Tiếng anh chuyên ngành ô tô NAM DINH

English for Automotive Engineering
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, we would like to begin by acknowledging the
authority of Nam Dinh University of Technology Education for providing us
with a good environment and facilities to complete this book.
In addition, we would like to take opportunity to thank all the colleagues in

Faculty of Foreign Language for giving us a lot of inspiration. We have
received a lot of sincere encouragement and valuable ideas from our dear
colleagues. We would not have been able to have a complete book without
their precious opinions.
Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their
understandings and supports. Without their helps, we would face many
difficulties while completing this book.
Tran Thi Tuyet Hong, M.A

Nguyen Thi Thu, B.A
Trần Quốc Đảng, M.A
NamDinh University of Technology Education -1- Faculty of Foreign Languages

LỜI CẢM ƠN
Trước tiên, chúng tôi muốn gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành đến Trường Đại học Sư
phạm Kỹ thuật Nam Định đã tạo điều kiện giúp đỡ chúng tôi nghiên cứu và
hoàn thành cuốn sách này.
Chúng tôi cũng muốn gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành tới các đồng nghiệp trong
Khoa Ngoại ngữ đã góp những ý kiến quý báu trong quá trình hoàn thành
cuốn sách này.
Cuối cùng, chúng tôi muốn gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành đến gia đình và bạn bè,
đã khích lê, động viên và hỗ trợ chúng tôi rất nhiều.
Thạc sỹ Trần Thị Tuyết Hồng

Cử nhân Nguyễn Thị Thu
Thạc sỹ Trần Quốc Đảng

INTRODUCTION
English for Automotive Engineering has been produced in response to
the urgent need of students specialized in Automotive engineering. It is
suitable for students at the pre-intermediate level who already know how to
handle the common English sentence patterns and want to improve and extend
their language skills in the field of Automotive Engineering.
There are 9 units covering a wide range of current Automotive
Engineering topics using a variety of texts and visual material taken from
textbooks, newspapers, popular magazines, web pages, manuals, and
advertisements. The aim is to help students to acquire and develop the skills
they will need in order to learn the subject of Automotive Engineering.
Emphasis is placed on developing reading skills; important vocabulary items
are isolated for special attention and significant points of grammar are
thoroughly treated and revised.
Each unit is divided into 4 sections:
 Reading comprehension: A reading passage is provided to help students
develop reading skills in scientific field and acquire the knowledge about
technical terms relating to the topic mentioned in the unit.
 Use of language and practice: this part supplies significant points of
grammar and grammar practice to reinforce students‟ grammar knowledge.
 Free reading: this part enables students to understand more about the
topic mentioned in the unit and extend their vocabulary on specific topic. In
this part, students also have an opportunity to make use of their knowledge
about technical terms and grammar to do relevant homework.
 Vocabulary: This last part of each unit systematically provides students
technical terms. This is a supplementary part to support all the above parts.
Since each unit in this book embraces many exercises, it is difficult for
students to fulfill all these exercises in class. As a matter of fact, they are

required to self-study at home and prepare for each lesson before class to get
the best results.
Finally, if you have any questions relating to the book, please contact us.
We would like to receive the valuable comments and remarks from the readers
of the book.
Compiled by Tran Thi Tuyet Hong, M.A
Nguyen Thi Thu, B.A
Trần Quốc Đang, M.A
October, 2011

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Ô tô được biên soạn cho sinh viên ở trình độ
đại học và cao đẳng Khoa Cơ khí Trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật Nam
Định. Hiện nay ở Việt Nam, các tài liệu về Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Ô tô cũng
đã có nhưng những tài liệu này chưa thực sự phù hợp với sinh viên Trường Đại
học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật Nam Định. Vì vậy, để có được một giáo trình thống
nhất, phù hợp với trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật Nam Định, chúng tôi đã
tiến hành biên soạn cuốn sách này nhằm trang bị cho sinh viên những kiến
thức về chuyên ngành Ô tô, giúp sinh viên vận dụng vào việc đọc và dịch các
tài liệu chuyên ngành.
Cuốn sách bao gồm 9 bài, mỗi bài tương ứng với một chủ đề. Mỗi bài
được chia thành 4 phần chính như sau:
 Đọc hiểu: Phần này cung cấp cho sinh viên những bài đọc tương ứng với
từng chủ đề trong mỗi bài. Thông qua bài đọc này, sinh viên nâng cao được kỹ
năng đọc tài liệu chuyên ngành đồng thời có thể mở rộng được vốn từ kỹ thuật.
 Sử dụng ngôn ngữ và luyện tập: Cung cấp các điểm ngữ pháp quan
trọng và các bài tập cho sinh viên thực hành nhằm củng cố kiến thức ngữ pháp.
 Đọc thêm: Cung cấp cho sinh viên các bài đọc thêm theo từng chủ đề,
giúp sinh viên hiểu rõ hơn về chủ đề đã học và mở rộng vốn từ chuyên ngành.
Trong phần này, sinh viên cũng có cơ hội vận dụng các kiến thức đã thu được
để thực hành viết theo chủ đề tương ứng. Đồng thời cũng có các bài tập để
củng cố cho phần ngữ pháp đã được đề cập đến trong từng bài.
 Từ vựng: Phần này cung cấp các thuật ngữ và từ vựng quan trọng, giúp
phát triển vốn từ cho sinh viên.
Chúng tôi hy vọng rằng cuốn sách Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Ô tô sẽ
nhận được sự hưởng ứng và đóng góp từ phía các đồng nghiệp và sinh viên.
Người biên soạn: Thạc sỹ Trần Thị Tuyết Hồng
Cử nhân Nguyễn Thị Thu
Thạc sỹ Trần Quốc Đảng
Tháng 10 năm 2011

COURSE DESCRIPTION
Number of credits: 2 credits
Time available:
 Theory: 29 periods
 Test: 1 period
 Self-study: 60 periods
Course description:
English for Automotive Engineering is intended for pre-intermediate students,
providing them with technical terms and basic knowledge on Automotive
Engineering in English.
Objectives:
By the end of the course, students are able to acquire and extend their language
skills in:
 Understanding and using technical terms relating to Automotive
Engineering
 Developing reading skills in scientific field
 Remembering and using grammar theory in each scientific topic and
relevant exercises
Course requirements:
Preparation, attendance, and participation:
Students are required to read book in advance to prepare for each lesson, attend
class regularly and make contributions to lessons.
Homework:
Students are required to fulfill the exercise in the book and other tasks assigned
by their teacher.

MÔ TẢ MÔN HỌC
Số tín chỉ: 2 tín chỉ
Thời gian:
 Lý thuyết: 29 tiết
 Kiểm tra: 01 tiết
 Tự học: 60 tiết
Mô tả môn học:
Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Ô tô được biên soạn cho sinh viên ở trình độ đại học
và cao đẳng Khoa cơ khí trường Đại học Sư phạm Kỹ thuật Nam Định, nhằm
trang bị cho sinh viên những kiến thức về chuyên ngành Ô tô, giúp sinh viên
vận dụng đọc và dịch các tài liệu cần thiết cho công việc.
Mục tiêu:
Sau khi kết thúc môn học, sinh viên có khả năng tiếp thu và phát triển các kỹ
năng sau:
 Hiểu và sử dụng các thuật ngữ liên quan đến chuyên ngành Ô tô
 Đọc hiểu về lĩnh vực Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành Ô tô
 Sử dụng các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành và các điểm ngữ pháp cơ bản để có
thể thực hành các kỹ năng đọc, viết theo từng chủ đề đã học.
Yêu cầu môn học:

Chuẩn bị bài và dự lớp:
Sinh viên phải đọc sách để chuẩn bị bài trước khi đến lớp, dự lớp đầy đủ và
đóng góp ý kiến xây dựng bài.
Bài tập về nhà:
Sinh viên phải làm bài tập về nhà đầy đủ và hoàn thành các nhiệm vụ giáo viên
giao.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1 THE AUTOMOBILE .................................................................................... 9
UNIT 2 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE .......................... 21
UNIT 3 ENGINE CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................... 33
UNIT 4 CONNECTING RODS AND CRANKSHAFT ....................................... 41
UNIT 5 DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM .......................................................... 58
UNIT 6 IGNITION SYSTEM ................................................................................... 67
UNIT 7 ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM................................................................ 85
UNIT 8 THE STEERING SYSTEM ..................................................................... 99
UNIT 9 AUTOMOBILE BRAKES ....................................................................... 109
KEYS TO EXERCISES ........................................................................................... 118
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 149

UNIT 1 THE AUTOMOBILE

L1 The earliest automobiles consist of carriages to which a primitive
engine and drive train and steering controls were added. Typically,
such cars had a strong frame that supported the body of the car. The
wheels were attached to this frame by a set of springs and shock
L5 absorber that permitted the car to travel over the uneven road surfaces.
This same general configuration persisted on most passenger cars until
some time after World War II, although there was an evolution in car
size, shape, and features as technology permitted.
This early configuration is depicted in Figure 1, in which many
L10 of the important automotive systems are illustrated. These systems
include the following parts:
Figure 1. The Automobile Configuration

In Figure 1 the frame or chassis on which the body is mounted is

supported by the suspension system. The wheels‟ brakes are connected to
the opposite end of the suspension components. The steering and the
L15 other major mechanical systems are mounted on one of these
components and attached as necessary through mechanical components
to other subsystems.
This basic vehicle configuration was used from the earliest car
through the late 1960s or 1970s, with some notable exceptions. The
L20 increasing importance of fuel efficiency and government mandated
safety regulations led to major changes in vehicle design. The body and
frame evolved into an integrated structure to which the power train,
suspension, wheels, etc were attached.
Once again with a few notable exceptions, most cars had an
L25 engine in front configuration with the drive axle at the rear. While it is an
advantage for several reasons (crash protection, efficient engine cooling)
to have the engine in front, this location has a disadvantage from a
traction standpoint. Because the engine is a relatively heavy component,
its location influences weight distribution.
L30 Ideally, the engine should be located near the driver wheels for
optimal drive traction. It is this fact that has led to the engine being
mounted transversely (i.e., with the rotation axis orthogonal to the
vehicle axis as opposed to along the vehicle axis) . The transmission is
mounted adjacent to the engine and oriented with its axis parallel to the
L35 engine axis. The differential and drive axle configuration is normally
mounted in the transmission; the combined unit is thus called the
transaxle.
For stability purposes, the steering is still via the front wheels.
The combination of steering and drive mechanisms results in a somewhat
L40 more complicated front-wheel system configuration than the traditional
NamDinh University of Technology Education - 10 - Faculty of Foreign Languages

orientation.
1.1. READING COMPREHENSION

EXERCISE 1 Answer the following questions
1. By which were the wheels attached to the frame?
2. What factors led to major changes in vehicle design?
3. What are the advantages if the car has the engine in front?
4. Why does the location of the engine influence weight distribution?
EXERCISE 2 Study the following statements carefully and write down
whether they are true (T) or false (F) according to the information in the
text.
_____ 1. The car can travel over the uneven road surfaces because of a set of
springs and shock absorber.
_____ 2. The suspension system supports the chassis.
_____ 3. There is no limitation when most cars have an engine in front
configuration with the drive axle at the rear.
_____ 4. The steering is via the front wheels for stability purposes.
_____ 5. The increasing importance of fuel efficiency is the only reason to lead
to major changes in vehicle design.
EXERCISE 3 Refer back to the text and find synonyms for the following
words
1. mounted ………..
2. limitations ………
3. affects ………..
4. provided ……….
1.2. USE OF LANGUAGE
Passive
Passive is very common in technical writing where we are more
interested in facts, processes and events than in people. We form the passive

by using the appropriate tenses of the verb „to be‟ followed by the past
participle of the verb we are using.
To be + Past Participle
Examples:
Active
1. They sell many cars this week. (simple present)
2. In 1765 James Watt developed the first pressurized steam engine. (simple
past)
3. A set of springs and shock absorber attached the wheels to this frame.
(simple past)
Passive
1. Many cars are sold this week. (simple present)
2. The first pressurized steam engine was developed by James Watt in
1765.(simple past)
3. The wheels were attached to this frame by a set of springs and shock
absorber. (simple past)
1.2.1. Present simple passive
Facts and processes
When we write or talk about facts and processes that occur regularly, we
use the present simple passive.
Examples:
1. The transmission is mounted adjacent to the engine and oriented with its
axis parallel to the engine axis.
2. The center electrode is mechanically driven by the crankshaft.
3. The steering and the other major mechanical systems are mounted on one
of these components and attached as necessary through mechanical
components to other subsystems.
EXERCISE: Complete the sentences below using the passive form of the
verbs in brackets.

1. This model ……...... (produce) in the new factory in Poland.

Example: 1. is produced
2. German cars …………. (sell) all over the world.
3. The orders ………..…. (place) by fax or online.
4. The cars ………..…. (assemble) by robots.
5. Spare cars …………... (buy) from your local dealer.
6. The interiors …………… (design) by computer.
7. Tyres ………... (replace) before they wear down completely.
8. Almost every car …………… (produce) to the customer‟s specifications.
1.2.2. Past simple passive
Events
When we write or talk about past events, we use the past passive. Look
at some examples.
Examples:
1. This basic vehicle configuration was used from the earliest car through the
late 1960s or 1970s.
2. The very first self-powered road vehicles were powered by steam engines.
3. In 1901, 600 cars were sold and the next years were 1902 - 2,500, 1903 -
4,000, 1904 - 5,000.
4. The first car was invented in China, in the year 1672 by Ferdinand Verbiest.
EXERCISE 1 Fill in the gaps in the following sentences using the
appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
In 1769, the first self-propelled car (1) …..… (design) and built by
Nicholas Cugnot. His model of car (2) ……. (be) a three-wheeler.
Francois Isaac Rivaz, a Swiss inventor, designed and invented the first
ever car with an internal combustion engine. This car engine (3) ……. (fuel)
with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. This car (4) ……. (make) in 1806.
However, this design was not a success.

The car models designed and built by Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey
and Etienne Lenoir (5) ……. (be) also a failure.
In 1881, Gustave Trouve not only designed and invented the first ever
car (6) ……. (power) by electricity but also demonstrated the functioning of
this automobile at an International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris.
Four years later in 1885, Karl Benz designed and built a car powered by
gasoline. This car (7) ……. (make) in Germany. This was the first ever car to
be granted a patent in 1886. The rest is history and the world acknowledged
Karl Benz as the "Inventor of the modern automobile". He also (8) …….
(invent) the first ever car with an internal combustion flat engine in 1896.
Example: 1. was designed
EXERCISE 2 Change the following sentences into passive or active
1. The crankshaft converts the up and down motion of the pistons to the rotary
motion needed to drive the wheels.
2. The high pressure created by the burning mixture forces the piston
downward.
3. The top of the stroke is normally called to dead center.
4. The center and ground electrodes are separated by a gap.
5. The high voltage pulse is generated by inductive charge of a special high-
voltage transformer.
6. The center electrode is mechanically driven by the camshaft.
1.3. FREE READING
TYPES OF AUTOMOBILES
L1 The automobile is a self-propelled transport vehicle. According to
their application, automobiles are classified as trucks, passenger, and
special purpose vehicles. The trucks may be provided with beds to

transport different goods or with special-purpose bodies such as dump

L5 bodies to transport loose and viscous cargo, tank bodies or liquids,
refrigerator vans for perishables, etc. Aside from a body type, trucks are
classified according to their load-carrying capacity and cross-country
capacity.
The passenger vehicles are divided into cars seating from one to
L10 six men, and buses. The buses are subdivided into city and intercity ones.
Tourist buses make a separate group. According to their length buses are
classified as minibuses (up to 5m), small (up to 7.5m), medium (up to
9m) and articulated (over 16.5m).
The special-purpose automobiles are equipped for performing
L15 particular tasks. Among them are fire and garbage trucks, ambulances,
tower, water tank, repair trucks, etc.
1. How many types of automobiles are there according to the text? What are
they?
2. How are trucks classified?
3. How many types of passenger vehicles are mentioned in the text?
4. How can we divide buses?
5. Name some kinds of special-purpose automobiles.
EXERCISE 2 Fill in the gaps with the suitable words from the list below
are classified as intended for are divided into
in turn as used to
are classed groups of designed for
equipped with special work referred to
As to purpose, motor vehicles (1) ……. transport vehicles, special-
purpose vehicles, and competition vehicles. Transport vehicles (2) ……. in
several types: (a) cars-motor vehicles (3) ……. carrying small group of people
(up to eight in number); (b) buses-passenger service vehicles designed for

carrying large people (more than eight in number); (c) trucks-motor vehicles
intended for carrying venous cargos.
According to cargo (loading-carrying) capacity, trucks are (4) …….
divided into the following classes: pick-up trucks (up to 0,5 t), light trucks
(from 1 to 2 t), medium trucks (from 2 to 5 t), heavy trucks (from 5 to 15 t),
and overweight trucks (more than 15 t).
Trucks (5) ……. carry loose and sticky goods are (6) ……. tipping
bodies and are (7) ……. dump trucks.
Special-purpose vehicles, as their name implies, are intended for (8)
……. and are equipped accordingly. This group includes truck cranes, tank
trucks, seed-filler trucks, etc.
1.4. VOCABULARY
according to (conj) theo
acknowledge (v) thừa nhận
active body control (v) điều khiển thân vỏ tích linh hoạt
active Service System (n) hệ thống hiển thị định kỳ bảo dưỡng
adjacent (adj) gần kề, sát cạnh
advantage (n) lợi thế, lợi ích
air cleaner (n) lọc gió
air flow sensor (Map sensor) (n) cảm biến bướm gió
air temperature sensor (n) cảm biến nhiệt độ khí nạp
alternator Assy (n) máy phát điện
ambulance (n) xe cứu thương
anti-brake system (n) hệ thống phanh chống bó cứng
application (n) ứng dụng
apply (v) áp dụng, ứng dụng
articulate (adj) rõ ràng
auto trans selector lever positions (n) tay số tự động

