Word Definition

Cardiovascular disease (2) 1-it affects the blood vessels and the heart
2-atherosclerosis
Gene (2) 1-sequence of {nucleotides / bases} in DNA
2-carrying the information for / coding for a
{polypeptide /protein}
Gene mutation (2) 1- {alteration / change / eq} in DNA;
2-a change in {base / codon / nucleotide}
sequence / a named type of mutation
Gene mutation (1) change in the sequence of {bases /
nucleotides / codons} (in DNA) ;
Genotype (1) combination of alleles
Correlation (1) A change in one variable is reflected in a
change in another variable
Partial pressure (1) pressure exerted by one (type of) gas in a
mixture of gases (1)
Osmosis (1) diffusion of water molecules down a water
potential gradient through a
partially permeable membrane
Allele (1) a version of a gene
Dominant Allele (2) 1. it is always expressed / always shown in
the phenotype.
2. an allele is {form / version / alternative /
variant} of a gene
Enzyme (1) biological catalyst
Phenotype (2) 1. the characteristics of an organism / eq ;
2. determined by genotype and the
environment/eq ;
Definitions
Repeated questions
question MS
Explain how dietary antioxidants reduce the 1-because antioxidants reduce free radicals
risk of CVD (3) (1)
2-free radicals cause {cell damage /tissue
damage / oxidative stress / damage to
endothelial lining} (1)
3-(antioxidants) reduce {plaque / atheroma}
formation (1)
Explain the nature of the genetic code (2) 1-Triplet code/3 bases to each code
2-reference to adenine, thymine, guanine and
cytosine
3-idea that each triplet of bases codes for one
amino acid
4-idea that the code is not overlapping
5-idea that the code is universal
6-idea that the code is degenerate
Describe the process of DNA replication (5) 1-referance to semi conservative replication
2-DNA (molecule/strand) {unwinds/separate}
3-(Mono)nucleotides line up along (both)
strands
4-referance to complementary pairing
between bases
5-referance to hydrogen bonds formed
(between bases)
6-referance to formation of phosphor(di)ester
bonds (between adjacent mononucleotides)
7-reference to condensation reaction
8-name of an enzyme involved in DNA
replication
Explain why the phospholipid molecules form 1- {phosphate group/heads} are hydrophilic
a bilayer (3) 2-idea that heads can be attracted to water
3- {fatty acids/tails} are hydrophobic
4- idea that tails orientate themselves away
from water
5- idea that aqueous environment on both
sides of the membrane
Suggest why the data presented as deaths per 1. idea that the populations of the countries
100 000 (1) are different.
OR
2. idea that it allows for standardization or
comparison;

