To Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: 25/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL).

2. Apparatus:

S. no. Apparatus Required Specifications and Quantity in nos.

Range
1. Regulated Variable DC supply 0-30V, 0-2A 1
2. Digital Multimeter 0-2A 1
3. Resistor Of different values 4
4. Connecting Wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Steps for experiment:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in above figure.

2. The voltage DC supply was set at 18V.
3. Different values of R1 to R4 were taken and reading of A1 to A4 were noted down.
4. Accordingly, only one set of reading was taken at 18V DC supply.
5. The observation were recorded in observation table.
5. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the algebraic sum of all currents meeting at a junction
or a node in any electric circuit at any instant is zero.

∑=0
Algebraic sum means we have to consider the sign conventions. If current enters the node, it
will take positive value and if current goes away from node, it will take negative value.

Calculations:

According to KCL,

Algebric sum of incoming current = Algebric sum of outgoing current. So, from circuit diagram
and observation table we get,

→ I1 = I2 + I3 & → I3 = I4

→ 12A = 8A + 4A → 4A = 4A

→ 12A = 12A
6. Observations/Discussions:

S. No. Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter Ammeter

(V) (I1) (I2) (I3) (I4)
1. 18V 12A 8A 4A 4A

7. Percentage error (if any or applicable):

The possible error which can happen is due to internal resistance of the multimeter or due to any
loose connections.

8. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

As per Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the value of the incoming current at the junction is equal to the
outgoing current. So, as we have seen the algebraic sum of current at each node is equal to zero.

i.e., I1 = I2 + I3 & I3 = I4

9. Graphs (If Any): Image /Soft copy of graph paper to be attached here:

10. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. To measure the value of resistance & current.

2. To design the circuit using series or parallel combination of elements.

3. Capable of using & applying KCL in circuits.

4. Able to verify KCL.

 5. Got to know about use and application of multimeter.
Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 To Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: 28/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

2. Apparatus:

S.no. Apparatus Name Specification & Rating Quantity in nos.

1. Regulated Variable DC supply 0-30V, 0-2A 1
2. Digital Multimeter 0-2A 6
3. Resistor Of different values 6
4. Connecting Wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Steps for experiment:

1. The circuit is connected as shown in above figure.
2. The voltage DC supply was set at 18V DC supply.
3. Different values of R1 to R6 were taken and reading of V1 to V6 were noted down.
4. Accordingly, only one set of reading was taken at 18V DC supply.
5. The observation were recorded in observation table.
5. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

• In any closed path (mesh or loop) of an electric circuit, the algebraic sum of product of
current and resistance in each of the conductors plus the algebraic sum of electromotive
forces (emfs) in that closed path is zero.

ΣEmf + ΣIR = 0

• Algebraic sum means we have to consider the sign convention. A rise in potential is
considered as positive, while a fall in potential is considered as negative.
Calculations:

Applying KVL in loop ABGH, V = I1 x R1 + I4 x R4 or V = V1 + V4.

→18V= 5.60V + 12.40V

Applying KVL in loop BCFG, V4= I2 x R2 + I5 x R5 or V4= V2 + V5.

→12.40V= 4.77V + 7.67V

Applying KVL in loop CDEF, V5= I3 x R3 + I6 x R6 or V5 = V3 + V6.

→7.67V= 2.56V + 5.11V

6. Observations/Discussions:

S. No. Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter Voltmeter

(V1) (V2) (V3) (V4) (V5) (V6)
1. 5.60V 4.77V 2.56V 12.40V 7.67V 5.11V

7. Percentage error (if any or applicable):

1. Internal resistance of DC battery.

2. Internal resistance of multimeter viz. voltmeter and ammeter.
3. Internal resistance of connecting wires.
4. Heating effect of rheostat coil (Joule’s law of electric heating)
5. All the sources of error related to multimeter.
8. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

According to KVL, the sum of the voltage differences around any closed loop in a circuit is
equal to zero. Thus, we got the desired result, which is

V = V1 + V4 & V4= V2 + V5 & V5 = V3 + V6

18V= 5.60V + 12.40V & 12.40V= 4.77V + 7.67V & 7.67V= 2.56V + 5.11V

9. Graphs (If Any): Image /Soft copy of graph paper to be attached here

10. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. Measure the value of resistance and voltage.

2. Design the Circuits using series or parallel combination of elements.
3. Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
4. Capable of using & applying KVL in circuit
5. Got to know about use and application of multimeter.

Evaluation Grid:
Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks
1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 To study V-I relationship and find power factor in RL series circuit

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: 30/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To study voltage-current relationship in a RL series circuit and to determine the power
factor of the circuit.

