019 Universal Registration Document" (https://group.renault.com/
wp-content/uploads/2020/04/urd_2019_-3-avril_14h.pdf) (PDF). Renault. Retrieved 2020-05-22.
See pp. 24 and 39. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the Group has sold more
than 252,000 electric vehicles in Europe and more than 273,550 electric vehicles worldwide.
Since inception, a total of 181,893 Zoe cars, 48,821 Kangoo Z.E. electric vans and 29,118 Twitzy
quadricycles have been sold globally through December 2019. Global sales of the Zoe totaled
48,269 units in 2019, and Kangoo ZE totaled 10,349.
234. Groupe Renault (January 2021). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du
groupe Renault" (https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-me
nsuelles/) [Monthly Sales - Monthly sales statistics of the Renault Group] (in French).
Renault.com. Retrieved 2021-02-21. Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants.
Click on the corresponding link to download the file "GROUPE RENAULT - MONTHLY SALES
DECEMBER 2020 XLSX - 806 KB", and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for
2019 and 2020. Global Zoe sales totaled 102,868 units in 2020 (16,035 in December 2020), and
European registrations totaled 100,815 units, including both passenger and LCV variants.
235. Ewing, Jack (2021-08-10). "BMW Has Fallen Behind in the Electric Vehicle Race. Can It Catch
Up?" (https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/10/business/bmw-electric-car.html). New York Times.
Retrieved 2021-08-10. "BMW continues to produce the i3 and has sold about 210,000 since 2013,
but ended sales in the United States in July."
236. Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (2020-02-26).
"ZSW analysis shows global number of EVs at 7.9 million" (https://www.electrive.com/2020/02/26/
zsw-analysis-shows-global-number-of-evs-at-7-9-million/). electrive.com. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
See table: Global cumulative EV registrations (by models)
237. "BAIC Beijing EC180" (http://carsalesbase.com/china-car-sales-data/baic/bjev-ec180/).
Carsalesbase.com. January 2019. Retrieved 2019-01-28. Sales of the BAIC EC series totaled
4,128 units in 2016, 78,079 in 2017 and 90,637 in 2018.
238. Tesla, Inc. (2017-04-02). "Tesla Q1 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries" (http://ir.tesla.com/rel
easedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1019685) (Press release). Palo Alto: Market Wired. Retrieved
2018-05-26. "Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) delivered just over 25,000 vehicles in Q1, of which approx
13,450 were Model S and approx 11,550 were Model X. "
239. "UPDATE - Tesla Q2 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries (NASDAQ:TSLA)" (http://ir.tesla.co
m/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=1032479). ir.tesla.com. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
240. "Telsa Production Q3 2017" (http://ir.tesla.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1042449). Retrieved
2018-05-26.
241. Tesla, Inc. (2018-01-03). "Tesla Q4 2017 Vehicle Production and Deliveries" (http://ir.tesla.com/rel
easedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=1053245) (Press release). Palo Alto: Market Wired. Retrieved
2018-05-26. "Tesla (NASDAQ: TSLA) delivered 29,870 vehicles, of which 15,200 were Model S,
13,120 were Model X, and 1,550 were Model 3"
242. "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestones" (https://www.mitsubishi-motor
s.com/en/newsrelease/2019/detail1180.html) (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors
Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
243. Esther de Aragón (2020-06-11). "El Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV consigue llegar a la cifra récord
de ventas de 250.000 unidades" (https://movilidadelectrica.com/el-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-reco
rd-ventas/) [Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV achieves record sales of 250,000 units]. Automotive
News Europe (in Spanish). movilidadeléctrica.com. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
244. Kane, Mark (2019-03-13). "Outlander PHEV Is Best-Selling Mitsubishi In Europe" (https://insideev
s.com/outlander-phev-best-selling-mitsubishi-europe/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-04-12.
245. "New (MY19) Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV - Summer 2018" (http://www.2018-mitsubishi-motors.eu/
Files/Documents/EN/new_MY19_OutlanderPHEV.pdf) (PDF) (Press release). Mitsubishi Motors.
2018. Retrieved 2018-10-29. See tables in pp. 3-4.
246. Zentrum für Sonnenenergieund Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) (2021-03-09).
"Electric Cars on the Rise: Global Count Climbs to 10.9 Million - ZSW Data service" (https://www.z
sw-bw.de/en/media-center/data-service.html). ZSW. Retrieved 2021-03-09. "See table: Global
cumulative EV registrations" by models (selection)
247. "Toyota sells 1.52 million electrified vehicles in 2017, three years ahead of 2020 target" (https://ne
wsroom.toyota.co.jp/en/corporate/20966057.html?adid=ag478_mail&padid=ag478_mail) (Press
release). Toyota City, Japan: Toyota. 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
248. Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). "Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt" (h
ttps://insideevs.com/top-three-phev-u-s-in-2018/). InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-27. The
Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the
end of 2018. American sales totaled 20,349 units in 2017 and 18,306 in 2018. Combined sales of
both generations of the Toyota Prius plug-in hybrid totaled more than 93,000 units
249. "46% of Toyota Motor Europe (TME) sales in H1 are self-charging hybrid electric vehicles" (https://
newsroom.toyota.eu/46-of-toyota-motor-europe-tme-sales-in-h1-are-self-charging-hybrid-electric-
vehicles/) (Press release). Brussels: Toyota Europe Newsroom. 2018-07-11. Retrieved
2019-02-01. Toyota sold 1,693 Prius PHEV during the first half of 2018.
250. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-09). "Nissan's Quarter-Millionth Leaf Means It's The Best-Selling Plug-in Car
In History" (http://www.hybridcars.com/nissans-quarter-millionth-leaf-means-its-the-best-selling-pl
ug-in-car-in-history/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-10. As of December 2016, the Nissan
Leaf is the world's best-selling plug-in car in history with more than 250,000 units delivered,
followed by the Tesla Model S with over 158,000 sales, and the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles
with 134,500 vehicles sold.
251. "Chevrolet Volt Sales Numbers" (http://gmauthority.com/blog/gm/chevrolet/volt/chevrolet-volt-sales
-numbers/). GM Authority. January 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-01. Canadian sales totaled 4,313
units in 2017 and 4,114 in 2018 through November.
252. Cain, Timothy (October 2018). "Chevrolet Volt Sales Figures" (http://www.goodcarbadcar.net/201
1/01/chevrolet-volt-sales-figures.html). Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2018-12-01.
253. "Buick Velite 5 ( Chinese Car Sales Data)" (http://carsalesbase.com/china-car-sales-data/buick/bui

ck-velite-5/). Car Sales Base. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 2019-02-01. Buick Velite 5 sales in China
totaled 1,629 units in 2017 and 2,688 in 2018.
254. Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-12). "Chevy Volt and Nissan Leaf Celebrate Their Sixth-Year Anniversary" (ht
tp://www.hybridcars.com/chevy-volt-and-nissan-leaf-celebrate-their-sixth-year-anniversary/).
HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-12-14. Global cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles
totaled about 1.9 million units through November 2016. The Nissan Leaf is the world's leading
plug-in car with more than 240,000 units delivered. As of November 2016, the Tesla Model S
ranks next with over 151,000, followed by the Vollt/Ampera family of vehicles with 130,500
vehicles sold including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe, the Mitsubishi
Outlander PHEV with about 116,500 units, and the Toyota Prius PHV with about 76,200.
255. Kane, Mark (2018-01-26). "BYD #1 In World For Plug-In Electric Car Sales In 2017, Beats Tesla
Again" (https://insideevs.com/byd-1-world-plug-in-electric-car-sales-beats-tesla/). InsideEVs.com.
Retrieved 2018-10-31. During 2017, BYD Qin sales totaled 20,738 units and BYD Tang totaled
14,592 units.
256. Staff (2017-01-19). "Best-selling China-made EVs in 2016" (http://chinaautoweb.com/2017/01/bes
t-selling-china-made-evs-in-2016/). China Auto Web. Retrieved 2017-01-25. Three BYD Auto
models topped the Chinese ranking of best-selling new energy passenger cars in 2016. The BYD
Tang SUV was the top selling plug-in electric car in China in 2016 with 31,405 units sold, followed
by the BYD Qin with 21,868 units sold, and ranking third overall in 2016 was the BYD e6 with
20,605 units.
257. Staff (2016-02-13). "Best-selling China-made SUVs in 2015" (http://chinaautoweb.com/2016/01/be
st-selling-china-made-suvs-in-2015/). China Auto Web. Retrieved 2016-01-17. A total of 18,375
Tangs were sold in China in 2015.
258. Staff (2016-02-11). "Opel bringt 2017 neues Elektroauto" (http://www.autohaus.de/nachrichten/am
pera-e-opel-bringt-2017-neues-elektroauto-1754252.html) [Opel brings new electric car in 2017].
Autohaus.de (in German). Retrieved 2019-02-01. About 10,000 Opel Amperas were sold in
Europe by the end of 2015.
259. Jeff Cobb (2015-11-04). "GM Sells Its 100,000th Volt in October" (http://www.hybridcars.com/gm-s
ells-its-100000th-volt-in-october/). HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-11-04.About 102,000 units of
the Volt/Ampera family have been sold worldwide by the end of October 2015.
260. Mike Costello (2015-04-25). "The Holden Volt is dead" (http://www.caradvice.com.au/350518/the-
holden-volt-is-dead/). Car Advice. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
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Batteries – Law Enforcement/Emergency Medical Services/Fire Department (https://www.nhtsa.go
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g/web/20110611201348/http://www.acea.be/images/uploads/files/20100420_EV_tax_overview.pd
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Advantages compared to ICE vehicles All-time top-selling plug-in cars

Improved air quality (global sales as of December 2020)

Plug-in electric vehicle

PEV is a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes battery

New energy vehicles

Battery electric vehicles

A battery electric vehicle (BEV) uses chemical energy stored in

A plug-in hybrid operates as an all-electric vehicle or BEV when

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

An aftermarket electric vehicle conversion is the modification of a conventional internal combustion

There are several companies in the U.S. offering conversions. The

Advantages compared to ICE vehicles

Improved air quality

Lower greenhouse gas emissions

Plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit

Lower operating and maintenance costs

All-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles also have lower

The operating cost of the Toyota

As of 2020, plug-in electric vehicles are significantly more

Availability of recharging infrastructure

Despite the widespread assumption that plug-in recharging will

A different approach to resolve the problems of range anxiety and

Potential overload of local electrical grids

Risks associated with noise reduction

The 2011 Nissan Leaf had

Risks of battery fire

Lithium-ion batteries may suffer thermal runaway and cell

Several plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents have taken place

Car dealers’ reluctance to sell

Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric

Some government have also established long term regulatory

national or regional CO2 emissions regulations, stringent fuel

Production plug-in electric vehicles available

quadricycles.[95] Sales of low-speed electric vehicles experienced considerable growth in China

The Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance is the world's leading

Ranking next is BYD Auto with more than 529,000 plug-in

Sales and main markets

The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles between 2005 and

After the introduction of the first mass-production plug-in cars by

Light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in 2015

All-electric cars have outsold plug-in hybrids for

Since 2016, China has the world's largest fleet of light-

As of September 2021, China had the world's largest stock

China also dominates the plug-in light commercial vehicle

with 137,459 units.[149]

Europe had 3.26 million plug-in electric passenger cars

As of December 2021, Germany has the largest plug-in

Germany listed as the top selling plug-in car market in the

As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric

The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from

About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had

A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning

As of 31 December 2021, the stock of light-duty plug-in

The Norwegian plug-in car segment market share has

As of 31 December 2020, there were 297,380 highway-legal light-

As of December 2021, cumulative sales of highway legal

As of December 2019, Japan had a stock of plug-in passenger cars

Plug-in sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015 and 24,851 units in

Top selling PEV models

All-electric cars and vans

sold,[204][212] followed by the European market with over 180,000