automatic mixture control (v) điều chỉnh hỗn hợp tự động

automobile (n) ôtô
axis (n) đường tâm, đường trục
axle (n) trục
brake(n) phanh
capacity (n) công suất, sức chứa, dung tích
cargo (n) hàng hóa
chassis (n) gầm xe
classify (v) phân loại
comfort (n) sự thoải mái, dễ chịu
communication (n) sự giao tiếp
competition (n) cuộc thi, cuộc đua
complicated (adj) phức tạp
configuration (n) cấu hình
consist of…(v) bao gồm ….
convenience (n) sự tiện nghi
cooling system (n) hệ thống làm mát
crash protection (n) tránh va chạm
cross-country (adj) xuyên quốc gia
demonstrate (v) chứng minh
depict (v) vẽ, miêu tả
differential (n) vi sai
divide (v) phân chia
drive shaft (n) trục truyền động
drive train (n) đường dẫn động
dump (v) đổ
electrical/electronic equipment (n) thiết bị điện/điện tử
engine (n) động cơ

equip (v) trang bị

equipment (n) thiết bị
evolve (v) phát triển
exception (n) ngoại lệ
frame (n) khung xe
fuel (n) nhiên liệu
garbage (n) rác
gasoline (n) xăng, dầu
goods (n) hàng hóa
grant (v) cấp
hydrogen (n) khí hiđro
ideally (adv) lý tưởng
imply (v) ngụ ý, bao hàm, ám chỉ
influence (v) ảnh hưởng
instrumentation (n) thiết bị đo đạc
integrate (v) tích hợp
intend (v) ý định, có ý định
intercity (adj) giữa các đô thị
internal combustion engine (n) động cơ đốt trong
invention (n) phát minh
lead (v) – led – led dẫn tới
liquid (n) chất lỏng
location (n) vị trí
loose (adj) lỏng lẻo
major (adj) chính, cơ bản
mixture (n) hỗn hợp
motion control (n.ph) điều khiên chuyển động
mount (v) gắn vào

navigation (n) sự chuyển hướng

notable (adj) đáng chú ý
optimal (adj) tốt nhất
orthogonal (adj) trực giao
oxygen (n) khí oxi
passenger (n) hành khách
patent (n) bằng sáng chế
perishable (adj) dễ bị hỏng hóc
permit (v) cho phép
power (n) công suất
propel (v) đẩy
purpose (n) mục đích
rear (n) sau
reason (n) lý do
refrigerator (n) tủ lạnh
regulation (n) quy định
relatively (adv) tương đối
result in (v) để lại kết quả
rotation (n) vòng, chu kỳ
shock absorber (n) thiết bị giảm xóc
spring (n) lò xo
stability (n) sự ổn định
steering (n) hệ thống lái
steering and drive mechanism (n) cơ cấu lái cơ khí
structure (n) cấu trúc, kết cấu
subdivide (v) chia nhỏ ra
suspension (n) sự giảm chấn
tank (n) thùng chứa

tower (n) xe kéo

traction standpoint (n) vị trí của lực kéo
transmission (n) hệ thống truyền lực, hộp số
transport (v) vận chuyển
transversely (adv) nằm ngang
truck (n) xe tải
truck crane (n) xe cẩu
uneven road surface (n.ph) bề mặt không bằng phẳng, gồ ghề
van (n) xe chuyên chở hành lý, con người
vehicle (n) xe cộ
viscous (n) nhớt
weight distribution (n) sự phân bố trọng lượng
wheel (n) bánh xe

UNIT 2 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

L1 An automobile probably has about 7,000 different parts in it. Some of
them make it more comfortable or better looking, but most of them are to
make it run.
The three basic components of the automobile are the engine;
L5 chassis and body (see Fig. 2)
The body
The engine
Figure 2. Basic components of the automobile

The engine converts the fuel into mechanical power. An internal

combustion engine powers our modern automobile. The engine burns its
fuel within the engine proper, as compared to a steam engine where the
fuel is burned externally. The automobile engine is essentially a heat
L10 engine. It requires fuel to burn, a spark to ignite, lubrication to minimize
friction, and a cooling system to dissipate unwanted heat.
The lubrication system provides a constant flow of filtered oil to
all moving parts of the engine. The system consists of an oil pan to store
the oil, a pump to circulate it, a fitter to remove solid abrasive particles,
L15 and an oil gauge or light in the driver‟s compartment for checking
purposes.
The engine derives its power from burning fuel. Unfortunately,
not all of this heat can be used, and if allowed to remain in the engine, it
would soon destroy it. If this unused heat were not removed, the engine
L20 would soon melt.
The coolant of the cooling system picks up the excess
combustion heat it is circulated through the block and heads by a
centrifugal type pump, delivered to the radiator where it is cooled, and
then returned to the water pump for recirculation.
L25 The chassis comprises the drive line, running gear (under
carriage) and control mechanisms.
The drive line consists of mechanisms and units which transmit
torque from the engine to the drive wheels and change torque and rpm in
magnitude and direction. Among these mechanisms and units are clutch,
L30 transmission (gear box) propeller shaft, and final drive comprising
differential and axle shaft.
The propeller shaft is used to transmit torque from the
transmission to the final drive at varying angles. The universal joints
serve to compensate for changes in the line of drive by transmitting

L35 power from a driving shaft through an angle to a driven line between the
transmission and differential.
The final drive changes torque and transmits it from the propeller
shaft through the differential to the axle shafts at a constant angle.
The differential is a gear system that transfers power from the
L40 drive shaft to driving axles. It also permits one driving wheel to turn
faster than the other to prevent skidding and scuffling of tires on turns.
The running gear is the backbone of automobile; it includes the
frame, front and rear axles springs, shock absorbers, wheels and tires.
The control mechanism consists of the steering system for
L45 changing the direction of movement and the brakes for decelerating and
stopping the automobile.
The body of the truck comprises a cargo body and driver‟s cab.
The fenders, radiator grille, hood, and mudguards also belong to the
body.
1. How many parts are there in an automobile? What are the basic
components?
2. What does the lubrication system consist?
3. Can all the heat from the burning fuel be used?
4. What is the propeller shaft used for?
5. What are the functions of the brake?
text.
1. The engine is one part of an automobile.
2. Fuel energy is one part of the chassis.

3. Wheels and tyres are parts of the running gear.

4. The brake is used to stop the automobile.
5. A driver‟s cab belongs to the body of an automobile.
EXERCISE 3 Match the component in A with its function in B
A B
1. The engine a. belongs to the body
2. Lubrication b. changes the direction of the movement
3. Cooling system c. converts the fuel energy into mechanical
4. Transmission power
5. The running gear d. helps the engine to dissipate unwanted
6. The steering system heat
7. The brake e. gearbox
8. The fender f. decelerates and stops the automobile
g. is the backbone of the automobile
h. helps the engine to minimize friction.
EXERCISE 4 Match the term in A with its definition in B
A B
1. combustion a. A connection for transmitting power from a driving to a

2. gasoline driven shaft through an angle
3. cylinder b A device to provide mechanical or hydraulic friction to
4. coolant control excessive deflection of automobile spring
5. spark c. A volatile mixture of flammable liquid hydrocarbons
6. universal joint derived chiefly from crude petroleum
7. shock absorber d. Volume of cylinder above piston with piston on top
8. mudguard center
e. A round hole having some depth bored to receive a
piston
f. An electric current possessing sufficient pressure to

jump through air from one conductor to another

g. An agent that produces cooling
h. A metal cover over the wheel a vehicle to keep the mud
from flying up.

2.2.1. Capacity
We often use modal verbs to express the capacity of people or things. These
modal verbs are: can + V, could (in past) + V or the verb: to be able to + V,
have capacity of + Ving, be capable of + Ving
For example:
The car can travel over the uneven road surfaces because the wheels
were attached to this frame by a set of springs and shock absorber.
EXERCISE Rewrite the following sentences using can, could, be able to, etc
1. Oil consumption is up to 1.0 l/1000km so the engine oil level must be
checked at regular intervals.
2. Diesel engine self-ignites.
3. Rubber should withstand great temperature differences while staying elastic.
In other words, it shouldn‟t become brittle.
4. The process of designing a car generally takes three years.
5. With an American car, you see the differences at 300 meters. With Japanese
car, you see the differences at three meters. Japan is a small country so there is
no need to see the differences from far away.
2.2.2. Reason and result
- Statement + reason: since, as, for this reason, because, because of, etc.
- Statement + result: hence, consequently, therefore, for this reason, etc.
Study these sentences:
1. Rubber is used for tyres.
2. Rubber is elastic.

Sentence 1 tells us what rubber is used for. Sentence 2 tells us why it is used.
Sentence 2 provides a reason for sentence 1. We can link a statement and a
reason using because
Rubber is used for tyres because it is elastic.
Or we can rewrite this sentence by using therefore, hence or for this reason
Rubber is elastic; therefore it is used for tyres.
Or Rubber is elastic; hence it is used for tyres.
Or Rubber is elastic; for this reason it is used for tyres.
When the reason is a noun or a noun phrase, we use because of
Rubber is used for tyres because of its elasticity.
EXERCISE Link these sentences using “because” or “therefore”
1. The engine is a relatively heavy component.
The location of the engine influences weight distribution.
2. The bore in the big end of the connecting rod is machined after the cap is
assembled on the rod.
The rod caps must not be interchanged.
3. In V type engines, each crankpin has two connecting rods assembled on to.
The crankpins here are longer than in in-line cylinder engines.
4. The center electrode is at electrical ground potential.
One terminal of the battery that supplies the current to generate the high
voltage pulse for the ignition system is connected to the block and frame.
5. You must apply the breaks.
There are many vehicles on the road.
6. Turn off the interior lights and dim the dashboard if you can.
This will cut down on interior reflections.
7. Night driving is tiring.
You‟ll need to give yourself and your eyes a rest.
8. Diesel engines are not self-speed-limiting.
The air (oxygen) entering the engine is always the maximum amount.

9. Brakes have a hydraulic component.

There is always the threat of sudden loss of braking capacity.
10. The air (oxygen) entering the engine is always the maximum amount.
The engine always has sufficient oxygen to burn.
2.3. FREE READING
ENGINES
L1 The two common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol
engine and the diesel engine.
Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines.
This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars and motorbikes use
L5 petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines.
They usually go faster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel
and last longer than petrol engines, and this is why larger vehicles such
as trucks and trains use them. They are also safer than petrol engines
because there is less danger of fire.
L10 There are two main types of petrol engine: 4-stroke and 2-stroke.
All cars and larger motor-cycles use 4-stroke engines. But most smaller
motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. These are lighter and smaller than 4-
stroke engines, and are therefore cheaper.
EXERCISE 1 Answer the following questions (2-stroke, 4-stroke or diesel
engine)
1. Which is the lightest of the three engines?
2. Which is the least expensive?
3. Which is the noisiest?
4. Which is the largest?
5. Which is the safest?
6. Which uses least fuel?

EXERCISE 2 Match the words in column A with those in column B

A B
1. Petrol engine and diesel engine are a. less fuel and last longer than
2. Petrol engines are usually lighter petrol engines.
and smaller b. go faster
3. Petrol engines usually c. the 2 most common types of
4. Diesel engines use engines for land vehicles.
5. All cars and larger motor-cycles d. use 4-stroke engine
e. than diesel engines
EXERCISE 3 Complete the text with the words below

Clutch combustion crankshaft
cylinders distribution fuel
piston spark plug torque
Now we come to the engine. The principle of the internal (1) …….
engine has not changed in the last 100 years. The engine takes in (2) ……. and
air which is compressed in a combustion chamber. Then this mixture is ignited
by a (3) ……. to produce an explosion, which moves the (4) ……. in the
cylinder. The up and down motion of the piston in the cylinder is converted
into rotational motion by (5) ……. The rotational force generated by the
engine is known as (6) …….
The size of the engine determines the power. The more (7) ……. there
are, the more powerful the engine. This power is transmitted through the (8)
……., the gearbox, the propeller shaft (in rear-wheel and four-wheel drive),
and the axles to the wheels. The position of the engine can vary, but generally
speaking it is mounted at the front. In some sports cars, the engine is mounted
at the rear (e.g. Porsche) or in the middle (e.g. Ferrari or Lamborghini)
because of weight (9) ……..

2.4. VOCABULARY
air fuel mixture (n) hỗn hợp không khí và nhiên liệu
airtight (adj) kín hơi
angle (n) góc
as compared to (v) được so sánh với
belong (to) (v) thuộc về
C/C (Cruise Control) Hệ thống đặt tốc độ cố định
C/L (Central Locking) khoá vi sai Cabriolet Kiểu xe coupe
mui xếp.
CAC (Charge air cooler) báo nạp ga máy lạnh
CAN ( Controller Area Network) hệ thống truyền dữ liệu điện tử
CARB (Carburetor) chế hòa khí
Cat/kat (Catalytic converter) bộ lọc khí xả
CATS (computer active technology hệ thống treo điện tử tự động điều
suspension)
chỉnh độ cứng theo điều kiện vận
hành.
CFI system (Continuous fuel hệ thống bơm xăng liên tục
injection system)
chiefly (adv) chính, chủ yếu
circulate (v) truyền, lưu hành
CKP (Crankshaft position) vị trí trục cơ
CKPS (Crankshaft position sensor) cảm biến vị trí trục cơ
CL (Closed loop) mạch đóng
clutch (n) bộ ly hợp
CMP (Camshaft position) vị trí trục cam
CMPS (Camshaft position sensor) cảm biến trục cam
comfortable (adj) thoải mái
compensate (v) bù
compress (v) nén

compression (n) sự nén

comprise (v) bao gồm
conductor (n) chất dẫn điện, vật dẫn điện
connection (n) mối ghép, nối
constant (adj, n) tính cố định, sự không đổi
contact arm (n) tay nối
convert (v) chuyển hóa
convert… into(to) (v) chuyển đổi… thành
coolant (n) nước làm mát
crude (adj) thô
cylinder (n) xylanh
decelerate (v) làm chậm lại, giảm tốc
deflection (n) lệch
derive (v) chuyển, chuyển hóa
derive…. from…. (v) tạo …từ , dẫn xuất ….từ
destroy (v) phá huỷ
determine (v) xác định
direction (n) hướng
disconnect (v) ngắt nối
dissipate (v) làm tan, tiêu tan, xóa
drive line (n) đường dẫn
elastic (adj) mềm dẻo
energy (n) năng lượng
engagement (n) sự ăn khớp
excessive (adj) vượt quá, quá mức
expand (v) giãn nở
explore (v) nổ
externally (adv) ở ngoài, bên ngoài

fender (n) chắn bùn

fierce (adj) dữ dội
flammable (adj) dễ cháy, có thể cháy được
friction (n) ma sát
furnish (v) cung cấp
guide (n) phần dẫn hướng
guide holder (n) càng dẫn hướng
hole (n) lỗ
hydraulic (adj) thủy lực
hydrocarbon (n) hidro cacbon
ignition (n) sự đánh lửa
in conjunction with (conj) sự kết nối với
install (v) lắp ráp
lubricant (n) chất bôi trơn
mechanical (adj) thuộc về cơ học
melt (v) làm nóng chảy, tan ra
minimize (v) làm tối thiểu, cực tiểu hoá
motive power (n) công suất chuyển động
motor (n) động cơ
move forth and back (v) dịch chuyển tới và lui
movement (n) sự di chuyển, chuyển động
mud (n) bùn
mudguard (n) chắn bùn
oil pan (n) máng dầu
petroleum (n) xăng,dầu
principle (n) nguyên lý, nguyên tắc
propeller shaft (n) trục cánh quạt
radiator (n) bộ tản nhiệt

recirculation (n) sự tuần hoàn

scuffing (n) sự mòn
skidding (n) sự trượt
solid abrasive (n) phần tử mài mòn rắn
spark (n) tia lửa
spark plug (n) bugi
stabilizer bar (n) thanh ổn định
stationary (adj) đứng yên, ổn định
torque (n) momen quay
transfer…. from….to (v) truyền … từ …tới
transmit (v) truyền
tyre, tire (n) lốp xe
universal joint (n.ph) khớp các đăng
unused (adj) không dùng đến
varying (adj) tính thay đổi, biến đổi
volatile (adj) bay hơi
worm drive (n) giá đỡ

UNIT 3 ENGINE CONSTRUCTION

L1 A car usually has a piston engine (Figure 3.1). It consists of
several moving parts: pistons, connecting rods, crankshafts, camshafts,
valve lifters, intake valves and exhaust valves. The cast iron or
aluminum engine block holds the moving parts. The engine block has
L5 series of holes which are called cylinders. The cylinders can be
arranged in line or in a V-shape and in the upper part of the block. Each
cylinder holds a piston and a connecting rod. A circular ring is used to
seal the small gap between the piston and the cylinder wall. The lower
part of the block is called crankcase that holds the crankshaft with
L10 bearing mounts. Pistons are connected to the crankshaft by connecting
rods.
Figure 3.1. Piston engine

The cylinder heads are the top covers of the cylinders which
are tightly bolted to the top of the block. The cylinder heads contain
combustion chambers. Each combustion chamber contains at least
L15 one intake and exhaust valve and one spark plug per cylinder. The
valves are opened and closed in a specific sequence with valve
lifters controlled by the camshaft. The camshaft is connected to the
crankshaft through a time belt.

1. What kind of engine does a car usually have?
2. Where are the cylinders located?
3. How do people seal the small gap between the piston and the cylinder wall?
4. How are pistons linked to the crankshaft?
5. What are there in a combustion chamber?
whether they are true (T) or false (F) according to the information in the text
1. _____ Intake valves can‟t move in piston engine.
2. _____ The engine block can be made of aluminum.
3. _____ A cylinder holds a connecting rod and a crankshaft.
4. _____ Crankcase is the upper part of the block.
5. _____ The camshaft controls the opening and closing of intake and exhaust
valves.
6. _____ The upper part of the block holds the crankshaft.
EXERCISE 3 Look back the text and find out what the bold words refer to
1. It consists of several (L1)
2. a series of holds which are called (L5)
3. is called crankcase that holds (L9)
4. the cylinders which are tightly. (L12)

words
1. be made up of
2. keeps
3. a number of
4. termed / named
5. round
6. is employed
7. linked
8. particular
Instructions and Advice
3.2.1. Using imperatives
Turn on your headlights before sunset and for an hour after sunrise so
that it‟s easier for other drivers to see you in twilight.
Don’t open the door until you stopped the car.
3.2.2. Using should/ought to
You should turn on your headlights before sunset and for an hour after
sunrise so that it‟s easier for other drivers to see you in twilight. = You ought
to turn on
You shouldn't open the door until you stopped the car. = You ought
not (oughtn't) to open the door until you stopped the car.
3.2.3. Using must/mustn't
You must have a driving license when you drive a car.
Drivers mustn't use alcohol when they drive cars.
EXERCISE Study these ways of giving instructions and advice and then
rewrite the sentences below about what you should do to drive at night. Use
modal auxiliary verbs in your sentences.
1. Turn on your headlights before sunset and for an hour after sunrise so that

it‟s easier for other drivers to see you in twilight.

2. Make sure all your exterior lights are clean and working properly.
3. Clean all your windows, inside and out. Dirty windows will increase glare.
4. Properly aligned mirrors will reduce dazzle as well as blind spots. Reduce
glare further by making sure they are clean.
5. Turn off the interior lights and dim the dashboard if you can. This will cut
down on interior reflections.
6. Read the road ahead. Glimmers of light at the top of hills and at bends could
be the headlights of other vehicles.
7. Always be able to stop your vehicle within the distance you can see to be
clear.
8. On rural roads, drive on full beam whenever possible but dip your lights
when faced with another road to avoid dazzling them.
9. Use the light shed by vehicles ahead or from roadside lights – not just street
lights – to help you see further ahead.
10. Take plenty of breaks. Night driving is tiring so you‟ll need to give
yourself and your eyes a rest.
3.3. FREE READING
PETROL ENGINE
Figure 3.2 : Petrol engine

L1 In petrol engine the movement of the positions between the

bottom and top of the cylinder is termed the piston stroke. The highest
position of the piston is called the Top Dead Centre (TDC). When the
piston is in this position, the volume between the cylinder head and the
L5 top of the piston is known as the clearance volume.
The lowest position of the piston is called Bottom Dead Centre
(BDC) position. The difference between the clearance volume and the
total volume when the piston is in the BDC position is called working
volume. In other words, to find the working volume, multiply the length
L10 of the position stroke by the cross – sectional area of the cylinder.
1. What is the highest position of the piston called?
2. What is called the Bottom Dead Centre position?
3. What is the working volume?
4. How can you find the working volume?
5. What does TDC stand for?
whether they are true (T) or false (F) according to the information in the text
_____The piston stroke is the movement between the middle and top of the
cylinder.
1. _____When the piston is in the highest position, the volume between the
cylinder head and the top of the piston is known as the clearance volume.
2. _____To find the working volume; multiply the length of the position
stroke by the cross-sectional area of the engine.
3.4 VOCABULARY
accommodate (v) chứa được, cấp cho
activate (v) tác động
align (v) sắp xếp
aluminum (n) nhôm

area (n) khu vực, diện tích

arrange (v) sắp xếp, bố trí
assemble (n) lắp, ráp, sự lắp đặt
assist (v) giúp, trợ giúp
at least (adv) ít nhất
auxiliary (adj) phụ
battery (n) pin, bình điện
be formed from (v) được tạo thành từ
bend (n) đường cong, chỗ rẽ
blind spot (n) điểm mù
block (n) thân máy
bolt (v) chốt
Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) (n) điểm chết dưới
build up a strong magnetic field (v) tạo thành 1 từ trường mạnh
by means of (exp) bằng cách
camshaft (n) trục cam
cast iron (n) gang
circuit (n) mạch điện
circular (adj) tròn, tuần hoàn
clearance volume (n) thể tích trống
coil (n) cuộn dây
collapse (v) suy sụp
combustion chamber (n) buồng đốt
connecting rod (n) thanh truyền
crankcase (n) hộp trục khuỷu
crankshaft (n) trục khuỷu
cross-sectional (n) mặt cắt ngang
dashboard (n) bảng điều khiển

dazzle (v, n) chói mắt, sự chói mắt

depend (on) phụ thuộc vào, dựa vào
detachable (adj) có thể tháo ra được
dim (v, adj) làm mờ, mờ
dip (v, n) nhúng
distance (n) khoảng cách
encase (v) bọc, đóng kín
engine block (n) thân động cơ
exhaust valve (n) van xả
exterior (adj) ở ngoài, phía ngoài
finish (n, v) sự hoàn thiện
framework (n) sườn, khung
glare (n) ánh sáng chói
glimmer (n) ánh sáng yếu
head light (n) đèn pha
ignition distributor (n) delco đánh lửa
in other words (adv) nói cách khác
intake valve (n) van nạp
interior (adj ) phía trong, ở trong
line (n) thẳng hàng
linkage (n) cần nối
mirror (n) gương
multiply (v) nhân
nozzle (n) vòi phun, kim phun
performance (n) sự thực hiện
petrol vapour and air mixture (n) hoà khí
piston (n) pít tông
portion (n) phần

position (n) vị trí

properly (adv) đúng
protrude (v) nhô ra, thò ra
pushrod (n) đòn đẩy
reflection (n) sự phản xạ
release into the air (v) thả vào không khí
reservoir (n) thùng chứa
ring (n) xéc măng
rocker arm (n) cò mổ, đòn gánh
secondary wiring (n) dây thứ cấp
shed (v ) đổ
sleeve (n) ống trượt, ống lót xylanh
specific sequence (n) hành trình nhất định
spiral (adj) xoắn
sprocket (n) bánh răng xích
sunset (n) hoàng hôn
surge (v, n) sự tăng vọt, vọt nhanh
the block bearing saddles (n) các nửa bạc lót ở thân máy
tightly (adv) chặt, khít
timing belt (n) dây đai cam
Top Dead Centre (TDC) điểm chết trên
twilight (n) hoàng hôn
valve xu páp
valve lifter (n) con đội, cần đẩy van
via a C- shaped clamp (n) qua một cái kẹp hình chữ C
V-shape (n) hình chữ V
water jacket (n) áo nước
withstand (v) chống lại, chịu đựng

UNIT 4 CONNECTING RODS AND CRANKSHAFT

L1 The connecting rods link the pistons with the crankshaft and
transmit to it the loads arising from the combustion gas pressure taken by
the pistons. In operation, the connecting rod is subjected to both gas
pressure and inertia loads, and therefore, it must be adequately strong
L5 and rigid and light in weight as well. Connecting rods are generally
fabricated from high quality steel in the form of a bar with ring shaped
heads at its ends, the heads being known as the connecting rod big end
and small end and serving to attach the rod to the crankpin and the
gudgeon pin of the piston respectively.
L10 The small end of the connecting rod is made in the form of a
continuous eye into which bronze bush is pressed so as to provide an
interference it, whereas the big end of the rod is split into halves with the
upper half integral with the rod shank and the lower half in the form of
detachable cap.
L15 The bore in the big end of the connecting rod is machined after
the cap is assembled on the rod. Therefore, the rod caps must not be
interchanged.
The big end of the connecting rod houses a sliding contact
bearing comprising two half-liners, or inserts. The half-liners are kept
L20 from shifting endwise or rotating buy locating lugs or locking lips, that
nestle in special slots provided in the housing on one side of the rod. The
big end of the connecting rod of automobile engines features a hole
through which oil is squirted onto the cylinder walls.

Figure 4.1: Connecting rods

a) connecting rod components; b) cross-sections through connecting rod
shanks (blades) and methods of feeding oil to piston pin; c) angled connecting
rod big end; d) methods of locating connecting rod cap
1 – connecting rod small end; 2 – connecting rod bush; 3 - connecting rod
shank (blade); 4 - connecting rod big end; 5 - connecting rod bearing half-
liner (insert); 6 - connecting rod cap; 7 – cotter pin; 8 – horned nut; 9 –
locating lug; 10 - connecting rod bolt; 11 – oil hole; 12 – oil passage; 13 –
serrated joint; 14 – tab washer.
The crankshaft takes the downward thrust of the pistons and
L25 connecting rods when the fuel air mixture is burned in the cylinders and
changes these thrusts into torque which is transferred to the drive line
of the automobile; it also drives various engine mechanisms and
components. The periodic gas pressure and inertia forces taken by the
crankshaft may cause it to suffer wear and bending and tensional

L30 strains. The crankshaft therefore must be adequately strong and wear-
resistant
Figure 4.2: Crankshafts

a) of-line tractor engine; b) of v-type automobile engine
1 – main bearing journal; 2 – web (dieek); 3 – thrust half-washer; 4 – main
bearing cap insert; 5 – fly wheel; 6 – oil slinger; 7 – dowel; 8 – flywheel bolt;
9 – flywheel ring gear; 10 – main bearing saddle insert; 11 – crankpin; 12 –
counterbalance weights; 13 – crankshaft gear; 14 – oil pump drive gear; 15 –
bolt; 16 – fan drive pulley; 17 – screw plug; 18 – clean oil outlet tube; 19 –
crankshaft flange; A – crankpin size group marking; B – oilway to crankpin
hollow interior; C – crankpin hollow interior.

The crankshaft is either forged from high quality steel or cast in

a high strength iron. It contains of main bearing journals (Fig 4.2)
crankpins, webs, or cheeks, that connect the journals and crankpin
L35 together, a nose (front end), and a shank (rear end). Counterbalance
weights necessary foe balancing the crankshaft are either formed
integrally with, or attached separately to, the crank webs. The main
bearing journals and crankpins are induction hardened to improve their
wear resistance.
L40 In V type engines, each crankpin has two connecting rods
assembled on to, and therefore, the crankpins here are longer than in in-
line cylinder engines.
Attached to the rear end of the crankshaft is flywheel. In some
engines, the flywheel is located relative to the crankshaft by dowels and
L45 clamped firmly to the rear face of the shaft by a ring of bolts screwing
directly into shaft end. Other engines have their crankshafts provided
with flange in which holes are drilled for securing the flywheel.

1. What are connecting rods generally made from?
2. Why mustn‟t the rod caps be interchanged?
3. What does the crankshaft consist of?
4. How is the flywheel mounted to the crankshaft?
EXERCISE 2 What do the bold words refer to?
1. it must be adequately (L4)
2. heads at its ends (L7)
3. through which oil is squirted (L23)
4. It contains of main bearing journals (L33)

5. their crankshafts provided (L46)

6. which holes are drilled (L47)
EXERCISE 3 Refer to the text and find synonyms for the following words
1. connect
2. supply
3. make
4. significant
5. hence
6. mounted
7. via
8. in order to
EXERCISE 4 Refer to the text and find antonyms for the following words
1. before
2. small
3. low quality
4. front end
5. upward
6. weak
4.2.1. Word formation: Prefixes
When you are reading, you will come across unfamiliar words. It is often
possible to guess the meaning of these words if you understand the way words
in English are generally formed.
An English word can be divided into three parts:
+ a prefix
+ a stem
+ a suffix

Pre- means 'before'. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem.
Consider, as an example, the prefix de- (meaning „reduce‟ or „reverse‟) in a
word like „demagnetize‟ (meaning „to deprive of magnetism‟).
Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. Example:
1. un-: changes a word to the negative. „Unmagnetizable‟ means „not capable
of being magnetized‟.
2. semi-: means „half or partly‟ in a word like „semiconductor‟.
Study these tables. Try to find additional example, using your dictionary if
necessary.
Negative and positive prefixes:
Prefix Meaning Example
un- not unbalanced,
unequal braking
in- not incomplete
Negative im- not impossible
il- not illegal
ir- not irregular firing,
irrelevant, irremovable
non- not connected with nonadjustable
mis- bad, wrong misdirect, misfire
dis- opposite feeling disconnect,
opposite action disassembly
anti- against antiglare, antislipping
de- reduce, reverse demagnetize, decode
under- too little undersized
Positive re- do again refacing, refill
over- too much Overload, overuse,
oversize

Prefixes of size
Prefix Meaning Examples
semi- half, partly semi automatic
transmission, semi
diesel engine
equi- equal equi-pressure,
equilibrium
mini- small minibus
micro- very small micrometer
macro- large, great macrometric
mega- megascope
Prefixes of time and order

ante- before antecedent, antedate
pre- before precleaner, preheat
prime- first primary winding
post- after postdated
retro- backward retroactive, retrocede
Prefixes of location
inter- between, among interlock, interactive
super- over supercharger
trans- across transmission, transfer pump
ex- out exclude, extrinsic
extra- beyond extraordinary

EXERCISE Read the following sentences and circle the prefixes. Decide
what the prefix means. Refer back to the table if you need help.
1. You can buy an old car because it‟s inexpensive.
Example: (in)expensive (not)
2. Some engineers see voice recognition as a way to get rid of many manual
controls and to simplify the IP. But voice recognition can also be overused.
3. They also put many functions such as station pre-set buttons for audio
system, on touch screens.
4. The car is very uneconomical for driving in town.
5. You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are bilingual or even
trilingual.
6. Because aluminum is more brittle and tears more easily than steel, it can be
formed when it is in unhardened state.
7. I think that covers everything about the tests. Now I‟d just like to sum up by
rereading my main point….
8. These detection system can automatically deactivate the airbags if the
situation is dangerous.
9. A third type is a semi-dependent suspension.
10. An independent suspension allows wheels to rise and fall on their own
without affecting the opposite wheel.
4.2.2. Certainty
1. Surely there are times when people are more intelligent than machines.
2. Driving will be no fun if I can‟t think for myself.
3. By the end of this century, there may be many new kinds of car.
4. Cars are likely to be very popular.

The sentences above all describe possible future developments in cars.

The writer is confident about some developments and less confident about
others. What difference can you see between them?
We can not measure certainty in language with precision, but the
following table provides a guide to how certain a writer is about a future
development.
Certainty (%) Verb Adjective Adverb
100 Will Certain Certainly, Surely
85 Likely, Unlikely
75 Probable Probably
Improbable
50 Could/ may Possible Possibly
EXERCISE How likely are these developments in the next five years?
Make statements about each development using the certainty expressions in
the above table. Compare your answers.
For example:
Most families in your country will have at least a car.
I think it‟s unlikely that most families in your country will have at least a car.
It‟s possible that some families will have one.
1. Computers will understand and respond to your spoken language.
2. No manual labor will be done in factories in your country.
3. You won‟t need to read traffic signs anymore.
4. Cars will be electronically guided through cities.
5. Most families in your country will have air conditioner.
6. Most teaching will be done by computer.
7. Most cars will be done by robots.
8. The environment will not be polluted.

9. There will be less accidents in the street.

10. Cars will use only one litre of petrol per 100 km.
4.3. FREE READING
CAMSHAFT
L1 The camshaft is an apparatus often used in piston engines to
operate poppet valves. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length
of the cylinder bank with a number of oblong lobes (or cam) protruding
from it, one for each valve. The cams force the valves open by pressing
L5 on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism, as they rotate.
Timing
The relationship between the rotation of the camshaft and the
rotation of the crankshaft is of critical importance. Since the valves
control the flow of air/fuel mixture intake and exhaust gases, they must
L10 be opened and closed at the appropriate time during the stroke of the
piston. For this reason, the camshaft is connected to the crankshaft either
directly, via a gear mechanism, or indirectly via a belt or chain called a
timing belt or timing chain. In some designs, the camshaft also drives
the distributor and the oil and fuel pumps. Also on early fuel injection
L15 systems, cams on the camshaft would operate the fuel injectors.
In two-stroke engine that uses a camshaft, each valve is opened
once for each rotation of the crankshaft; in these engines, the camshaft
rotates at the same rate as the crankshaft. In a four-stoke engine, the
valves are opened at only half as often; thus, two full rotations of the
L20 crankshaft occur for each rotation of the camshaft.
Camshaft position
Depending on the location of the camshaft, the cams operate the
valves either directly or through a linkage of pushrods and rockers.

Direct operation involves a simpler mechanism and leads to fewer

L25 failure, but requires the camshaft to be positioned at the top of the
cylinders. In the past when engines were not as reliable as today this was
seen as too much bother, but in modern gasoline engines the overhead
system, where the camshaft is on top of the cylinder head, is quite
common. Some engines use one camshaft each for the intake and exhaust
L30 valves; such arrangement is known as a double or dual overhead cam
(DOHC), thus, a V engine may have four camshafts.
1. What is a camshaft made up of?
2. Why must the valves be opened and closed at the appropriate time during
the stroke of the piston?
3. How is the camshaft linked to the crankshaft?
4. What are the advantages of direct operation between the cams and the
valves?
whether they are true (T) or false (F) according to the information
expressed above.
1. _____ Poppet valves are controlled by the camshaft.
2. _____ In a four-stroke engine, one valve is opened one time for each
rotation of the crankshaft.
3. _____ The cams can operate the valves indirectly.
EXERCISE 3 Look back at the text and find out what the bold words refer
to
1. It consists of (L2)
2. protruding from it (L4)
3. as they rotate (L5)
4. they must be (L9)

5. in these engines (L17)

6. this was seen (L26)
words
1. device
2. a series of
3. because
4. when
5. suitable
6. take place
7. linked
8. significance
Refer back to the text and find antonyms for the followings words
1. is shut
2. pulling
3. more complex
4. success
5. unreliable
6. let
7. at the bottom
8. at present
4.4 VOCABULARY
abut (v) tiếp giáp, tiếp nối
adequately (adv) đủ, cân xứng
angled connecting rob big end (n) góc nghiêng lớn nhất của thanh
truyền
antecedent (n, adj) tiền sử, lai lịch
antedate (v) đi trước

anti glare (v) chống chói, chống lóa

anti slipping (v) chống trượt
archimedean screw pump principle (n) nguyên lý bơm hứng trục
arise from (v) nguyên nhân từ
at right angle to (adj) vuông góc với
be subjected to (adj) phải chịu
beyond (pre.) ở ngoài, ngoài
blade (n) cánh tăng bền
bore (n, v) lỗ, khoan
bronze (n) đống thau
centrifugal oil cleaner lọc dầu ly tâm
change… into chuyển…. sang
clamp(v) kẹp
clean oil outlet tube (n) ống dẫn dầu sạch
connecting rod blade (n) thân thanh truyền
connecting rod bearing half-liner (n) bạc nửa đầu to
connecting rod bolt (n) bulông thanh truyền
connecting rod bush (n) bạc lót
connecting rod cap (n) nắp đầu to
connecting rod components (n) các bộ phận của thanh truyền
cotter pin (n) chốt chẻ
counterbalance weight (n) đối trọng
crank webs (n) má khuỷu
crankpin (n) cổ trục gá lắp đầu thanh truyền
crankpin hollow interior (n) phần trong rỗng của chốt khuỷu
crankshaft flange (n) mặt bích bánh đà
crankshaft gear (n) bánh răng trục khuyên
cross-sections through connecting rod mặt cắt cuả thanh truyền và các

shanks (blades) and method of feeding phương pháp cung cấp dầu bôi trơn
oil to piston pin cho chốt piton
depolarization (n) sự khử cực
detachable (adj) có thể tháo ra được
diagonally (adv) chéo
disassembly (v) tháo dỡ
dowel (v, n) chốt bản lề, ghép bằng bản lề
endwise(adj) nối đuôi nhau
equibrillium (n) sự cân bằng
equi-pressure (n) áp suất cân bằng
exclude (v) loại trừ, khai trừ
extraordinary (adj) bất thường, lạ thường
extrinsic (adj) ngoài, ở ngoài
fabricate (v) chế tạo
fan drive pulley (n) pu li dẫn động quạt gió
fly wheel (n) bánh đà
flywheel bolt (n) bu lông bánh đà
flywheel ring gear (n) vòng răng bánh đà
gudgeon (n) c¸c chèt (adv) lÇn l-ît
half- liners (n) ống nửa
horned nut (n) đai ốc
house (v) chứa
identify (v) nhận biết, nhận ra
illegal (adj) không hợp pháp
impossible (adj) không thể
impurities (n) dơ , bẩn
in the form of (n) theo hình dạng
incomplete (adj) không đầy đủ

inertia (n) quán tính

infra-red (adj) hồng ngoại
integral (adj) bên trong
interactive (adj) tương tác
interchange (v) trao
interference (n) sự xen vào
interlock (v, n) lắp vào, khớp vào nhau, khóa liên
động
irregular firing (n) đánh lửa không đều
irrelevant (adj) không liên quan
irremovable (adj) không rời chỗ được
join (v, n) nối, chắp lại
line tractor engine (n) loại động cơ 1 hàng
locating lug (n) vấu hãm
machine(v) gia công
macrometric (adj) có kích thước vĩ mô
main bearing cap insert (n) bạc cổ chính
main bearing journals (n) các cố trục bạc lót chính
maximum (adj) cực đại, lớn nhất
megascope (n) máy phóng, đèn chiếu
method of locating connecting rod cap phương pháp lắp ghép đầu to thanh
(n) truyền
micrometer (n) thước trắc vi (đo đến phần % của
mm)
minimum (adj) cực tiểu
misdirect (v) sai hướng
misfire (v) đánh lửa sai
misplace (v) đặt sai, lắp sai

nestle(v) lồng khớp

nonadjustable (adj) không điều chỉnh được
oil hole (n) lỗ dầu
oil passage (n) đường dẫn dầu
oil pump drive gear (n) bánh răng dẫn động
oil slinger (n) lỗ dầu
oilway to crankpin hollow interior (n) đường dẫn dầu đến phần trong rỗng
của chốt khuỷu
periarthric (n) bao khớp
periodic (adj) định kỳ
precleaner (n) bộ lọc sơ cấp
preheat (v) nung nóng sơ bộ, nung nóng trước
primary winding (n) cuộn dây sơ cấp
quality (n) chất lượng
respectively (adv) lần lượt
retroactive (adj) hồi tố, có hiệu lực về trước
retrocede (v) trở lại
rigidity (n) cứng, vững
screw plug (n) nút kín vít
secure (v) gắn chặt
semi automatic transmission (n) sang số bán tự động
semi diesel engine (n) động cơ bán diesel
serrated joint (n) rãnh chống cắt
serrated(adj) có răng cưa
setscrew(n) đinh ốc
shank (n) đường gân tăng bền
shift(v) đổi chỗ, sang số, hoán đổi
squirt (v) vọt ra

subschema (n) nằm trong chương trình

tab washer (n) đệm giữ
thrust (n) sức đẩy
thrust forces (n) lực đẩy
thrust half- washer (n) các nửa đệm chịu ép
tighten (v) xiết, nối chắp lại
torsional strains (n) biến dạng xoắn
transfer pump (n) bơm tiếp vận
twisting (v, n) xoắn
unbalanced (adj) mất thăng bằng
unequal braking (n) thắng không đai
undersized (adj) nhỏ hơn cỡ ấn định
web( dieek) (n) má khuỷu

UNIT 5 DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM

L1 The type of fuel available for use in diesel engine varies from
highly volatile jet fuels and kerosene, to the heavier furnace oil.
Automotive engines are capable of burning a wide range of fuel between
these two extremes. How well a diesel engine can operate with different
L5 types of fuel is dependent upon engine operation conditions, as well as
fuel characteristics.
A diesel engine fuel system consists of a fuel tank, a primary
filter, a secondary filter, a fuel supply pump with a hand primer, an
injector pump with a speed governor and automatic injection timing
L10 clutch, nozzle holders with nozzle, low and high pressure fuel lines.
(Fig 5.1)
Figure 5.1 Diesel engine fuel system

During operation of the engine, the fuel supply pump draws
fuel from the tank, forces it through the primary filter and delivers
through the secondary filter to the injector pump. From the injector
L15 pump the fuel is fed through the high pressure lines to the nozzles; the
fuel atomized by the nozzle is injected into the cylinders according to
the engine firing order, Surplus fuel is returned from the injector pump

and nozzles to the fuel tank. The air is supplied to the cylinders through
the air cleaner.
L20 The fuel injector pump is intended to inject fuel under high
pressure to the engine cylinders in a particular sequence. The injector
pump is a disposed between the cylinder banks and is driven from the
camshaft by means of a gear train. The pump comprises a body, a
camshaft, eight sections (according to the number of cylinders), and a
L25 glunger control mechanism. The front part of the injector pump carries
a positive speed governor which meters the fuel in accordance with the
load thus maintaining the engine speed preset by the driver.
The rear end of the pump camshaft mounts an injection timing
clutch which is used to change the instant of fuel injection depending
L30 on the engine speed.
The fuel metering is controlled from the pedal in the driver‟s
cab through a system of rods and levers acting up on the positive speed
governor.
The nozzle is used to inject metered quantities of finely
L35 atomized fuel under pressure into the cylinders. The fuel passes
through the filter, a vertical passage, annular slot to the fuel space of
the spray nozzle. When the pressure in the fuel space overcomes the
spring, the stem is lined from the seat and the fuel is injected into the
combustion chamber.
L40 The automatic injection timing clutch serves to change the
instance of fuel injection depending on the engine speed for improving
engine starting conditions and economy at acceleration.
1. What is diesel fuel?

2. How many components does a diesel engine fuel system consist of? What
are they?
3. How is the fuel transmitted in the system?
4. What is the function of the fuel injector? What does it contain?
5. What is the nozzle used for?
EXERCISE 2 Read the text carefully and decide whether the followings
statements are true (T) or false (F)
1. _____ The types of fuel with which diesel engine can operate only depends
on engine operation conditions.
2. _____ A diesel engine fuel system contains an injector pump with a speed
governor and manual injection timing clutch
3. _____ The instant of fuel injection can be changed by an injection timing
clutch.
EXERCISE 3 What do the words in italic refer to?
1. forces it through (L13)
2. which meters the fuel (L26)
3. which is used to change (L30)
EXERCISE 4 Fill in the gap with one word from the list
compression is sensitive to matched
provides with mixed provides for rated
1. During the short period of time, the air and fuel are ……. within the
combustion chamber
2. Dr .Rudoph Diesel is considered to be the father of the workable …….
ignition engine.
3. The top ……. speed of an engine is an important factor affecting exhaust
emissions
4. The shape of the combustion charmer must be ……. with the injection
spray pattern

5.2.1. Describing function

When we answer the question “What does X do?”, we describe the function of
X.
We can use the following structures:
- S+V+O
Example:
What does a fuel supply pump do? It draws fuel from the tank, forces it through
the primary filter and delivers through the secondary filter to the injector pump.
- The function of + N +is + to V
Example:
The function of a fuel supply pump is to draw fuel from the tank, force it
through the primary filter and delivers through the secondary filter to the
injector pump.
EXERCISE 1 Match a component in column A with a function in column
B and write complete sentences using the patterns to describe the function
For example: 1 – d : The function of the brake is to decelerate and stop the
automobile.
A B
1. brake a. converts the fuel into mechanical power.
2. connecting rod b. controls the opening and closing of intake and
3. crankshaft exhaust valves.
4. camshaft c. seals the small gap between the piston and the
5. spark plug cylinder wall.
6. circular ring d. decelerates and stops the automobile.
7. engine e. connects the crankshaft to the piston.
8. cooling system f. ignites the air fuel mixture
9. lubrication g. converts the up and down motion of the pistons
10. mudguard into rotary motion needed to drive the wheels.

h. keeps the mud from flying up.

i. helps the engine to dissipate unwanted heat.
j. helps the engine to minimize friction
5.2.2. Describing purpose

When we answer the question “What is X for?”, we describe the purpose of X.
We can use the following structure:
- It is used for + Ving
Example:
What is a nozzle used for? It is used for injecting metered quantities of finely
atomized fuel under pressure into the cylinders.
- It is used + to V
Example:
It is used to inject metered quantities of finely atomized fuel under pressure
into the cylinders.
- S + V + with + N
Example:
We inject metered quantities of finely atomized fuel under pressure into the
cylinders with a nozzle.
- S + V +O + Ving + N
Example:
We inject metered quantities of finely atomized fuel under pressure into the
cylinders using a nozzle.
EXERCISE Match an instrument or a tool in column A with a purpose in
column B and write complex sentences using any of the structures to
describe purpose
A B
1. fuel injector a. supports the frame or chassis.
2. lamp b. produces cooling.

3. windshield wiper c. connects the camshaft to the crankshaft

4. steering system d. holds the crankshaft with bearings mounts
5. coolant e. removes rain from the windshield, cleans the
6. shock absorber windshield.
7. timing belt f. injects fuel under high pressure to the engine
8. crankcase cylinders in a particular sequence.
9. cylinder g. changes the direction of the movement.
10. suspension system h. lights the surface of the plate without creating
white light directly visible to the rear of the
vehicle.
i. provides mechanical or hydraulic friction to
control excessive deflection of automobile spring.
j. holds a piston and a connecting rod.
5.3. FREE READING

FUEL WARNING LIGHT
L1 Many cars have a fuel warning light. When the level of fuel
(petrol) in the tank is very low, this light switches on and the driver can
see that the light work?
When the level of the fuel falls, the float moves downwards.
L5 When this happens, the arm also moves downwards and makes the lever
touch an electrical contact. This switches on the fuel light in the car.
When the driver sees the fuel warning light, he puts more petrol
into the tank. This makes the fuel level rise and pushes the float upward.
When the float rises, it makes the arm move upwards and this causes the
L10 lever to move upwards also. The fuel warning light then switches off.
1. When does the fuel warning light go on?
2. Why does the float go down?

3. What makes the lever move downwards?

4. Does the float go up or down when the fuel level rises?
5. When does the lever move upwards?
text.
1. The light switches off when the fuel in the tank is full.
2. Most cars have a fuel warning light.
3. The float moves downwards when the level of fuel decreases.
4. When the driver puts more petrol in the tank, the light switches off.
5. The rising of the float makes the lever move downwards.
5.4. VOCABULARY
acceleration (n) gia tốc, sự tăng tốc
arctic fuel (n) nhiên liệu cho xi lanh
atomize (v) phun sương
automatic (adj) tự động
barrel (n) thùng tròn
be dependent upon (adj) phụ thuộc vào
by-pass (n) đường vòng, vòng qua
cetane number (n) chỉ số bốc cháy nhiên liệu( chỉ số
càng cao nhiệt độ bốc cháy càng
thâp)
characteristics (n) đặc tính, tính chất đặc trưng
decrease (v) giảm xuống
delay (v) trễ
delivery valve (n) van triệt hồi, van cao áp, van phân
phối.
differ in (v) khác

discharge (v) thoát ra, thải ra

distillation (n) sự chưng cất
downward (pre) xuống dưới
edge (n) cạnh gờ
electrical contact (n) công tắc điện
exaust pipe (n) ống xả
expansion (n) sự giãn nở
flexible coupling (n) khớp nối đàn hồi
float (v, n) nổi lên, phao
fraction (n) sự phân đoạn
fuel injection pump(n) bơm phun nhiên liệu
fuel injector (n) vòi phun
fuel lines sucking (n) mạch áp xuất thấp
fuel tank (n) bình chứa nhiên liệu
furnace oil (n) dấu được chưng cất
gear train (n) truyền động bánh răng
governor (n) bộ điều tốc
grade (n) cấp, mức độ, sự phân loại
helix (n) vạt xéo, hình xoắn ốc
hinge (n) móc treo
hub (n) trục may ơ
ignitability (n) khả năng tự cháy
in accordance with (adj) phù hợp với
in advance (adj) cao cấp, tiên tiến
injector (n) kim phun
instance (n) nhanh, tức thì
kerosene (n) dầu lửa
lever (n) cần gạt

longitudinal (adj) theo chiều dọc

lug (n) sự kéo mạnh
nozzle holder (n) vỏ giữ vòi phun, chụp giữ vòi phun
pivot (n) chốt quay
plunger (n) trục trượt, piston
primary filter (n) lọc thô
primer (n) bơm tiếp vận
purity (n) tinh khiết
quantity (n) số lượng
radiation (n) sự toả nhiệt
rear (adv) phía sau
relief band (n) phần giảm áp
secondary filter (n) lọc tinh
shutoff (n) sự ngắt
solar oil (n) dầu mỏ
spindle (n) trục quay
spray nozzle (n) đót kim
surplus (n) thừa, dư
transparent (adj) trong suốt
upwards (pre) lên trên
vapor (n) hơi nước
vary from… to (v) biến đổi
ventilation(n) sự thông gió
viscosity (n) độ nhớt, tính nhớt
touch (v) chạm vào, chạm tới

UNIT 6 IGNITION SYSTEM

L1 To produce power, the gasoline engine must not only have a
correct mixture of fuel and air, but also some means of initiating
combustion of the mixture. Essentially the only practical means is with
an electric spark produced across the gap between a pair of electrodes
L5 of a spark plug. The electric arc or spark provides sufficient energy to
cause combustion. This phenomenon is called ignition.
Once a stable combustion has been initiated, there is no further
need for spark. Typically, the spark of persist for about a millisecond
(one thousandth of a second). This relatively short period makes spark
L10 ignition possible using highly efficient pulse transformer circuits in
which a circuit having a relatively low average current can deliver a
very high-voltage (high peak power) pulse to the spark plug.
Figure 6.1 Ignition system

The ignition system itself consists of several components: the

spark plug, one or more pulse transformer ( typically call coils ), timing
L15 control circuitry, and distribution apparatus that supplies the high-
voltage pulse to the correct cylinder.
Spark plug
The spark is produced by applying a high- voltage pulse of from
20 kV to 40 between the center electrode and ground. The actual voltage
L20 required to start the arc varies with the size of the gap, the compression
ratio, and the air- fuel ratio. Once the arc is started, the voltage required
to sustain it is much lower because the gas mixture near the gap becomes
highly ionized. (An ionized gas allows current to flow more freely). The
arc is sustained long enough to ignite the air fuel mixture.
Figure 6.2 Spark plug

L25 A typical spark plug configuration is shown in Fig 6.2. The spark
plug consists of a pair of electrodes, calls the center and ground
electrodes, separated by a gap. The gap size is important and is
specified for each engine. The gap may be 0,025inch (0,6mm) for one

engine and 0,040 inch (1mm) for another engine. The center electrode
L30 is at electrical ground potential because one terminal of the battery that
supplies the current to generate the high voltage pulse for the ignition
system is connected to the block and frame.
High- voltage Circuit and distribution
The ignition system provides the high voltage pulse that
L35 initiates the arc.. Fig 6.3 is a schematic of the electrical circuit for the
ignition system. The high- voltage pulse is generated by inductive
discharge of a special high- voltage transformer commonly called an
ignition coil. The high voltage pulse is delivered to appropriate spark
plug at the correct time for ignition by a distribution circuit.
Figure 6.3 Ignition system circuit

L40 Before the advent of modern electronic controls, the
distribution of high- voltage pulse was accomplished with a rotary
switch called the distributor. The center electrode is mechanically
driven by the camshaft (via gears) and rotates synchronously at
camshaft speed. The distributor is an obsolete means for distributor of
L45 spark to the appropriate spark plug, and is being replaced by multiple

coils, typically one each for a pair of cylinder or for a cylinder.

Once again, as in the case of fuel delivery, we explain
spark distribution in terms of the distributor and spark and initiation in
terms of breaker points in order to provide a framework for the
L50 discussion of the modern distributorless ignition system
Figure 6.4 Distributor

A set of electrical leads, commonly called spark plug wires, is

connected between the various spark plug center terminals and the
individual terminals in the distributor cap. The center terminal in the
distribution cap is connected to the ignition coil secondary.

1. What does the ignition system consist of?
2. What is the practical means of initiating combustion of the mixture?
3. How is the spark produced?
4. What is the size of the gap between the center and ground electrodes?
5. Why is the center electrode at electrical ground potential?
6. How is the high-voltage pulse generated?
7. Can the distributor be replaced by multiple coils?
8. Does the center electrode rotate faster than the camshaft?
EXERCISE 2 Match a term in column A with its function or definition in
column B
A B
1. spark plug a. is mechanically driven by the crankshaft
2. the centre electrode b. is connected to the ignition coil
3. the distributor secondary.
4. the center terminal c. consists of a pair of electrodes separated
5. an ignition coil by a gap.
6. the fuel-air mixture d. is ignited by the sparks
e. a special high- voltage transformer
f. is an obsolete means for distributor of
spark to the appropriate spark plug

6.2.1. Word formation: Suffixes
We have already seen how prefixes can change the meaning of a word.
Let us now consider some suffixes, their usual meanings, and how they change
an English word from one part of speech to another.
A suffix is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an
example, the suffix -er (meaning “someone who”) in “driver” (“a person who
drives”).
Study these tables and try to make additional examples. Use your
dictionary if necessary.
Noun-forming suffixes
Suffix Meaning Example
-ance state performance,
maintenance
-ence quality of independence
-er, -or a person who driver, operator
a thing which converter, carburetor
-tion, -ation the action of operation, ignition
-ness condition of readiness, roughness
-ion action/state collision, compression
-ing activity multiplexing
-ment state, action measurement,
equipment
-ity state, quality electricity
-ism condition/state magnetism
-dom domain/condition freedom
-ship condition/state relationship/partnership

Verb-forming suffixes

-ize/-ise modernize
-ate automate, activate
-ify to make simplify
-en harden, widen,
tighten
Adverb-forming suffix

electronically,
-ly in the manner of
helpfully
Adjective-forming suffixes

-al optimal, logical
-ar having circular, similar
-ic the quality of economic, automatic
-ical electrical
-able capable of being comparable
-ible divisible, convertible
-ous like, full of dangerous, spacious
-ful characterized by helpful, powerful
-less without careless, timeless
-ish like yellowish
-ed having the quality of predicted, preheated
-ive interactive

EXERCISE 1 Read the following sentences and circle the suffixes.

Underline the stem if it can be used on its own.
1. Designers deal with the problem in various way.
Example: Design(er)s deal with the problem in vari(ous) way.
2. The target group is mainly young urban dwellers because of its urban
mobility and parkability
3. People who own SUVs seldom drive them off-road, but they enjoy the
feeling of excitement that the name creates.
4. The number of shipments will increase over the coming months.
5. We have found that operators who have the freedom to take short breaks
during the day greatly improve their performance.
6. A system analyst studies organizational systems and decides what action
needs to be taken to maximize efficiency.
7. There needs to be an optimal balance between visual displays and voice
instructions, so that the driver can deal safely with the information he or she
receives.
8. The use of fuel cells promises a reduction in environmental pollution from
car exhaust emissions, and the end of our dependence on oil for fuel.
9. This speed matching is achieved by a secondary clutch called a
synchromesh, a device that uses frictional contact to bring the two parts to the
same speed, and a locking mechanism called a blocker ring to prevent
engagement of the teeth until the speeds are synchronized.
10. The original model came on the market forty years ago and became an
icon of 1960s Britain. The car became very famous in the film The Italian Job.
EXERCISE 2 Complete the following table
Verb Noun Adjective
to __________ power ___________
____________ combustible

to __________ ignition
to __________ _____________ explosive
to __________ rotation ___________
to __________ transmission
EXERCISE 3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the

words from the table in EXERCISE 2
1. In an engine, linear motion is converted into ………..motion by the

crankshaft.
2. The power of the engine is ………….through the clutch and the

gearbox.
3. The spark plug …………..the air/fuel mixture and sets off an

…………..
4. A 6-cylinder engine is more ………….than a 4-cylinder engine.
5. Fuel and air is compressed in the ………….chamber.
6.2.2. Contextual reference

Transitional makers are words used to link ideas together so that the text
is easier to read. When pronouns such as it, they, them, I, he, she, which, who,
whose, that, such, one, and demonstrative adjectives such as this, that, these,
and those are used as transitional makers, they refer to a word, or words
mentioned earlier in the sentence or paragraph. Their function is to take your
thoughts back to something that has already been mentioned. Other words
which are often to refer backwards are the former, the latter, and the first;
second, etc …, the last.
Sample paragraph:

The catalyst itself, most often a precious metal. Platinum is the
most active catalyst and it is widely used. However, it is not suitable for all
applications because of unwanted additional reactions and/or cost. Palladium
and rhodium are two other precious metals that are used. Rhodium is the
material that makes a three-way reaction possible, while palladium may be
used as a substitute for platinum in three-way catalytic converters. Cerium,
iron and nickel are also used, though each has its own limitations. Nickel is not
legal for use in European Union (due to nickel hydrate formation). While
copper can be used, its use is illegal in North America due to the formation of
dioxin.
EXERCISE Using the sample paragraph in the language work as a model,

draw a circle around the word, or words, that the words in rectangles refer
to. Then, join the and the with arrows.
Navigation aids, telematics equipment, audio system features,
and the standard instruments are all fighting for space on the instrument
panel (IP). This creates a challenge for interior designers and engineers
who need to keep the IP simple so that the driver is not distracted by too
many buttons and instruments. Customers also equate a spacious interior

with luxury – another reason why the IP should not look overcrowded.
Designers deal with the problem in various ways. They reduce the
size of “space-eaters” such as heating and cooling system, or even remove
them completely from the IP by putting them under the seat or in the boot.
They also put many functions, such as station pre-set buttons for audio
systems, on touch screens. Touch screens save space on the IP but there is still
the danger of overcrowding the screen, which could distract the driver and thus
cause accident. Another problem is the position: the touch screen needs to be
located high on the dashboard so that the driver can use it easily while
driving. But if it is too high, it can be hard to read because of reflections and
the sun „washing out‟ the screen.
6.3. FREE READING
Comparison of Spark Ignition (SI) and Compression Ignition (CI)

Engines
Figure 6.5 Gasoline engine

L1 In spark ignition (SI) engines, petrol or gasoline is used as fuel,

while in compression ignition (CI) engines, diesel is used as fuel. Petrol
engines are lightweight and achieve higher speed. Diesel engines, on
the other hand, are heavy engines and achieve lesser speeds. Other
L5 differences below:
The most prominent difference between Spark Ignition (SI) and
Compression Ignition (CI) engines is the type of fuel used in each. In
SI engines petrol or gasoline is used as fuel, hence these engines are
also called petrol engines. In CI engines diesel is used as fuel, hence
L10 they are also called diesel engines.
Here are some other major differences between the SI and CI
engines:
1) Type of cycle used: In the case of SI engines, the Otto cycle is used.
In this cycle, addition of heat or fuel combustion occurs at a constant
L15 volume. The basis of working of CI engines is the Diesel cycle. In this
cycle the addition of heat or fuel combustion occurs at a constant
pressure.
Figure 6.6 Diesel engine

2) Introduction of fuel in the engine: In the case of SI engines, during

the piston's suction stroke, a mixture of air and fuel is injected from
L20 cylinder head portion of the cylinder. The air-fuel mixture is injected
via the carburetor that controls the quantity and the quality of the
injected mixture. In the case of CI engines, fuel is injected into the
combustion chamber towards the end of the compression stroke. The
fuel starts burning instantly due to the high pressure. To inject diesel in
L25 SI engines, a fuel pump and injector are required. In CI engines, the
quantity of fuel to be injected is controlled but the quantity of air to
be injected is not controlled.
3) Ignition of fuel: By nature, petrol is a highly volatile liquid, but its
self-ignition temperature is high. Hence, for the combustion of this fuel
L30 a spark is necessary to initiate its burning process. To generate this
spark in SI engines, the spark plug is placed in the cylinder head of the
engine. The voltage is provided to the spark plug either from the battery
or from the magneto. With diesel, the self-ignition temperature is
comparatively lower. When diesel fuel is compressed to high pressures,
L35
its temperature also increases beyond the self-ignition temperature of
the fuel. Hence in the case of CI engines, the ignition of fuel occurs
due to compression of the air-fuel mixture and there is no need for
spark plugs.
L40 4) Compression ratio for the fuel: In the case of SI engines, the
compression ratio of the fuel is in the range of 6 to 10 depending on the

size of the engine and the power to be produced. In CI engines, the
compression ratio for air is 16 to 20. The high compression ratio of air
creates high temperatures, which ensures
L45
the diesel fuel can self-ignite.

5) Weight of the engines: In CI engines, the compression ratio is

higher, which produces high pressures inside the engine. Hence, CI
engines are heavier than SI engines.
6) Speed achieved by the engine: Petrol or SI engines are lightweight,
L50
and the fuel is homogeneously burned, hence achieving very high
speeds. CI engines are heavier and the fuel is burned heterogeneously,
hence producing lower speeds.
7) Thermal efficiency of the engine: In the case of CI engines the
L55 value of compression ratio is higher; hence these engines have the
potential to achieve higher thermal efficiency. In the case of SI engines
the lower compression ratio reduces their potential to achieve higher
thermal efficiency.

1. Why are SI engines called petrol engines?
2. Why are CI engine called diesel engines?
3. Why are CI engines heavier than SI engines?
4. What is the compression ratio of SI engines?
5. What makes the CI engines achieve higher thermal efficiency?
6. Can SI engines self-ignite?
EXERCISE 2 Complete the following table
SI engine CI engine
Fuel
Speed higher
Weight
The compression ratio
of the fuel

Thermal efficiency of
the engine
Spark plugs Yes
6.4. VOCABULARY
across (pre.) ngang qua
advent (n) sự xuất hiện, sự ra đời
apparatus (n) thiết bị
apply (n) áp dụng, ứng dụng
appropriate (adj) phù hợp
average (adj) trung bình
baseplate (n) đế
breaker point (n) má vít, tiếp điểm
cap (n) nắp
capacitor (n) tụ điện
carbon contact (n) tiếp điểm các bon
cause (v) tạo nên
centre (n) trung tâm, giữa
combustion (n) sự đốt cháy
commonly (adv) thong thường
condenser (n) tụ
connect (v) nối
copper (n) đồng
core (n) lõi
correct (adj) đúng, chính xác
corrugation (n) phần sứ cách điện
current (n) dòng điện
deliver (v) chuyển

desire (v) mong muốn

discussion (n) sự thảo luận, tranh luận
distribution (n) sự chia điện
distributor (n) bộ chia điện
distributor shaft trục bộ chia điện
hệ thống đánh lửa không có bộ chia
distributorless ignition system (n)
điện
electric spark (n) tia lửa điện
electrodes (n) điện cực
eliminate (v) loại bỏ
energy (n) năng lượng, lực
essentially (adv) về cơ bản
explain (v) giải thích
flow (v) chạy
freely (adv) một cách tự do
gear (n) bánh răng
generate (v) tạo ra, sinh ra
ground (n) đất, mặt đất
high peak power (n) mômen cực đại
high voltage pulse (n) xung áp cao
hold- down clamp (n) giá kẹp
hose (n) ống
housing (n) vỏ
ignite (v) đánh lửa
ignition cables (n) dây cáp cao
ignition coil (n) cuộn dây đánh lửa
ignition switch (n) khoá điện
individual (adj) riêng biệt

inductive (n) dòng điện cảm

initiating combustion (n) bắt đầu đốt cháy
insulator (n) chất cách điện
ionize (v) iôn hóa
leaf spring (n) lò xo lá
low- voltage wire to coil‟s primary
đầu nối với cuộn dây sơ cấp
winding (n)
means (n) cách , phương thức, phương tiện
modern (adj) hiện đại
multiple (adj) nhiều
obsolete (adj) cũ, lỗi thời
phenomenon (n) hiện tượng
physical layout (n) sơ đồ vật lý
potential (n) điện thế
practical (adj) thực tiễn, thực tế
primary (n) cuộn sơ cấp
produce (v) tạo ra, sinh ra, sản xuất
pulse generation (n) phần tử phát xung
pulse generator (n) thiết bị tạo xung
ratio (n) tỷ số
replace (v) thay thế
require (v) yêu cầu
resistor (n) điện trở
rotary (adj) quay
rotate (v) quay
rotor (n) con quay
saturation (n) bão hoà
schematic (n) sơ đồ

secondary (n) cuộn thứ cấp

spark unit (n) cụm điều khiển đánh lửa
speed (n) tốc độ
spring clips (n) kẹp lò xo
stable (adj) ổn định
sufficient (adj) cần thiết, đủ
sustain (v) duy trì
switch (n) công tắc
synchronously (adv) đồng bộ
terminal (n) đầu cực
thread (n) ren
timing control circuitry (n) mạch điện điều chỉnh thời gian
transformer (n) máy biến áp
urban (n) thành phố
vacuum (n) chân không
vacuum diaphragm (n) màng chân không
various (adj) nhiều, khác nhau
vary (v) biến đổi
winding (n) cuộn dây
wire (n) dây dẫn

UNIT 7 ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM

L1 Ease of starting is one of the major performance characteristics of
internal combustion engines. To start such an engine, it is necessary to
spin the engine crankshaft with sufficient speed for good mixing of air
and fuel and adequate compression and ignition of the combustible
L5 charge. The minimum speed with which the crankshaft of an engine
should be rotated to ensure reliable starting of the engine is referred to as
the cranking speed. It depends on the engine type and starting
conditions.
Figure 7.1. Schematic of engine starting system

The starting speed is 40 to 50 rpm for carburetor engines and

L10 150 to 250 rpm for diesel engines. Cranking the engine with a lower
speed makes it more difficult for the engine to start, for in this case
the charge has more time to escape through leaky joints and give off
its heat of compression to the engine components, as a result of which
both the pressure and temperature of the charge at the end of the
L15 compression stroke are reduced.
Much effort is required to crank the engine during starting,
since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine
components and the resistance offered by the charge being
compressed. This effort depends on the engine temperature, growing
L20 higher with decreasing viscosity of lubricating oil.
Diesel and gasoline engines are not self starts. In order to start
them, the engine crankshaft must be turned over by some outside
means so as to (a) admit combustion air to the cylinders, (b) introduce
the fuel, and (c) cause the mixture to fire. Internal combustion engines
L25 may be started by the following method: hand starting. Electric starter
motor, gasoline engine, compressed air motor, and compressed air
admission.
Hand starting depends on the muscle power of the operator to
turn the crank handle hooked to the engine crankshaft or to tug at the
L30 starting rope wound round the engine flywheel. In the early days of
the automobile, it was necessary for the operator to start the engine
with a hand crank. In other words, the driver had to insert a crank into
the front of the engine and turn it by hand until the engine start
operating. This task required both skill and physical strength and
L35 made operation of the automobile very inconvenient for those who
could not crank the engine. More over, without an electrical starting

system, the early engines had design limitations in respect to

displacement and compression ratio.
[

1. What do we need to do to start internal combustion engines?
2. What is cranking speed?
3. What is the maximum starting speed for diesel engines?
4. Why is it necessary to require much effort to crank the engine during
starting?
5. What does an operator have to do to start the engine with a hand crank?
EXERCISE 2 What do the bold words refer to
1. It depends (L7)
2. for in this case (L11)
3. give it off its heat (L13)
4. to start them (L22)
5. and turn it (L33)
Relative clauses
7.2.1. Relative clauses
Example 1:
1. A clutch is a friction device.
2. The clutch is used to connect and disconnect a driving force from a
driven member
Both these sentences refer to the clutch. We can link them by making
sentence 2 a relative clause.
1 + 2: A clutch is a friction device which is used to connect and
disconnect a driving force from a driven member.

The relative clause is in bold italics. Note that “the clutch” in sentence 2
becomes “which”. We use the relative pronoun “which” because it refers to a
thing, not a person. We could also use “that”.
A clutch is a friction device that is used to connect and disconnect a
driving force from a driven member.
Example 2:
Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked.
3. The teacher has just arrived.
4. The teacher is responsible for the course of English for automotive
engineering.
3 + 4: The teacher who is responsible for the course of English for
automotive engineering has just arrived
We use the relative pronoun “who” because it refers to a person. We
could also use “that”.
The teacher that is responsible for the course of English for automotive
engineering has just arrived.
EXERCISE 1 Complete the sentences below with suitable relative
pronouns. Give alternative options if possible.
1. That‟s the car …….. I‟d like to buy.
Example: That’s the car, which I’d like to buy.
2. Last night I met someone …….. works for HONDA as a manager.
3. A student ………has just left school wants to become a technician.
4. The engine block has series of holes ......... are called cylinders.
5. The lower part of the block is called crankshaft ……. holds the crankshaft
with bearing mounts.
6. The cylinder heads are the top covers of the cylinders …….. are tightly
bolted to the top of the block.

7. The big end of the connecting rod of automobile engines features a hole
through …….. oil is squirted onto the cylinder walls.
8. A student …….. is interested in how micro-organism can be used in
industry.
9. The driver …….doesn‟t have a driving certificate will be stopped by the
policemen.
10. The rear end of the pump camshaft mounts an injection timing
clutch …….. is used to change the instant of fuel injection depending on the
engine speed.
EXERCISE 2 Link each group of sentences into one sentence using relative
clause.
1. a. A drum brake is a brake.
b. Drum brake allows simple incorporation of a parking brake.
2. a. We have never forgotten Mrs. Mary.
b. Mrs. Mary gave us many useful advices.
3. a. The engine is cooled by a fan.
b. The fan is turned by the belt.
4. a. The chain turns the wheel.
b. The wheel makes the bicycle move forward.
5. a. The running gear is the back bone of the car.
b. The running gear consists of the frame, front and rear axles, springs,
shock absorbers, wheels and tyres.
6. a. The engine is one of the basic components of an automobile.
b. The engine converts the fuel energy into mechanical power.
7.2.2. Short relative clauses
We can join these sentences by using a relative clause.
Example:

1. Her house has a network.

2. It allows basic file-sharing and multi-player gaming.
1 + 2: Her house has a network which allows basic file-sharing and multi-
player gaming.
Relative clauses with certain active verbs can be shortened by omitting
the relative word and changing the verb to its ‘-ing’ form. We can shorten the
relative clause like this:
Her house has a network allowing basic file-sharing and multi-player
gaming.
Note how these two sentences are joined by a relative clause:
3. A clutch is a friction device.
4. The clutch is used to connect and disconnect a driving force from a
driven member
3 + 4: A clutch is a friction device which is used to connect and disconnect
a driving force from a driven member.
Relative clauses like this with passive verbs can be shortened by
omitting the relative word and the verb ‘tobe’.
A clutch is a friction device used to connect and disconnect a driving
force from a driven member.
Exercise Link each group of sentences into one sentence using short
relative clause.
1. a. The engine block has a series of holes.
b. The holes are called cylinders.
Example: The engine block has a series of holes called cylinders.
2. a. The internal combustion engine is a device.
b. The internal combustion engine is used to convert the chemical energy of
the fuel into heat energy and then convert this heat energy into usable
mechanical energy.
3. a. The wheel is turned by the chain.
b. The chain is pulled by the sprocket.

4. a. The foot presses the pedal.

b. The pedal turns the sprockets.
5. a. The fuel pump is located inside of the fuel tank.
b. The fuel pump creates positive pressure in the fuel lines.
6. a. She has just bought a new car.
b. The new car runs very fast.
7. a. Mr. John Brown is a funny teacher.
b. Mr. John teaches us English for automotive engineering.
8. a. Front drum brakes may use two actuating cylinders.
b. Two actuating cylinders allow both shoes to utilize the servo
characteristic.
7.3. FREE READING
THE FOUR-STROKE CYCLE
L1 The operation of the engine can be understood by considering the
actions in any one cylinder during a complete cycle of the engine. One
complete cycle in the 4-stroke SI engine requires two complete
rotations of the crankshaft. As the crankshaft rotates, the piston moves
L5 up and down in the cylinder. In the two complete revolutions of the
crankshaft that make up one cycle, there are four separate strokes of the
piston from the top of the cylinder to the bottom or from the bottom to
the top. Figure 7.2 illustrates the four strokes for a 4-stroke SI (Spark
Ignition) engine, which are called:
L10 1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
There are two valves for each cylinder. The left valve in the
L15 drawing is called the intake valve and the right valve is called the
exhaust valve. The intake valve is normally larger than the exhaust

valve. Note that the crankshaft is assumed to be rotating in a clockwise

direction. The action of the engine during the four strokes is described
in the following:
(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 7.2 Four-stroke cycle
L20 Intake
During the intake stroke (Figure 7.2.a), the piston is moving
from the top to bottom and the intake valve is open. As the piston moves
down, a partial vacuum is created, which draws a mixture of air and
vaporized gasoline through the intake valve into the cylinder.
L25 In modern electronically controlled engines, fuel is injected into
the intake port and is timed coincide with the intake stroke. The intake
valve is close after the piston reaches the bottom. This position is
normally called bottom dead centre (BDC).
Compression
L30 During the compression stroke (Figure 7.2.b), the piston moves
upward and compresses the fuel and air mixture against the cylinder
head. When the piston is near the top of this stroke, the ignition system
produces an electrical spark at the tip of the spark plug. The top of the

stroke is normally called to dead centre (TDC). The spark ignites the air-
L35 fuel mixture and the mixture burns quickly, casing a rapid rise in the
pressure in the cylinder.
Power
During the power stroke (Figure 7.2.c), the high pressure created
by the burning mixture forces the piston downward. It is only during this
L40 stroke that actual usable power is generated by the engine.
Exhaust
During the exhaust stroke (Figure 7.2.d), the piston is again
moving upward. The exhaust valve is open and the piston forces the
burned gases from the cylinder through the exhaust port into the exhaust
L45 system and out the tailpipe into the atmosphere.
This 4-stroke cycle is repeated continuously as the crankshaft
rotates. In a single-cylinder engine, the power is produced only during
the power stroke, which is only one-quarter of the cycle. In order to
maintain crankshaft rotation during the other three-quarter of the cycle, a
L50 flywheel is used. The flywheel has traditionally been a relatively large,
heavy, circular object that is connected to the crankshaft, although in
modern engines the mass of the flywheel has been reduced relative to
early engines. The primary purpose of the flywheel is to provide inertia
to keep the crankshaft rotating during the three no-power-producing
L55 strokes of the piston.
In a multicylinder engine, the power strokes are staggered so that
power is produced during a larger fraction of the cycle than for a single-
cylinder engine. In a 4-cylinder engine, for example, power is produced
almost continually by the separate power strokes of the four cylinders.
EXERCISE Read the following passage carefully and fill in the gaps with
suitable words. Use the figure in the text to help you. This figure represents
the four strokes in the cycle.

In the four-stroke petrol engine there is a sequence, or cycle of

events which is completed in four strokes of the piston. The events which take
place in each stroke are as follows:
Induction stroke With the (1) ……. open and the exhaust
valve shut, the piston moves down the cylinder creating a partial vacuum. This
partial vacuum draws in the atomized fuel from the (2) ……. into the cylinder.
Compression stroke With both the inlet and exhaust valves
closed, the (3) …….moves up the cylinder, compressing the fuel mixture. Just
before the end of the stroke, an electric spark across the points of the
(4)…….ignites the petrol and air mixture.
Power stroke Both valves remain closed. During the tiny
interval of time required for the flame to establish itself, the piston has reached
its highest position in the (5) ……. The gas generated by the burning fuel now
expands rapidly, driving the piston down the cylinder. This downward push is
converted into a rotary movement by the connecting rod and (6) …… A (7)
…….contained within the cylinder wall helps to conduct away the heat
generated during this burning and thus keeps the engine cool.
Exhaust stroke The exhaust opens but the inlet valve remains
shut. The piston moves up the cylinder, pushing the exhaust gas out through
the (8) ……. With the completion of the exhaust stroke, the cycle begins again.
7.4. VOCABULARY
action (n) hành động
actual (adj) thực chất
admit (v) đưa vào
adopt (v) thừa nhận
ampere (n) ample (đơn vị đo dòng điện)
as much as cũng chừng ấy
assume (v) giả định, coi là…

atmosphere (n) khí quyển

automotive starter (n) máy khởi động ôtô
be referred to as (adj) được xem như là
burn (v) cháy, đốt cháy
charge (n, v) sạc điện
clockwise direction (n) quay theo chiều kim đồng hồ
coincide (v) trùng nhau
come into existence (v) xuất hiện
complete (v) hoàn thành, hoàn chỉnh
compression ratio (n) tỷ số nén
compression stroke (n) kỳ nén
considerably (adv) một cách đáng kể
continuously (adv) liên tục
crank (n) tay quay
create (v) tạo ra, sinh ra
cut off (v) cắt đột ngột, cắt ngang
describe (v) miêu tả
directly (adv) trực tiếp
disengage (v) ngắt ra
displacement (n) chuyển, đổi chỗ, hoán vị
draw (v) lấy, rút ra
electrically controlled engine (n) động cơ được điều khiển bằng điện tử
enclose (v) đặt vào
ensure (v) bảo đảm
exhaust stroke (n) kỳ xả
extremely (adv) cực kỳ, rất nhiều
facilitate (v) điều hoà, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi
force (v, n) đẩy (v), lực (n)

generator (n) máy phát điện

give off (v) gây mất mát
hook (v, n) móc
ignition system (n) hệ thống đánh lửa
illustrate (v) thể hiện
in respect to ( of) về…..
inconvenient (adj) không thuận lợi
induction stroke (n) kỳ nạp
inject (v) hút
insert (v) ấn vào,chèn vào
intake stroke (n) kỳ nạp
introduce (v) đưa vào
jacket water (n) vỏ áo nước
leak (v) rò rỉ
maintenance (n) sự bảo trì
mass (n) khối lượng
mechanical (adj) thuộc về cơ khí
moderate (v) điều hoà
multicylinder (n) nhiều xilanh
muscle (n) cơ bắp
no-power-producing stroke kỳ không sinh công
normally (adv) thông thường
object (n) vật
one-quarter (n) một phần tư
operation (n) hoạt động
operator (n) người vận hành
partial (adj) một phần
passenger vehicles (n) xe chở khách

perform (v) thực hiện, tiến hành

physical strength (n) sức mạnh thể lý
pinion (n) bánh răng nhỏ
popularity (n) số lượng
port (n) cửa xả
power stroke (n) kỳ nổ
practical (adj) thực tế, cụ thể
preheat (v) làm nóng trước, nung nóng sơ bộ
pressure (n) áp xuất
rapid (adj) nhanh chóng
reduce (v) giảm
reduction gear (n) bánh răng giảm tốc
relatively (adv) một cách tương đối
remotely (adv) từ xa
repeat (v) lặp lại, tiếp diễn
resistance (n) sự cản, ma sát, điện trở
revolution (n) vòng quay
rise (v, n) tăng
Rpm=revolutions per minute (n) vòng quay/ phút
self- start (v) tự khởi động
separate (adj) riêng lẻ
simplicity (n) đơn giản
so as to để mà
spin (v) quay
stagger (v) đặt so le, đặt lệch
starter solenoid (n) (cuộn dây khởi động) cuộn dây kim
loại trở nên có từ tính khi có dòng điện
đi qua cuộn dây khi máy khởi động
storage battery (n) bình điện
store (v) cất giữ
stroke (n) hành trình, kỳ

tailpipe (n) ống xả

traditionally (adv) theo truyền thống
tug (v) móc vào
turn over (v) chuyển động
typical (adj) tiêu biểu
usable (adj) có ích, có thể sử dụng được
vaporize (v) bay hơi
whereupon và sau đó
widespread (adj) rộng rãi
wind (v) quấn tròn

UNIT 8 THE STEERING SYSTEM

L1 The direction of the automobile under way is changed by turning
the front wheels with the aid of steering system. The steering system
includes a steering gear and a steering control linkage. The rotation of
the steering wheel is imparted to the levers and rods of the linkage by
L5 which the steerable wheels are turned.
Figure 8.1 The steering system
The steering column with the steering wheel is installed in the

driver‟s cab. Its upper part is secured to the instrument board by a
clamp. And the lower end is attached through bushing the steering gear
housing. The steering gear increases the force transmitted from the

L10 steering wheel to the pitman arm facilitating the turning of the steer
able wheels. Some automobiles are equipped with a hydraulic power
steering system intended to decrease the efforts spent by the driver to
turn the wheels and to damp the road jolts transmitted to the steering
wheel. The booster is integrated with the steering gear.
L15 The steering gear (Fig 8.2) includes housing, a worm, a ball
nut, a rack made integral with the piston, a hydraulic booster, and a
toothed sector integrated with the pitman arm shaft. The power steering
system of some trucks is provided with oil cooler.
The ball nut of the steering gear is rigidly secured inside the
L20 rack piston. The thickness of the teeth on the rack and sector teeth can
be adjusted by the adjusting screw driven in the side cover of the
housing. To decrease friction between the worm and the nut, balls
recalculate in their thread. The rack piston has resilient split rings of
cast iron ensuring its tight fit in the steering gear housing.
Figure 8.2. Cross section of steering gear

L25 The rotation of the steering shaft is converted into progressive

motion of the rack piston owing to displacement of the nut along the
worm . The rack piston teeth turn the sector, hence the shaft with the
pitman arm. A control valve is arranged before the housing of the
steering gear. The double acting (two-chamber type) vane pump of the
L30 hydraulic booster with reservoir and filter is mounted on the engine. It
is driven by a V-belt from the crankshaft pulley or by a gear train. The
normal sag of the drive belt is 8 – 44mm at a load of 4kgf (40N). The
pump is connected to the control valve by two hoses: a pressure hose
through which the oil is delivered from the pump and a return hose for
L35 returning the oil to the reservoir.

1. How do we change the direction of a car?
2. What is the steering system made up of?
3. Where are the steering column and steering wheel located?
4. Why are some automobiles equipped with hydraulic power?
EXERCISE 2 What do the bold words refer to?
1. which the steerable wheels (L5)
2. Its upper part is secured (L7)
3. balls recalculate their thread (L23)
4. its tight fit in (L24)
5. It is driven by a V-belt (L31)
EXERCISE 3 Find the synonyms in the text for these words
1. the help
2. therefore
3. supply with..
4. adapt

5. elastic
6. changed into
7. movement
8. fixed
8.2 USE OF LANGUAGE
8.2.1 Revision of certainty
We have mentioned “certainty” in Unit 4, now in Unit 8 we revise it by doing
the following exercise.
Beside the word or words express certainty mentioned in Unit 4, we also use
some phrases as followed:
 without doubt  is expected to  I‟m absolutely
 there‟s a good chance  it is quite likely certain
 there‟s no doubt that  we are convinced  you may feel
 it‟s highly probable
EXERCISE First put the phrases above in the correct column

Certainty Probability Possibility
without doubt ………………. ……………….
………………… …………….. ………………..
………………… ……………….
………………….
Now use the phrases to discuss the following statements in small groups. Do
you think these things will happen in the next five/ten/twenty years?
1. India will be a major market.
2. Cars will use only one liter of petrol per 100 km.
3. Sports cars will have a top speed of more than 300km/h.
4. Cars will be like offices with on-board computers and email facilities.
5. Cars will have an auto pilot.

6. Cars will be almost 100% recyclable.

7. Environmentally friendly cars will be more important.
8.2.2. If clauses (Conditional clauses)
When you want to talk about a possible situation and its consequences,
you use a conditional sentence. Here, we examine two types of conditionals.
* First conditional (possible situation)
If A happens, B will happen.
(present simple), (will + verb)
Example:
1. If the driver wants to release the break, he will release the pedal.
2. If a rapidly rotating engine is suddenly connected to the drive line
of a stationary vehicle, a violent shock will result.
In the main clause, we can also have modal (can), an imperative, or a
present tense verb.
Example:
1. If the car runs out of petrol, it cannot be able to start.
2. Turn off the interior lights and dim the dashboard if you can.
* Second conditional (unlikely situation)
If A happened, b would happen.
(past simple), (would + verb)
Example:
1. If I had the money, I would (I’d) buy the most modern car.
2. If the marketing manager had a multimedia system, she could
make more effective presentations.
3. If they checked the steering system carefully, it might operate well
Other modals (could, should, might) may appear in the main clause.
EXERCISE Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. Your car cannot start if it (not have) a spark plug.
Example: Your car cannot start if it does not have a spark plug.

2. If I could afford it, I (buy) …………….. a BMW.

3. If I had an excellent certificate, I (get) a job in HONDA company.
4. If you (come) ……………… to the annual automobile exhibition, you
could see the new Audi.
5. If your car (have) a good starting system, you can start it easily although the
weather is very cold.
6. The policemen (stop) you if you use your mobile phone when you are
driving.
7. Many drivers will not pay extra for “green” car technology, especially if it
(not be) as convenient as the current system.
8. If there were a speed limit, there (be) fewer accidents and less aggressive
driving, and there (be) lower fuel consumption and less pollution.
9. Cars are actually cheaper if they (not be) equipped for high speeds.
10. If there (be) fewer cars, the environment would be less polluted.
FREE READING
HANDLING PRECAUTIONS FOR STEERING COLUMN
L1 1. When handlling the steering column assembly:
- Avoid any impact to the steering column assembly, especially to the
motor or torque sensor. Replace with a new one if dropped or subjected
to any servere impacts.
L5 - Don‟t pull the wire harness when moving the steering column
assembly.
- When the steering column assembly or the other steering- related parts
have been removed and either reinstalled or replaced, perform steering
center point adjutment (zero point caliration)
L10 2. When connecting or disconecting the conectors:
- When disconnecting connectors related to the electronic motor power
steering system, turn the ignition switch to ON (the engine is stopped),

ceter the steering whell, turn the ignition switch to OFF, and then
L15 disconnect the connectors.
- When reconecting connector related to the electronic motor power
steering system, make sure that the ignition switch is turned to OFF.
Center the steering wheel and then turn the ignition switch to ON (the
engine is stopped)
L20 - If the above operation is not carried out correctly, the steering center
point (zero point) will deviate, because a difference is steering effort
between right and left turns. If there is a difference in the steeing effort
between right or left turns, perform the streeing center point adjustment
(zero point calibration).

1. What must they do if dropped or subjected to any servere impacts?
2. Do they pull the wire hardnen moving the steering column assembly?
3. What do they have to do after turning the ignition to OFF?
4. What happens when the operations of connecting and disconnecting the
connectors are incorrect?
EXERCISE 2 Refer back to the text and find antonyms for the following
words
1. similarity
2. right
3. ON
4. Turn ON
5. connect
6. push
7. install
8. go straight

8.4. VOCABULARY
adjusting screw (n) ốc vít điều chỉnh
adjusting screw lock nut (n) đai ốc khóa vít điều chỉnh
adjusting screw lock plate (n) đệm khóa vít diều chỉnh
attach (v) gắn với
ball stud (n) Rôtyn, thanh có đầu dạng cầu
boot (n) bọc chắn bụi
bushings (n) các bạc lót
cab (n) buồng lái,
cone (n) hình nón, nón
cut out (v) phần cắt
deformation (n) sự biến dạng
deviate (v) đi chệch hướng
dimension (n) kích thước
diminish (v) giảm bớt, bớt
double acting vane pump (n) bơm cánh gạt tác động bánh răng
drag (n, v) sự kéo dọc
drive belt (n) dây đai dẫn động
filter (n) bộ lọc, lọc
fluid cooler (n) làm mát
geometrical (adj) thuộc hình học
globoid (n) cầu, bầu tròn, hình cầu
grease fitting (n) núm mở, vú mỡ
housing cover shim (n) căn đệm
impact (v, n) tác động, va chạm
impart (v) truyến, chuyển
instrument board (n) bảng đồng hồ báo
intersect (n) cắt ngang

joint yoke (n) chạc nối chữ Y, chạc nối

jolt (n) lắc, gây xốc, sự xốc, cú xốc
journal (n) ngỗng trục, cổ trục
knuckle (n) khớp quay dẫn hướng
pitman (n) đòn quay đứng
power- steering pump (n) bơm dầu trợ lực
precaution (n) lưu ý, biện pháp đề phòng, phòng
ngừa
progressive (adj) tiến lên, tăng dần
rack piston (n) trục răng
reliability (n) sự chắc chắn, đáng tin cậy
resilient (adj) đàn hồi
rod (n) thanh kim loại tròn
sag (n, v) sự võng xuống
serration (n) đường răng cưa
shim (n) miếng chêm
split rings (n) các vòng xoắn
steering column (n) trục tay lái
steering gear (n) cơ cấu lái
steering gear roller (n) bánh răng con lăn
steering worm gear (n) trục vít
steering worm shaft (n) trục l ái
tie rod (n) đòn nối
tight (adj) khít, xiết chặt, khít khao
toothed sector (n) bánh răng, cung răng
torque sensor (n) momen xoắn cảm biến
trapezoid –shaped steering linkage (n) cơ cấu hình thang lái
triple roller and bearings (n) các bạc thau và các con lăn

vehicle-speed sensor (n) cảm biến tốc độ xe

wear out (v) mòn
worm gear bearing (n) ổ đỡ

UNIT 9 AUTOMOBILE BRAKES

L1 Car brakes are one of the most important safety features on
your vehicle. Every day, you press the brake pedal hundreds of times to
stop a car that weighs as much as 2 tons. With every press of the brake
pedal, you engage a complex system that sends your instinctive
L5 movement from the pedal to the brakes located at each wheel.
Maintaining your brakes requires good knowledge of the entire braking
system on your vehicle.
Break is a friction device for converting the power of
momentum or kinetic energy of the moving vehicle into heat by means
L10 of friction. It is the main factor governing even if sufficient effort is
available to lock the wheels.
Figure 9.1 Automotive brake

1. Features
Brake systems have a number of parts that require regular
maintenance for safety and optimum performance. Located under the
L15 hood of your car is the brake fluid container that holds extra brake
fluid. The master cylinder functions as a brake fluid reservoir
connected by lines to the brake pedal system and forces brake fluid into
the brake lines. Brake lines are strong rubber hoses that connect the
master cylinder to the brake system on each wheel.

L20 Brake pads (also called brake shoes) are roughly 1/4-inch-thick,
oblong pads made of copper, brass or steel. Pads are attached to a
caliper that compresses to drop the rotating disc or drum on a wheel.
Drum brakes are located on the rear wheels of the car; disc brakes are
located on the front. Brake pads press against both drums and discs to
stop the vehicle. Rotors are the circular part of the disc brakes that are
L25
gripped by the pads for stopping the car. Consistent pressure against the
rotor can cause grooving that may require smoothing (by grinding)
during maintenance.
2. Types
L30 Drum brakes are typically found on the rear wheels of a car.
Drum brakes work by forcing a piston to compress two brake shoes
against the drum when you push the brake pedal. Disc brakes are found
on the front wheels. Disc brakes can also be found on rear brakes. They
function by allowing the brake pads to squeeze the rotor instead of the
L35 wheel (like a bike does). This force is transmitted through a cable, and
the resulting friction slows the disc's rotation.
Other braking systems on the car include the emergency brake,
which is controlled through a series of steel cables. Another system is
called the anti-lock braking system. This computerized system can be
L40 found on newer vehicles. ABS automatically applies the brakes at the
point of wheel lockup when you start to skid. So instead of pumping
the brakes when you lose traction, the computer does it for you.
3. Function
There are many component parts to the braking systems on
L45 newer-model cars. To begin, when you press the pedal, pressure
transfers from the pedal to the master cylinder. The master cylinder
forces brake fluids into the brake lines that connect to each wheel of the

car. The fluid moves through the line, creating friction. This friction
creates heat that reaches the brake pads or drums/disc brakes. The heat
caused by the friction causes the compression of the brake pads against
L50 the brake drum or disc, which stops the forward motion of the car.

1. What is the requirement of maintaining your brake?
2. Where is the brake fluid container located?
3. How thick are the brake pads?
4. What are they made of?
5. How many kinds of brakes are mentioned in the text?
6. How do drum brakes work?
text.
1. Brake is used for converting the power of momentum into kinetic energy of
the moving vehicle
2. Brake fluid container holds extra brake fluid.
3. Disc brakes are located on the front wheels.
4. Rotors are the rectangular part of the disc brake.
5. You must pump the brakes when you lose traction.
6. The movement of the fluid through the line creates friction.
EXERCISE 3 Look back at the text and find out what the bold words refer
to
1. It is the main factor (L10)
2. that connect the master cylinder (L18)
3. that may require smoothing (L27)
4. which is controlled (L38)
5. which stops the forward motion (L50)


9.2.1. Describing a process
Example: To apply brakes, the driver pushes the foot pedal
----> To apply brakes, the foot pedal is pushed.
EXERCISE Study these instructions for removing car wheel bearings
1. Jack up your car and remove the wheels from your car body. Also remove
the brake caliper, the piece that holds the brake pads, and place it out of the
way.
2. Remove the dust caps, which cover your wheel bearings, and the cotter pin,
the two-pronged pin that keeps the nut in place, from the middle of the spindle.
3. Take out the nut and its washer to get to the wheel bearings.
4. Remove the outer wheel bearings by popping out the disc-shaped piece
called the rotor. This should take little effort. The bearing should just pop out
into your hand.
5. Pull the disc kit, which includes the rotor, off the spindle and remove the
seal from the back of it with a seal remover or a flathead screwdriver.
6. Take out the inner wheel bearings from the disc kit. They should pop out
easily.
Write a description of this process by rewriting each instruction in the
present passive
Example;
1. Your car is jacked up and the wheels from your car body are removed.
9.2.2. Describing sequence: sequence- words
To make the correct sequence of a number of events clear, we often use
sequence words like these:
(a) first
(b) then
(c) next
(d) after that
(e) finally

(a) and (e) must come first and last respectively, but the others can be used in
any order and can be repeated.
EXERCISE Replace each number in your description of removing car
wheel bearings with a sequence word to make the order of events clear
Example;
First, your car is jacked up and the wheels from your car body are removed.
9.3. FREE READING
DRUM BRAKE
L1 A drum brake is a brake in which the friction is caused by a set of
shoes or pads that press against the inner surface of rotating drum. The
drum is connected to a rotating wheel.
Advantages
L5 Drum brakes are still used in modern cars. There can be
engineering and cost advantages. Drum brake allow simple incorporation
of a parking brake. They are often applied to the rear wheels since most
of the stopping happens in the front of the vehicle and therefore the heat
generated in the rear is significantly less. Drum brakes are also
L10 occasionally fitted as the parking (and emergency) brake even when the
rear wheels are used disk brakes as the main brakes. In this situation, a
small drum is usually fitted within or as part of the brake disk.
An advanced technology hybrid car using drum rear brake is the
Toyota Prius. (Hybrid vehicles greatly reduce everyday wear on braking
L15 systems owing to their energy recovery motor-generators.)
Disadvantages
Drum brakes with internal shoes have a particular disadvantage;
when the drums are heated by hard braking the diameter of the drum
increases due to the expansion of the material and the brakes must be
L20 further depressed to obtain effective braking action.

Figure 9.2 The drum break

This is known as brake fade and can lead to driver panic and brake
failure in extreme circumstances. Under normal driving conditions it is
seldom noticed, especially when drums of appropriate size are fitted. The
Pontiac GTO is one vehicle often cited as having undersized drums.
L25 Before 1984, it was common to re-arc brake shoes to match the
arc within brake drums; the machinery used has been phased out. This
practice, however, was controversial as it removed friction material from
the brakes and caused a reduction in the life of the shoes as well as
creating hazardous asbestos dust. It is much better to use shoes for the
L30 proper diameter drum, and if the procedure was needed, the drums were
so worn that they should have been replaced, as the thickness of the drum
contributes to the strength and the heat absorption and dissipation ability
of the drum.

1. What is a drum brake?

2. What is drum connected to?
3. Are drum bakes used in modern car?
4. Why are drum brakes applied to the rear wheels?
5. Do drum brakes have disadvantages? What are they?
words
1. led to
2. linked
3. limitations
4. because
5. importantly
6. major
7. specific
8. rarely
9.4. VOCABULARY
actuate (v) tác động
anchor pins (n) các chốt giữ cần thẳng
anti-lock braking system (n) hệ thống phanh chống khóa
as the name implies (n) như ngụ ý đến tên
backplate (n) mâm thắng
basis (adj) căn cứ, cơ sở
be independent of (adj) phụ thuộc vào
brake assemblies (n) các cơ cấu thắng
brake band (n) dãy thắng
brake fluid container (n) thùng chứa dầu phanh
brake pad (n) đệm phanh
brake pedal (n) bàn đạp phanh

brake pedal system (n) hệ thống phanh đạp

caliper (n) xương má phanh
cease (v) dừng, ngừng
consistent (adj) phù hợp, thích hợp
consistent pressure (n) áp suất phù hợp
contact (v, n) sự tiếp xúc
conversion (n) sự chuyển biến, sự đổi
descending (n) sự giảm xuống
disc brake (n) phanh đĩa
drive shaft brakes (n) các thắng trục dẫn động
drum brake (n) phanh trống
drum break (n) phanh tang trống
effective (adj) có ảnh hưởng, có tác động
emergency (n) tình trạng khẩn cấp
emergency brake (n) phanh trong trường hợp khẩn cấp
expander (n) càng xoay, cam xoay
extra brake fluid (n) dầu phanh dự trữ
fade (v, n) sự giảm
flange (n) mép bánh xe, gờ nổi
get rid of (v) bỏ đi, loại trừ
grip (v) bóp, nắm
hood (n) mui xe
in comparison to (adj) so sánh với
in consistent with (adj) để phù hợp với
in response to (adj) đáp ứng lại
internal expanding brakes (n) các thắng bung giãn ra
kinetic energy (n) động năng
leverage (n) cần thắng tay

lining (n) phần tử ma sát

master (adj) Chính, chính yếu
master cylinder (n) xi lanh chính
mechanical advantage sự tăng lực bằng cơ khí
oblong (n) hình chữ nhật
possess (v) sở hữu, chiếm đoạt
potentiality (n) tiềm lực, khả năng
retardation (n) sự chậm lại
retract (v) thụt vào, rút lại
rib (n) cái gân
roughly (adv) sần sùi, lỗ chỗ
safety sự an toàn
service brakes (n) các thăng còn tốt
shoes (n) guốc phanh
skid (v) trượt
transmission brake (n) phanh truyền tải
typical disk brake (n) dạng phanh đĩa
typical drum brake (n) dạng phanh tang
vital (adj) nguy hiểm đến tính mạng
wheel cylinder (n) xi lanh phanh bánh xe

KEYS TO EXERCISES
UNIT 1 THE AUTOMOBILE
EXERCISE 1
1. The wheels were attached to this frame by a set of springs and shock
absorber
2. The increasing importance of fuel efficiency and government mandated
safety regulations led to major changes in vehicle design.
3. Crash protection, efficient engine cooling.
4. Because it is a relatively heavy component.
EXERCISE 2
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F
EXERCISE 3
1. attached
2. disadvantages
3. influences
4. supported
1.2.1. Present simple passive
EXERCISE
1. is produced
2. are sold
3. are placed
4. are assembled
5. are bought

6. are designed
7. are replaced
8. is produced
1.2.2. Past simple passive
EXERCISE 1
1. was designed
2. was
3. was fueled
4. was made
5. were
6. powered
7. was made
8. invented
EXERCISE 2
1. The up and down motion of the pistons is converted into the rotary motion
needed to drive the wheels by the crankshaft.
2. The piston is forced downward by the high pressure created by the burning
mixture.
3. They normally call the top of the stroke top dead center.
4. A gap separates the center and ground electrodes.
5. The inductive charge of a special high-voltage transformer generates the
high voltage pulse.
6. The camshaft drives the center electrode mechanically.
1.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1
1. According to the text, there are three kinds of automobiles. They are:
trucks, passenger, and special purpose vehicles.
2. Trucks are classified according to their load-carrying capacity and cross-
country capacity.

3. Two kinds: cars seating from one to six men, and buses.
4. The buses are subdivided into city and intercity ones. Tourist buses make a
separate group. According to their length buses are classified as minibuses (up
to 5m), small (up to 7.5m), medium (up to 9m) and articulated (over 16.5m).
5. Fire and garbage trucks, ambulances, tower, water tank, repair trucks, etc.
EXERCISE 2
1. are classified as
2. are classed
3. intended for
4. in turn
5. used to
6. equipped with
7. groups of
8. special work

UNIT 2 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

EXERCISE 1
1. An automobile probably has about 7,000 different parts in it. The three
basic components of the automobile are the engine, chassis and body.
2. The lubrication system consists of an oil pan to store the oil, a pump to
circulate it, a fitter to remove solid abrasive particles, and an oil gauge or light
in the driver‟s compartment for checking purposes.
3. No, it can‟t be. Not all the heat can be used.
4. The propeller shaft is used to transmit torque from the transmission to the
final drive at varying angles.
5. The functions of the brakes are decelerating and stopping the automobile.
EXERCISE 2
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
EXERCISE 3
1–c
2–f
3–d
4–e
5–h
6–b
7–g
8–a
EXERCISE 4
1–d

2–c
3–e
4–g
5–f
6–a
7–b
8–h
2.2.1. Capacity
EXERCISE
1. Oil consumption can be up to 1.0 l/1000km so the engine oil level must be
checked at regular intervals.
2. Diesel engine has capacity of self-igniting.
3. Rubber should be able to withstand great temperature differences while
staying elastic. In other words, it shouldn‟t become brittle.
4. The process of designing a car generally can take three years.
5. With an American car, you can see the differences at 300 meters. With
Japanese car, you can see the differences at three meters. Japan is a small
country so there is no need to see the differences from far away.
2.2.2. Reason and result
1. Because the engine is a relatively heavy component, its location influences
weight distribution.
2. The bore in the big end of the connecting rod is machined after the cap is
assembled on the rod. Therefore the rod caps must not be interchanged.
3. In V type engines, each crankpin has two connecting rod assembled on to,
therefore, the crankpins here are longer than in in-line cylinder engines.
4. The center electrode is at electrical ground potential because one terminal
of the battery that supplies the current to generate the high voltage pulse for the
ignition system is connected to the block and frame.

5. You must apply the breaks because there are many vehicles on the road.
6. Turn off the interior lights and dim the dashboard if you can because this
will cut down on interior reflection.
7. Night driving is tiring, therefore you‟ll need to give yourself and your eyes
a rest.
8. Diesel engines are not self-speed-limiting because the air (oxygen) entering
the engine is always the maximum amount.
9. Because brakes have a hydraulic component, there is always the threat of
sudden loss of braking capacity.
10. The air (oxygen) entering the engine is always the maximum amount,
therefore the engine always has sufficient oxygen to burn.
2.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1
1. 2-stroke engine
2. 2-stroke engine
3. diesel engine
4. diesel engine
5. diesel engine
6. diesel engine
EXERCISE 2
1–c
2–e
3–b
4–a
5–d
EXERCISE 3
1. combustion
2. fuel
3. spark plug

4. piston
5. crankshaft
6. torque
7. cylinders
8. clutch
9. distribution

UNIT 3 ENGINE CONSTRUCTION

EXERCISE 1
1. A piston engine
2. In the upper part of the block
3. They use a circular ring to seal
4. By connecting rod
5. It contains at least one intake and exhaust valve and one spark plug per
cylinder.
EXERCISE 2
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
6. F
EXERCISE 3
1. Piston engine
2. holes
3. crankshaft
4. the cylinder heads
EXERCISE 4
1. consist of
2. holds
3. a series of
4. called
5. circular
6. is used
7. connected

8. specific
EXERCISE
1. You should turn on your headlights before sunset and for an hour after
sunrise
so that it‟s easier for other drivers to see you in twilight.
2. You should make sure all your exterior lights are clean and working
properly.
3. You should clean all your windows, inside and out. Dirty windows will
increase glare..
4. Properly aligned mirrors will reduce dazzle as well as blind spots. You
should reduce glare further by making sure they are clean.
5. You should turn off the interior lights and dim the dashboard if you can.
This will cut down on interior reflections.
6. You should read the road ahead. Glimmers of light at the top of hills and at
bends could be the headlights of other vehicles.
7. You should always be able to stop your vehicle within the distance you can
see to be clear.
8. On rural roads, you should drive on full beam whenever possible but dip
your lights when faced with another road to avoid dazzling them.
9. You should use the light shed by vehicles ahead or from roadside lights –
not just street lights – to help you see further ahead.
10. You should take plenty of breaks. Night driving is tiring so you‟ll need to
give yourself and your eyes a rest.
3.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1
1. Top Dead Centre (TDC)
2. The lowest position of the piston

3. It‟s the difference between the clearance volume and the total volume when
the piston is in the BDC position
4. Multiply the length of the position stroke by the cross – sectional area of
the cylinder.
5. TDC stands for Top Dead Centre.
EXERCISE 2
1. F
2. T
3. F

UNIT 4 CONNECTING RODS AND CRANKSHAFT

EXERCISE 1
1. Connecting rods are generally fabricated from high quality steel
2. Because the bore in the big end of the connecting rod is machined after the
cap is assembled on the rod.
3. It contains of main bearing journals (Fig 4.2 ) crankpins 11, webs, or
cheeks, 2 that connect the journals and crankpin together, a nose ( front end ) ,
and a shank (rear end ).
4. The flywheel is located relative to the crankshaft by dowels 7 and clamped
firmly to the rear face of the shaft by a ring of bolts 8 screwing directly into
shaft end.
EXERCISE 2
1. the connecting rod
2. a bar
3. a hole
4. The crankshaft
5. Other engines
6. flange
EXERCISE 3
1. link
2. provide
3. cause
4. necessary
5. therefore
6. attached
7. through
8. so as to

EXERCISE 4
1. after
2. big
3. high quality
4. rear end
5. downward
6. strong
4.2.1. Word formation: Prefixes
EXERCISE
1. You can buy an old car because it‟s (in)expensive(not).
2. Some engineers see voice recognition as a way to get rid of many manual
controls and to simplify the IP. But voice recognition can also be (over)used.
(too much)
3. They also put many functions such as station (pre)-set (before) buttons for
audio system, on touch screens.
4. The car is very (un)economical (not) for driving in town.
5. You can maximize your chances of finding a job if you are (bi)lingual (two)
or even (tri)lingual (three).
6. Because aluminum is more brittle and tears more easily than steel, it can be
formed when it is in (un)hardened (not) state.
7. I think that covers everything about the tests. Now I‟d just like to sum up by
(re) reading (do again) my main point….
8. These detection system can automatically (de)activate (reduce) the airbags if
the situation is dangerous.
9. A third type is a (semi)-dependent (half) suspension.
10. An (in)dependent (not) suspension allows wheels to rise and fall on their
own without affecting the opposite wheel.
4.2.2. Certainty

EXERCISE
1. It is improbable that computers will understand and respond to my spoken
language.
2. It is unlikely that no manual labour will be done in factories in my country.
3. It is impossible that you won‟t need to read traffic signs anymore.
4. It is possible that cars will be electronically guided through cities.
5. It is possible that most families in your country will have air conditioner.
6. It is possible that most teaching will be done by computer.
7. It is possible that most cars will be done by robots.
8. It is unlikely that the environment will not be polluted.
9. It is impossible that there will be less accidents in the street.
10. It is impossible that cars will use only one litre of petrol per 100 km.
4.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1
1. It consists of a cylindrical rod running the length of the cylinder bank with a
number of oblong lobes (or cam) protruding from it, one for each valve.
2. Because the valves control the flow of air/fuel mixture intake and exhaust
gases.
3. The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft either directly, via a gear
mechanism, or indirectly via a belt or chain called a timing belt or timing
chain.
4. Direct operation involves a simpler mechanism and leads to fewer failure.
EXERCISE 2
1. T
2. F
3. T
EXERCISE 3
1. the camshaft
2. the camshaft

3. the cams
4. the valves
5. two stroke engines
6. the camshaft to be positioned at the top of the cylinders.
EXERCISE 4
1. apparatus
2. a number of
3. since
4. as
5. appropriate
6. occur
7. connected
8. importance
Refer back to the text and find antonyms for the followings words
1. open
2. pushing
3. simpler
4. failure
5. reliable
6. force
7. at the top
8. in the past

UNIT 5 DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1
1. Diesel fuel is a mixture of kerosene, gas oil and solar oil fractions obtained
after distillation of gasoline fraction from petroleum.
2. A diesel engine fuel system consists of 7 components. They are: a fuel
tank, a primary filter, a secondary filter, a fuel supply pump with a hand
primer, an injector pump with a speed governor and automatic injection timing
clutch, nozzle holders with nozzle, low and high pressure fuel lines
3. During operation of the engine, the fuel supply pump draws fuel from the
tank, forces it through the primary filter and delivers through the secondary
filter to the injector pump. From the injector pump the fuel is fed through the
high pressure lines to the nozzles; the fuel atomized by the nozzle is injected
into the cylinders according to the engine firing order, Surplus fuel is returned
from the injector pump and nozzles to the fuel tank. The air is supplied to the
cylinders through the air cleaner.
4. The fuel injector pump is intended to inject fuel under high pressure to the
engine cylinders in a particular sequence. It comprises a body, a camshaft,
eight sections (according to the number of cylinders), and a glunger control
mechanism.
5. The nozzle is used to inject metered quantities of finely atomized fuel under
pressure into the cylinders
EXERCISE 2
1. F
2. F
3. T
EXERCISE 3
1. fuel
2. a positive speed governor

3. an injection timing clutch

EXERCISE 4
1. mixed
2. combustion
3. rated
4. matched
5.2.1. Describing function
EXERCISE
1–d
2–e
3–g
4–b
5–f
6–c
7–a
8–i
9–j
10 – h
1. The function of the brake is to decelerate and stop the automobile.
2. The connecting rod connects the crankshaft to the piston.
3. The crankshaft converts the up and down motion of the pistons into rotary
motion needed to drive the wheels.
4. The function of the camshaft is to control the opening and closing of intake
and exhaust valves.
5. The function of the spark plug is to ignite the air fuel mixture.
6. The circular ring seals the small gap between the piston and the cylinder
wall.
7. The engine converts the fuel into mechanical power.

8. The function of the cooling system is to help the engine to dissipate

unwanted heat.
9. The function of the lubrication is to help the engine to minimize friction
10. The mudguard keeps the mud from flying up.
5.2.2. Describing purpose
EXERCISE
1–f
2– h
3–e
4–g
5–b
6–i
7–c
8–d
9–j
10 – a
1. The fuel injector is used for injecting fuel under high pressure to the
engine cylinders in a particular sequence.
2. The lamp is used to light the surface of the plate without creating white
light directly visible to the rear of the vehicle
3. The windshield wiper is used for removing rain from the windshield,
cleaning the windshield.
4. The steering system is used for changing the direction of the movement.
5. The coolant is used for producing cooling.
6. The shock absorber is used for proving mechanical or hydraulic friction to
control excessive deflection of automobile spring.
7. The timing belt is used to connect the camshaft to the crankshaft.
8. The crankcase is used for holding the crankshaft with bearing mounts.
9. The cylinder is used to hold a piston and a connecting rod.

10. They support the frame or chassis by the suspension system.

5.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1
1. The fuel warning light goes on when the level of fuel (petrol) in the tank is
very low.
2. Because the level of the fuel falls.
3. The arms moves downwards and makes the lever move downwards.
4. It goes up.
5. When the arm moves upwards.
EXERCISE 2
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F

UNIT 6 IGNITION SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1
1. The ignition system itself consists of several components: the spark plug,
one or more pulse transformer ( typically call coils ), timing control circuitry,
and distribution apparatus that supplies the high- voltage pulse to the correct
cylinder.
2. Essentially the only practical means is with an electric spark produced
across the gap between a pair of electrodes of a spark plug.
3. The spark is produced by applying a high- voltage pulse of from 20 kv to
40 between the center electrode and ground.
4. 0,025inch (0,6mm) for one engine and 0,040 inch (1mm) for another
engine.
5. because one terminal of the battery that supplies the current to generate the
high voltage pulse for the ignition system is connected to the block and frame.
6. The high- voltage pulse is generated by inductive discharge of a special
high- voltage transformer commonly called an ignition coil
7. Yes, it can be
8. No, it doesn‟t
EXERCISE 2
1. d
2. e
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. g
6.2.1. Word formation: Suffixes

EXERCISE 1
1. Design(er)s deal with the problem in vari(ous) way.

2. The target group is main(ly) young urban dwell(er)s because of its urban
mobil(ity) and parkabil(ity).
3. People who own SUVs seldom drive them off-road, but they enjoy the
feel(ing) of excite(ment) that the name creates.
4. The number of ship(ment)s will increase over the com(ing) months.
5. We have found that operat(or)s who have the free(dom) to take short
breaks during the day greatly improve their perform(ance).
6. A system anal(yst) studies organization(al) systems and decides what
act(ion) needs to be taken to maximize efficiency.
7. There needs to be an optim(al) bal(ance) between visu(al) displays and
voice instruc(tion)s, so that the driver can deal safely with the information he
or she receives.
8. The use of fuel cells promises a reduction in environment(al) pollu(tion)
from car exhaust emiss(ion)s, and the end of our depend(ence) on oil for fuel.
9. This speed match(ing) is achieved by a secondary clutch called a
synchromesh, a device that uses friction(al) contact to bring the two parts to
the same speed, and a locking mechan(ism) called a blocker ring to prevent
engage(ment) of the teeth until the speeds are synchronized.
10. The origin(al) model came on the market forty years ago and became an
icon of 1960s Britain. The car became very fam(ous) in the film The Italian
Job.
EXERCISE 2
Verb Noun Adjective
to power power powerful
combustion combustible

to ignite ignition
to explore explosion explosive
to rotate rotation rotational
to transmit transmission
1. rotational
2. transmitted
3. ignited
4. powerful
5. combustion
6.2.2. Contextual reference
EXERCISE
This : Navigation aids, telematics equipment, audio system features, and

the standard instruments are all fighting for space on the instrument panel
(IP).
who : interior designers and engineers
They : Designers
them : space-eaters
which : the danger of overcrowding the screen
it : the touch screen
6.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE 1

1. Because they use petrol or gasoline as fuel.

2. Because they use diesel as fuel.
3. Because the compression ratio in CI engines is higher, which produces high
pressures inside the engine.
4. In the range of 6 to 10
5. Because in CI engines the value of compression ratio is higher.
6. No, it can‟t
EXERCISE 2
SI engine CI engine
Fuel Petrol / gasoline Diesel
Speed higher Lower
Weight Lighter Heavier
The compression ratio
6 to 10 6 to 20
of the fuel
Thermal efficiency of
Lower Higher
the engine
Spark plugs Yes No

UNIT 7 ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1
1. To start such an engine, it is necessary to spin the engine crankshaft with
sufficient speed for good mixing of air and fuel and adequate compression and
ignition of the combustible charge.
2. The minimum speed with which the crankshaft of an engine should be
rotated to ensure reliable starting of the engine is referred to as the cranking
speed.
3. 250 rpm for diesel engines.
4. Since it is necessary to overcome friction in the moving engine components
and the resistance offered by the charge being compressed.
5. The driver had to insert a crank into the front of the engine and turn it by
hand until the engine start operating.
EXERCISE 2
1. cranking speed
2. cranking the engine with a lower speed makes it more difficult for the
engine to start
3. the engine
4. diesel and gasoline engines
5. a crank
7.2.1. Relative clauses
EXERCISE 1
1. which / that
2. who / that
3. which / that
4. which / that
5. which / that

6. which / that
7. which
8. who / that
9. who / that
10. which / that
EXERCISE 2
1. A drum brake is a brake which / that allows simple incorporation of a
parking brake.
2. We have never forgotten Mrs. Mary who / that gave us many useful
advices.
3. The engine is cooled by a fan which / that is turned by the belt.
4. The chain turns the wheel which / that makes the bicycle move forward.
5. The running gear which / that consists of the frame, front and rear axles,
springs, shock absorbers, wheels and tyres is the back bone of the car.
6. The engine which / that converts the fuel energy into mechanical power is
one of the basic components of an automobile.
7.2.2. Short relative clauses
EXERCISE
1. The engine block has a series of holes called cylinders.
2. The internal combustion engine is a device converting the chemical energy
of the fuel into heat energy and then convert this heat energy into usable
mechanical energy.
3. The wheel is turned by the chain pulled by the sprocket.
4. The foot presses the pedal turning the sprockets.
5. The fuel pump creating positive pressure in the fuel lines is located inside
of the fuel tank.
6. She has just bought a new car running very fast.
7. Mr. John teaching us English for automotive engineering is a funny
teacher.

8. Front drum brakes may use two actuating cylinders allow both shoes to
utilize the servo characteristic.
7.3. FREE READING
EXERCISE
1. inlet
2. carburetor
3. piston
4. sparking plug
5. cylinder
6. crankshaft
7. water jacket
8. exhaust manifold / exhaust valve

UNIT 8 THE STEERING SYSTEM

EXERCISE 1
1. The direction of the automobile under way is changed by turning the front
wheels with the aid of steering system.
2. The steering gear (Fig 8.2) includes housing, a worm, a ball nut, a rack
made integral with the piston, a hydraulic booster, and a toothed sector
integrated with the pitman arm shaft
3. The steering column with the steering wheel is installed in the driver‟s cab.
4. Some automobiles are equipped with a hydraulic power steering system
intended to decrease the efforts spent by the driver to turn the wheels and to
damp the road jolts transmitted to the steering wheel.
EXERCISE 2
1. the levers and rods of the linkage
2. The steering column
3. balls
4. The rack piston
5. the engine
EXERCISE 3
9. the aid
10. hence
11. provide with
12. adjust
13. resilient
14. converted into
15. motion
16. installed, mounted, secured
8.2.1. Revision of certainty

EXERCISE
Certainty Probability Possibility
without doubt it is quite likely you may feel
there‟s no doubt that we are convinced is expected to
I‟m absolutely certain there‟s a good chance
it‟s highly probable
There‟s no doubt that India will be a major market.

Cars are expected to use only one liter of petrol per 100 km.
we are convinced that Sports cars will have a top speed of more than 300km/h.
I‟m absolutely certain that Cars will be like offices with on-board computers
and email facilities.
there‟s a good chance that Cars will have an auto pilot
it is quite likely that Cars will be almost 100% recyclable.
it‟s highly probable that Environmentally friendly cars will be more important.
8.2.2. If clauses (Conditional clauses)
EXERCISE
1. doesn‟t have
2. would buy
3. would get
4. came
5. has
6. will stop
7. isn‟t
8. would be , would be
9. won‟t be
10. were
8.3 FREE READING
EXERCISE 1

1. Replace with a new one

2. No, they don‟t
3. Disconnect the connectors.
4. The steering center point (zero point) will deviate
EXERCISE 2
EXERCISE 3
1. difference
2. left
3. OFF
4. Turn OFF
5. disconnect
6. pull
7. remove / uninstall
8. deviate

UNIT 9 AUTOMOBILE BRAKES

EXERCISE 1
1. Maintaining your brakes requires good knowledge of the entire braking
system on your vehicle.
2. It is located in under the hood of your car
3. They are 1/4-inch-thick
4. They are made of copper, brass or steel.
5. 4 kinds
6. They work by forcing a piston to compress two brake shoes against the
drum when you push the brake pedal.
EXERCISE 2
a. F
b. T
c. T
d. T
e. F
f. T
EXERCISE 3
1. Brake
2. strong rubber hose
3. grooving
4. emergency brake
5. The heat caused by the friction causes the compression of the brake pads
against the brake drum or disc
9.2.1. Describing a process

EXERCISE
1. Your car is jacked up and the wheels are removed from your car body. The
brake caliper and the piece that holds the brake pads are also removed, and it is
placed out of the way.
2. The dust caps , which cover your wheel bearings, and the cotter pin, the
two-pronged pin that keeps the nut in place, are removed from the middle of
the spindle.
3. The nut and its washer are taken out to get to the wheel bearings.
4. The outer wheel bearings are removed by popping out the disc-shaped
piece called the rotor. This should take little effort. The bearing should just pop
out into your hand.
5. the disc kit, which includes the rotor, is pulled off the spindle and the seal
is removed from the back of it with a seal remover or a flathead screwdriver.
6. The inner wheel bearings are taken out from the disc kit. They should pop
out easily.
9.2.2. Describing sequence: sequence- words
First, your car is jacked up and the wheels are removed from your car
body. The brake caliper and the piece that holds the brake pads are also
removed, and it is placed out of the way. Then the dust caps , which cover your
wheel bearings, and the cotter pin, the two-pronged pin that keeps the nut in
place, are removed from the middle of the spindle Next The nut and its washer
are taken out to get to the wheel bearings. After that the outer wheel bearings
are removed by popping out the disc-shaped piece called the rotor. This should
take little effort. The bearing should just pop out into your hand. Then the disc
kit, which includes the rotor, is pulled off the spindle and the seal is removed
from the back of it with a seal remover or a flathead screwdriver. Finally, the
inner wheel bearings are taken out from the disc kit. They should pop out
easily.

9.3. FREE READING

EXERCISE 1
1. A drum brake is a brake in which the friction is caused by a set of shoes or
pads that press against the inner surface of rotating drum.
2. It is connected to a rotating wheel.
3. Yes, they are
4. Since most of the stopping happens in the front of the vehicle and therefore
the heat generated in the rear is significantly less.
5. Yes, it does. When the drums are heated by hard braking the diameter of
the drum increases due to the expansion of the material and the brakes
must be further depressed to obtain effective braking action.
words
1. caused
2. connected
3. disadvantages
4. since
5. significantly
6. main
7. particular
8. seldom

REFERENCES
[1] Nguyễn Thị Tuyết. English for Technical Students. Publishing House of
Education.
[2] Nguyễn, Hạnh &Nguyễn, Hải Linh (2000). Từ điển Kỹ thuật tổng hợp Anh
– Việt. NXB Thanh niên.
[3] Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Dung, (2009). English for Automobile Engineering
Elementary. Đại học công nghiệp thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.
[4] Nguyễn Hữu Hiếu. English for Transportation Engineering. HCM City
University of Technology.
[5] Phan Văn Đáo (2003). Từ điển kỹ thuật cơ khí Anh – Việt. NXB Giao
thông vận tải.
[6] Quang Hùng – Phạm Đường (2005). Special English for Automobile
Engineering. NXB Giao thông vận tải.
[7] Quang, Hùng &Phạm, Đường (2005). New Cambridge. NXB Giao thông
vận tải.
[8] Bonamy, D (1994). English for Technical Students. Longman Group
Limited.
[9] Comfort. J., Hick. S., and Savage, A. Basic Technical English. Hong Kong:
Oxford University Press.
[10] Glendding, E. H. English for MechanicalEngineering. Oxford: Oxford
University Press
[11] Hall, E. J. The Language of Automobile Engineering Magazines. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
[12] Johnson CM and D. General Engineering. Great Britain: Prentice Hall
International (UK) Limited.
[13] Marie Kavanagh. English for the Automobile Industry. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
[14] Swan. M. Practical English Usage. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press

[15] http:/Britanica.com
[16] http://engineershandbook.com/Materials/castiron.htm
[17] http://engineersedge.com/power trasmission/diesel_engine.htm

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English for Automotive Engineering

In addition, we would like to take opportunity to thank all the colleagues in

Tran Thi Tuyet Hong, M.A

NamDinh University of Technology Education -1- Faculty of Foreign Languages

Thạc sỹ Trần Thị Tuyết Hồng

NamDinh University of Technology Education -2- Faculty of Foreign Languages

NamDinh University of Technology Education -3- Faculty of Foreign Languages

NamDinh University of Technology Education -4- Faculty of Foreign Languages

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

NamDinh University of Technology Education -5- Faculty of Foreign Languages

NamDinh University of Technology Education -6- Faculty of Foreign Languages

Yêu cầu môn học:

NamDinh University of Technology Education -7- Faculty of Foreign Languages

UNIT 1 THE AUTOMOBILE .................................................................................... 9

UNIT 2 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE .......................... 21

UNIT 3 ENGINE CONSTRUCTION ..................................................................... 33

UNIT 4 CONNECTING RODS AND CRANKSHAFT ....................................... 41

UNIT 5 DIESEL ENGINE FUEL SYSTEM .......................................................... 58

UNIT 6 IGNITION SYSTEM ................................................................................... 67

UNIT 7 ENGINE STARTING SYSTEM................................................................ 85

UNIT 8 THE STEERING SYSTEM ..................................................................... 99

UNIT 9 AUTOMOBILE BRAKES ....................................................................... 109

KEYS TO EXERCISES ........................................................................................... 118

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 149

NamDinh University of Technology Education -8- Faculty of Foreign Languages

UNIT 1 THE AUTOMOBILE

Figure 1. The Automobile Configuration

NamDinh University of Technology Education -9- Faculty of Foreign Languages

In Figure 1 the frame or chassis on which the body is mounted is

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1.1. READING COMPREHENSION

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1. This model ……...... (produce) in the new factory in Poland.

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transport different goods or with special-purpose bodies such as dump

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automatic mixture control (v) điều chỉnh hỗn hợp tự động

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equip (v) trang bị

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navigation (n) sự chuyển hướng

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tower (n) xe kéo

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UNIT 2 THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF AN AUTOMOBILE

Figure 2. Basic components of the automobile

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The engine converts the fuel into mechanical power. An internal

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3. Wheels and tyres are parts of the running gear.

EXERCISE 4 Match the term in A with its definition in B

1. combustion a. A connection for transmitting power from a driving to a

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jump through air from one conductor to another

2.2. USE OF LANGUAGE

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NamDinh University of Technology Education - 26 - Faculty of Foreign Languages

9. Brakes have a hydraulic component.

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