2. Apparatus:
S. no. Equipment Name Specifications and name Quantity in no.
1. 1- Ø AC supply 230V 1
2. 1- Ø variac 0-270V, 15A 1
3. AC wattmeter 0-300V, 5A, 750W 1
4. AC analogue ammeter 0-5A 1
5. AC analogue voltmeter 0-300V 1
6. Variable resistive load 230V, 1kW 1
7. Variable inductive load 230V 1
8. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Steps for experiment:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure above.

2. Vary the 1-ö AC supply voltage with the help of 1-ö variac.
3. Switch on the resistive load by switching various lamps in resistive lamp bank and vary
the tappings of choke coil.
4. Take readings of Vs, I, VL, VR and P.
5. Increase resistive and inductive load by switching and repeat the procedure as stated in
steps 1 to 4.
6. Take at least 5 set of readings and record the readings in observation table.
7. Calculate impedance of circuit, impedance of coil, internal resistance of coil, inductive
reactance of coil, inductance of coil and power factor from readings.
5. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

• An AC series circuit consisting of a resistor and an inductor is shown in figure is the

current flowing through the resistor and the inductor.
• The voltage drop across the resistor and the inductor is VR and VL respectively.
• The phasor sum of these two voltages will be equal to the applied voltage V.
• In a resistive circuit the voltage and current are in phase.
• In a pure inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees.

Formulae used:

W =VI Cosϕ

Cosϕ(Power factor) = [W/(VI)]

ϕ = Cos-1[W/(VI)]
6. Observations/Discussions:

S. No. Supply Voltage Current Voltage Voltage Power (W) Power

(V) (I) across across Factor
resistor inductor (W/VI)
(VR) (VC)
1. 190 V 0.78 A 180 V 36 V 50 W 0.337
2. 200 V 0.81 A 188 V 37 V 55 W 0.339
3. 210 V 0.84 A 199 V 38 V 57.5 W 0.325
4. 220 V 0.87 A 208 V 39 V 62.5 W 0.326
5. 230 V 0.90 A 216 V 40 V 67.5 W 0.327

7. Percentage error (if any or applicable):

8. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

At the end we have observed values of voltage, current and power and determine power factor
for each value. The value of power factor must be less than one.

9. Graphs (If Any): Image /Soft copy of graph paper to be attached here:

10. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. At the end of this experiment students able to make series connections.

2. Students familiar with circuit components like wattmeter, ammeter, and voltmeter.

3. Students able to measure current, voltage and power of the circuit.

4. Students able to calculate impedance of the circuit.

Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 LED Flasher Light

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: 5/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To design a simple LED flasher light.

2. Apparatus:

S. no. Apparatus Name Specification & Rating Quantity in No.

1. Resistance 100 ohm 1
2. LED light 0 - 2V 1
3. Breadboard ----- 1
4. Arduino Uno Board ----- 1
5. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Program:

void setup()
{
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
delay(1000); // Wait for 1000 millisecond(s)
}
Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Linear Variable Differential Transformer / Linear Variable
Displacement Transducer (LVDT).

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
st
Semester: 1 Date of Performance: 5/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To study working of Linear Variable Differential Transformer / Linear Variable

Displacement Transducer (LVDT).

2. Apparatus:
S. No. Apparatus Name Specifications and Range Quantity in no.
1. LVDT Kit 0 - 230 V, ±10 mm 1
2. CRO 0 – 230 V, 30 MHz 1
3. CRO probes --- 2
4. Connecting Wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Construction of LVDT:

LVDT is a differential transformer consisting of one primary winding P and two identical
secondary windings S1 and S2 wound over a hollow bobbin of non-magnetic and insulating
material as shown in figure. The secondary windings S1 and S2 have an equal number of turns
which are arranged concentrically and placed on either side of primary winding P. A soft iron
core, attached to the sensing element of which displacement is to be measured, in the shape of
rod or cylinder slides freely in the hollow portion of the bobbing. The eddy current losses are
reduced by using nickel iron alloy as core material and are slotted longitudinally.

4. Circuit Diagram:
5. Steps for experiment:

1. Connect LVDT kit into mains and switch ON the supply as shown in figure.
2. Connect ‘X’ channel of CRO to primary winding of LVDT and ‘Y’ channel of CRO to
output of secondary winding in LVDT kit.
3. Adjust micrometer scale at “0” position in order to coincide with “0” of vernier scale.
4. If display of displacement is not showing “0” in LVDT, adjust scale error to have
reading equal to zero.
5. Scroll micrometer on either sides to have displacement of soft iron core on right side
and left side.
6. Note down the reading of amplitude of voltage by counting number of divisions and
multiply it with volt/div from CRO for a particular displacement.
7. Take five set of readings for displacement on right side and left side.
8. Record the readings in Table.
9. Plot graph of voltage amplitude vs. displacement and comment on the nature of graph.

6. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

• LVDT is an inductive transducer for translating the linear motion into an electrical signal.
• It is suitable for use in applications where displacements are too large ranging from a
fraction of mm to few cm. For example, strain gauge, mechanical displacement greater
than 25 mm etc.
• LVDT can be connected with other transducers in cascade for measurement of other
physical quantities such as force, weight, pressure etc.
7. Observations/Discussions:

No. of turns: 1000

Supply voltage (Vrms): 5

Supply frequency: 1000

1. For Positive Displacement:

S. No. Positive Displacement (mm) Voltage Amplitude (V)

1. 2 mm 17.38 V
2. 4 mm 34.24 V
3. 6 mm 50.05 V
4. 8 mm 64.29 V
5. 10 mm 76.43 V

2. For Negative Displacement:

S. No. Negative Displacement (mm) Voltage Amplitude (V)

1. -2 mm 17.38 V
2. -4 mm 34.24 V
3. -6 mm 50.05 V
4. -8 mm 64.29 V
5. -10 mm 76.43 V

8. Sources of error (if any or applicable):

1. Internal resistance of LVDT kit.

2. Residual magnetism of soft iron core in LVDT.
3. Internal resistance of CRO leads.
4. Effect of magnetic field surrounding the iron core.
9. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

The difference in comparison of voltage amplitude values at positive and negative displacement

should be analyzed and resulting difference if any.

10. Graphs (If Any): Image /Soft copy of graph paper to be attached here:

Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. Measure the value of voltage with the help of CRO.

2. Design the circuit with the help of CRO and LVDT.

3. Determine the value of voltage for positive and negative displacement.

Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Speed Control of DC motor.
Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018
Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: / /2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: The objective of this lab activity is to design a simple DC motor control circuit.

2. Apparatus:
S. No. Apparatus Name Specifications and Range Quantity in no.
1. Arduino Uno Board --- 1
2. DC Motor --- 1
3. L293D 4.5 V – 60 V 1
4. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
5. Battery 9V 1
3. Circuit Diagram:
4. Program:

int ENA = 9;
int IN1 = 8;
int IN2 = 7;

void setup() {

// Configuring Pins as outputs

pinMode(ENA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(IN2, OUTPUT);

// Putting motors in off mode in starting

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);

void loop() {
speedControl();
delay(1000);
}

// This function for controling speed of the motors

void speedControl() {
// Turn on motor 1

digitalWrite(IN1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
delay(2000);

// Adjust motor speed as in maximum

 analogWrite(ENA,255);
delay(2000);

// Turn off motor 1

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
delay(2000);

// Adjust motor speed as in 50% of full speed

analogWrite(ENA,128);
delay(2000);

// Turn off motor 1

digitalWrite(IN1, LOW);
digitalWrite(IN2, LOW);
delay(2000);
}
Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Temperature Sensor Circuit.

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
st
Semester: 1 Date of Performance: / /2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: The objective of this lab activity is to demonstrate the temperature sensor circuit.

2. Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Required Specifications and range Quantity in no.

1. Arduino UNO board --- 1
2. Temperature sensor (TMP36) --- 1
3. Breadboard --- 1
4. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Program:

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
int reading=analogRead(A0);
float voltage=reading*(5000/1024.0);
float temperature=voltage/10;
Serial.print(temperature);
Serial.print("\xC2\xB0");
Serial.print("C");

delay(1000);
}
Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Automatic street light LDR circuit

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
st
Semester: 1 Date of Performance: 5/10/2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: The objective of this lab activity is to design automatic street light using LDR.

2. Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Required Specifications and range Quantity in no.

1. Resistance 10 kohm 1
2. LED Light 0–2V 1
3. LDR --- 1
4. Breadboard --- 1
5. Jumper wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:

4. Program:

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
int I=analogRead(A1);
if(I<=800)
{
digitalWrite(7, LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(7,HIGH);
}
}
Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Non-inverting Operational Amplifier

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
Semester: 1st Date of Performance: / /2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To measure gain of non-inverting operational amplifier.

2. Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Required Specifications & Range Quantities in no.

1. Op-amp IC IC 741 op-amp 1
2. CRO 0-230 V, 30 MHz 1
3. CRO Probes -------- 2
4. Resistor 10 kΩ, 5kΩ, 4kΩ, 2kΩ 2, 1, 1, 1
5. Digital Multimeter -------- 1
6. Function Generator 10 Hz to 1MHz 1
7. Bread Board -------- --------
8. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:
4. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

Non-inverting Amplifier: An amplifier whose O/P is in phase with the input. It can amplify ac
& dc signals. Its gain depends upon the values of feedback resistance (RF) & input resistance
(R1). Figure 1 shows inverting amplifier.