Explain how the primary structure of 1. primary structure is the {order /

fibrinogen produces this soluble protein (4)
Explain the advantages of the double
circulatory system found in mammals (3)
Explain why people with cystic fibrosis may
develop lung infections
Explain how human lungs are adapted for
rapid gas exchange (3)
Explain why each codon for the DNA genetic
code must contain at least three bases (3)
Explain how the structure of hemoglobin
causes the oxygen dissociation curve of
sequence / eq}of amino acids ;
2. idea that this determines the folding of
the protein ;
3. idea that (the types of) amino acids
determine {type of bonds / named
bond} (between R-groups) ;
4. idea that (the position of) amino
acids determines position of bonds
(between R-groups) ;
5. fibrinogen is a globular protein ;
6. idea that fibrinogen is {polar /
hydrophilic} on the outside ;
1. oxygenated and deoxygenated blood {are
separate / do not mix / eq} ;
2. (this) maintains a {steep / eq}
concentration
gradient in the {lungs / alveoli / tissues / eq} ;
3. idea that more oxygen can be carried to the
{tissues / cells / eq} ;
4. need for one pressure difference explained;
1-produces very thick, sticky mucus (1)
2-because of reduced water transport from
cells (1)
3-cilia lining airways are unable to move
mucus (1)
4- therefore microorganisms get trapped in
the mucus (1)
5-mucus provides suitable growth conditions
for growth of microorganisms (1)
1-many small alveoli to provide a large
surface area to increase the rate
of diffusion (1)
2-thin epithelium to increase rate of diffusion
(1)
3- good blood supply to maintain diffusion
gradient (1)
1-enough codons needed for 20 different
amino acids (1)
2-four bases are used in the genetic code (1)
3-(triplet code) provides {enough / 43 / 64}
possible codons (1)
hemoglobin is composed of four sub-units (1)
hemoglobin to be this sigmoid (S) shape (3)
Describe the structure of collagen (2)
State what is meant by the term semi-
conservative replication (2)
Compare and contrast the structure of
triglyceride and phospholipid (3)
Discuss the ethical issues relating to the use
of genetic screening (3)
Explain how the structure of an artery is
related to its function (5)
• binding of the first oxygen molecule is
difficult (1)
• binding of the other molecules becomes
easier (1)
• due to a conformational change (1)
• as Hb becomes saturated less oxygen can
bind (so the curve
flattens out) (1)
1-fibrous protein (1)
2- {triple / three stranded} helix (held with
hydrogen bonds) (1)
3- (short) repeating sequences of amino
acids / high {hydroxyproline
/ proline / glycine} content / every third
amino acid is glycine
(1)
1-an increase in the number of (DNA)
{molecules / double helices}
(1)
2-each (new molecule) consists of one
{parent / original / old}
strand and one new strand (1)
Similarities
Any two from:
• both contain a glycerol (1)
• both contain fatty acids (1)
• both contain ester bonds (1)
Differences
• triglycerides have three fatty acids and
phospholipids have two
fatty acids (1)
• triglycerides do not contain a phosphate
group but phospholipids
do contain a phosphate group (1)
1. idea that it may result in a miscarriage /
spontaneous abortion ;
2. idea of risk of false {positive / negative} /
inaccurate result ;
3. comment on consequence e.g. healthy fetus
may be aborted ;
4. {killing / eq} is {wrong / unethical / eq} ;
5. who has right to decide if tests should be
performed / eq ;
1. artery walls {are thick / contain collagen } ;

Explain how a blood clot can cause a heart
attack (3)
Describe the stage of protein synthesis that
occurs in the nucleus of a cell. (5)
Explain how the primary structure of the
CTFR protein will determine its 3-
dimensional structure (3)
Explain how the mammalian lung is adapted
2. to withstand high pressure / eq ;
3. arteries contain elastic fibres ;
4. help to maintain pressure / allow stretch
and recoil ;
5. arteries have smooth muscle ;
6. changes the diameter of the artery / allow
contraction and relaxation ;
7. arteries have a smooth endothelium / eq ;
8. to reduce { friction / resistance / eq } ;
9. arteries have a folded endothelium /eq ;
10. to allow expansion ;
1. the {coronary artery/eq} becomes
{blocked/narrowed/eq};
2. blood flow to the heart is reduced/eq ;
3.(this) prevents {oxygen/glucose} from
reaching the heart
{cells / muscle / tissue};
4. (cardiac) muscle is {unable to contract /
respire /eq} ;
1. transcription named as stage ;
2. DNA {separates / unwinds / unzips /
uncoils/ eq} ;
3. by breaking hydrogen bonds ;
4. (mono) nucleotides line up with
complementary bases
/ complementary base pairing occurs ;
5. phosphodiester bonds form (between
mononucleotides) ;
6. ref to any correctly named enzyme ;
7. messenger RNA / mRNA {detaches /
leaves the nucleus /
enters cytoplasm} ;
1.(primary structure is the) {order / sequence}
of amino acids ;
2. (primary structure) affects /determines
{positioning / types} of
bonds ;
3. between R-groups ;
4. affects the {folding/ secondary
structure/tertiary structure} ;
1. alveoli {are one cell thick/have a thin wall}
to carry out rapid gas exchange (6) 2. capillaries {are one cell thick/have a thin
wall} ;
3. idea of short diffusion distance ;
4. alveoli covered with capillaries / eq ;
5. idea of large surface area provided by
{alveoli/capillaries} ;
6. concentration gradient is maintained by
{ventilation/breathing/eq } ;
7. concentration gradient is maintained by
{blood flow/eq} ;
8. (these features) increase rate of diffusion of
{gases/carbon dioxide/oxygen} ;