VO = VIN (1+RF/Rin)

5. Steps for experiment:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. Connect supply voltage to I/P.
3. Note the values of RF & Rin.
4. Note VIN & VOUT with the digital multimeter.
5. Repeat steps 2 & 3 for different values of RF &Rin.
 6. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

In non-inverting amplifier O/P is in phase with I/P with I/P. The waveforms for non-inverting
and amplifier are shown in figure below:

7. Precautions:

1. Connections should be done properly.

2. Check for grounding.
3. Get the circuit checked by the instructor before giving the power supply.
4. Observation should be taken precisely.
8. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. Understand the concept of non-inverting amplifier

2.Learned how to perform this activity on tinkercad.

3.Learned about opAmp.

4.Understand the construction and working of non-inverting amplifier.

Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained:
 Inverting Operational Amplifier

Student Name: Aman Kumar Singh UID: 21BEC1018

Branch: ECE Section/Group: A
st
Semester: 1 Date of Performance: / /2021
Subject Name: Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Subject Code: 21ELH-101

1. Aim: To measure gain of inverting operational amplifier.

2. Apparatus:

S. No. Apparatus Required Specifications & Range Quantities in no.

1. Op-amp IC IC 741 op-amp 1
2. CRO 0-230 V, 30 MHz 1
3. CRO Probes -------- 2
4. Resistor 10 kΩ, 5kΩ, 4kΩ, 2kΩ 2, 1, 1, 1
5. Digital Multimeter -------- 1
6. Function Generator 10 Hz to 1MHz 1
7. Bread Board -------- --------
8. Connecting wires As per requirements As per requirements
3. Circuit Diagram:
4. Calculations/Theorems /Formulas used etc:

Theory:

Inverting Amplifier: An amplifier whose O/P is out of phase with the input. It can amplify ac
& dc signals. Its gain depends upon the values of feedback resistance (RF) & input resistance
(R1).

VO = -VIN (RF/R1)

• An inverting amplifier (also known as an inverting operational amplifier or an inverting

op-amp) is a type of operational amplifier circuit which produces an output which is out
of phase with respect to its input by 180 deg.
• Assuming the opamp is ideal and applying the concept of virtual short at the input
terminals of opamp, the voltage at the inverting terminal is equal to non-inverting
terminal. The simplified circuit is shown in the figure below

Applying KCL at inverting node we get

0-Vin)/Rin+(0-Vo)/Rf = 0

By rearranging the terms, we will get Voltage gain Av = Vo/ Vin = – Rf/Rin.

Gain:

Gain of inverting amplifier Av= – Rf/Rin.

This indicates that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is decided by the ratio of the
feedback resistor to the input resistor with the minus sign indicating the phase-reversal.
Further, it is to be noted that the input impedance of the inverting amplifier is nothing but
Rin.
 5. Steps of experiment:

1. Open Tinkercad website and create a new circuit.

2. Drag and drop a breadboard to the console panel.
3. Now drag and drop an op-Amp, resistor and Arduino Uno board, power supplies,
function generator and the oscilloscopes. Place them in their respective positions.
4. Make the required connections.
5. Set the amplitude of the function generator as 0.25 V and the DC Offset as 0.50 V.
6. Here we apply the input signal to the inverting terminal of the op-amp via the resistor
R1. We connect the non-inverting terminal to ground. Further, we provide the
feedback necessary to stabilize the circuit, and hence to control the output, through a
feedback resistor R2.
7. Simulate the circuit to obtain the waveform in the oscilloscope.

6. Result/Output/Writing Summary:

In inverting amplifier O/P is 180 degrees out of phase with I/P. The waveforms for inverting
amplifier are shown in figure below.
7. Precautions:

1. Due to internal resistance of multimeter.

2. Due to interruption of power supply.
3. Due to wrong connection of circuit.

8. Learning outcomes (What I have learnt):

1. Learned about different applications of op-Amp

2. Found that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is decided by the ratio
of the feedback resistor to the input resistor with the minus sign indicating
the phase-reversal 3. Verified the working of op-Amp. 4. Learned about the
functioning of function generator and oscilloscope.

Evaluation Grid:

Sr. No. Parameters Marks Obtained Maximum Marks

1. Worksheet completion including writing 10
learning objectives/Outcomes.(To be
submitted at the end of the day).
2. Post Lab Quiz Result. 5
3. Student Engagement in 5
Simulation/Demonstration/Performance
and Controls/Pre-Lab Questions.
Signature of Faculty (with Date): Total Marks Obtained: