FOLKS AND POPULAR CULTURE

In the population mix that is is the Anglo American, particularly U.S society; we may recognize two culture-based
source of separation and one of unification. Ethnic culture and folk’s culture tend to create distinctions between
peoples and to impart a special character to areas in which their influences are dominant. Popular culture implies
behavioural unification and the reduction of territorial distinctiveness.

Early arriving ethnic groups were soon Americanized, and their imported cultures were converted from the
distinctly ethnic traits of foreigners to the folk culture of the New World. The foothold settlement of first colonists
became separate culture hearths in which imported architectural styles, food preferences, music, and other
elements of material and nonmaterial culture were mixed, modified, abandoned, or disseminated along clearly
traceable diffusion paths into the continental interior. Ethnic culture was transmuted to folk culture when nurtured
in isolated areas and made part of traditional America by long retention and by modification to accommodate local
circumstance. Distinctive and bearing the stamp of restricted section of the nation, those folk culture contributed
both to eastern regional diversity and to the diffusion streams affecting Midwestern cultural amalgams.

The territorial and social diversities implied by the concepts of ethnic and folk are modified by the general unifying
forces of popular culture. Fads, foods, music, dress, toys, games, and other introduced tastes tend to be adopted
within a larger society, irrespective of the ethnic or folk distinctions of its part. Spot interests and rivalries, as we
saw at the opening of this chapter, become regional and national and, increasingly, international surmounting
older limitations of distance.

Chapter 10: Patterns of Change and Development by Gay-r and Grace

Summary

• The development around is based in the interrelated economic and social structures that are not shared by all
societies; they vary between cultures and countries.

• Development as a cultural variable, is defined in the way culture affects the development of a particular place or
society.

• Culture from place to place matter in terms of development like the distinction between the "Gold Coast" and
the "Slum" indicates that different groups have differential access to the wealth, tools, and resources of the global
and national societies of which they are a part. With this, culture is the primary reason of their development.

• Development in that comparative sense means simply the extent to which the human and natural resources of
an area or country have been brought into full productive use.

• Development may also carry in common usage the implications of economic growth, modernization and
improvement in levels of material production and consumption. It is the ideal concept opposite to
underdevelopment during the Post-World War ll.

Concept of Underdevelopment and reasons why its occur

• In other word, underdevelopment from strictly economic point suggest the possibility or desirability of applying
additional capital, labor, or technology to the resource base of an area to permit the present population to
improve its material well-being for quality of life.
√ Underdevelopment occur within a particular society because of: (1) Resource Poverty is cited as a limit to
developmental possibilities, and (2) Overpopulation and overcrowding are frequently noted as common
denominators of National underdevelopment.

Core Periphery Models

√ Based on the Core-Periphery Models, there where an observation that within many spatial systems of society the
development is based on the territorial contrasts that exist in wealth, economic advancement, and in growth in
different aspects of society. Accoring to Gunnar Myrdal, an economist, the process of social growth depends on
the relationship the exist between the core (dominating) and depressed (exploited).

√ The Core-Periphery Models stress that the growth of a society can be measure through the economic measures
of development and societal productivity. The developing low-income and middle-income countries as a group
are basis to define the significant progress of countries along the continuum of economic development.

Economic Measures of Development (GDP, PPP, GNI, Per Capita Energy Consumption)

√ The result of growth from different contries are base in the overall changes in the composition of their Gross
Domestic Product (GDP), Market Rates of Exchange that defines the system of dollars equivalents, and Purchasing
Power Parity (PPP) which allow for lower prices in poorer countries which is based on the idea of identical basket
of trade goods should cost the same in all countries.

√ With the advent of technology, people are able to calculate the Gross National Income (GNI) of a certain country
like in northwestern Europe and in Mildlatitude colonial areas like North America, Australia, and New Zealand.

√ Aside from GNI, Per Capita Energy Consumption is a common measure of technological advancement of nation
because it loosely correlates with GNI or Per Capita Income, degree of industrialization, and used of advanced
technology.

Millennium Development Goals ( MDG's )

√ To attain global development, in September 2000, there are 189 member States of the United Nations adopted
the Millennium Declaration or Millennium Development Goals to help the world's poorest countries make
measured progress towards reducing or eliminating the extreme poverty within their borders and in their social
and economic dimensions by the year 2015.

√ This Millennium Development Goals (MDG's) are eight (8) quantified objectives for addressing extreme poverty
in its many guises, (1) eradicate extreme hunger and monetary poverty; (2) achieve universal primary education;
(3) promote gender equality and empower women; (4) reduce child mortality; (5) improve maternal health; (6)
combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; (7) ensure environmental sustainability; (8) and create a global
partnership for development.

Role of Technology in Development

√ To impose this goals, they used technologies to implement and widely spread the importance of the goals in
order to mask the desparities that exist within the ranks of developing countries.
√ The gap from productivity was solved by technological advancement but still technology gap exist particularly in
social classes such as the core, employed and periphery or depressed segment of society.

Importance of Agriculture to solve Hunger, Poverty, Lack of Calories, and Malnutrition

√ In terms of agricultural development, there were numbers of countries with low Per Capita Inome or Gross
National Income. This low economic progression of society belongs to underdevelopment and can lead to concerns
like hunger, poverty, lack of calories and malnutrition.

√ According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), undernourishment is damaging and widespread
throughout the developing world where, collectively, nearly 30% of children's under 5 years old are moderately to
severely underweight and one third is stunted. In short, Malnutrition among poorer countries is rising behind
global development.

√ A high percentage of country's workplace in agriculture is always associated with less developed subsistence
economic with low labor productivity and low levels of national wealth where people are left behind from advent
of global development.

√ The concept of underdevelopment was simply a common starting point in series of expected and inevitable
stages of advancement have been dashed. Many country ate seems like unable to accumulate the capital or even
develop the skills of people and achieve technological advancements to carry them along in a well developed
world and global integration.

√ Without development, countries score poorly on non economic measures such as literacy, safe water and
condition of health.

√ Development implies passive changes in economic aspect of a country equipping the gap from extreme poverty
into a well developed country that can provide the needs of the people and bringing resources into its full
productive use.

√ The Models and Theories of Economic Development

A. ROSTOW MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT which describe that all developing economies may pass through five
successive stages of growth and advancement such as:

1. Traditional Society, which described that a society should allocates a large proportion of its resources to
agriculture,

2. Preconditions for take-off, it suggest that agriculture must produce sufficient food grains to meet the demand of
growing population, Increase in agricultural incomes, and expanding agriculture for social development.

3. The take-off period, it suggest that the national income must rise from 5% to 12%, should show the
characteristics of an economic revolution and it must culminate in self-sustaining and self-generating economic
growth.

4. The drive to maturity, suggest that the structure of the economy should change to increase demand, supply,
and agricultural income.

5. Stage of mass consumption, suggest that to achieve development the per capita income of a country should
rises to such a high level that consumption basket of the people.
B. BIG PUSH is a model of development which concludes that underdeveloped economies can break out of their
poverty trap by coordinated investment in both basic- but high wage- industries and infrastracture.

C. COLLARY CONCEPT an economic concept of development which concludes that for LEAST DEVELOPED or NEWLY
INDUSTRIALIZING COUNTRIES, that the most important policy are INCENTIVES encouraging foreign direct
investment and TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER.

D.DEPENDENCY THEORY an economic theory which suggest that differences among countries development are
non accidental but the logical result of the ability and necessity of the developed countries and power of elites to
exploit and subjugate other populations and regions to secure for themselves a continual sources of new capital.

√ Dvelopment is measured by more than economic standards, though income and national wealth strongly affect
the degree to which societies can invest in:

1. EDUCATION that educate illiterate people for the effective transfer of advanced technology from the developed
to developing countries

2. PUBLIC SERVICES which suggest that the quality of public services and the creation of the facilities to assure the
health of the labor force are equally significant evidences of national advancement.

3. HEALTH which described that the access to medical facilities and personnel is another spatial variable with
profound implications for the health and well-being of populations.

√ The Human Development Index (HDI), Human Poverty Index, and Gender-Related Development Index

1. The HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) reflects the Programme's coviction that the important human aspiation
are leading a long healthy life, receiving adequate education, and having access to assets and income sufficient for
a decent life.

2. The HUMAN POVERTY INDEX( HPI) which measures deprivation in the same three measures of developmemt
underlying the HDI.

3. The GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX is a gender-developmental index and that attempts to measure
inequalitues of achievements between men a women through differences in their life expectancies at birth,
literacy levels and educational attainments, and female and male earned income.

Location

Location is the place where a particular point or object exists. A place’s absolute location is its exact place on earth,
often given in terms of latitude and longitude.The location of places and objects is the starting point of all
geographic study as well as of all our personal movements and spatial actions in at least two different senses,
ABSOLUTE and RELATIVE.

Absolute Location
Is description of the exact site an objective coordination system, such as a grid. When referring to a map or the
earth’s surface, an absolute location is the latitude and longitude of a specific place.

Relative Location

A relative location is the positioning of something relative to another landmark.

Site

It refers to the physical and cultural characteristic and attributes of the place. It is more than mathematical
location, for it tells us something about the internal features of that places.

Situation

It refers to the external relations of a locale. It is an expression of relative location with particular reference to
items of significance to the place in question.

Direction

Direction is defined as the path that something takes, the path that must be taken to reach a specific place.
Direction is a second universal concept like location, it has more than one meaning and can be expressed in
ABSOLUTE and RELATIVE.

Absolute Direction

It is a direction such as left/right, forward/backward, and up/down are relative to an object’s current orientation.

Relative/Relational Direction

Culturally based locational reference, as the far west, the old south, or the Middle East. Include body – centered
terms like “left,” “right,” “in front of” and “behind”

Distance

Most of us know what is distance is. It’s the total space between two things or placed usually measured in feet,
yard, miles, or even city blocks. In geography, when measured in a standard unit of length, this is referred to as
absolute distance.

Absolute Distance

It refers to the spatial separation between two point on the earth’s surface measured by some accepted standard
unit such as miles, or kilometers for widely separated locales, feet or meters for more closely spaced points.

Relative Distance

It is measured of the social, cultural and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places how connected
or disconnected they are despite their absolute distance from each other.

Language and Religion

Language and religion are basic threads in the web of culture. They serve to identify and categorize individuals
within a single society and to separate peoples and nations of different tongues and faiths. By their pronunciation
and choice of words, we quickly recognize districts of origin and educational levels of speakers of our own
language and easily identify those who originally had different native tongues. In some societies, religion may serve
as a similar identifier of individuals and groups who observe distinctive modes or rhythms of life dictated by their
separate faiths. Both language and religion are mentifacts, parts of the ideological subsystem of culture; both are
transmitters of culture as well as its identifiers. Both have distinctive spatial patterns— referring past and present
processes of spatial interactions and diffusion — that are basic to the recognition of world culture realms.

Languages may be grouped genetically— by origin and historical development — but the world distribution of
language families depends as much on the movement of peoples and histories of conquest and colonization as it
does on patterns if linguistic evolution. Linguistic geography studies spatial variations in languages, variations that
may be minimized by encouragement of standard and official languages or overcome by pidgins, creoles, and
lingua francas. Toponymy, the study of place names, helps document that history of movement.

Religion is a less pronounced identifier or conveyer of culture than is language. While language characterizes all
peoples, religion varies in its impact and influence on culture groups. Some societies are dominated in all aspects
by their controlling religious belief: Hindu India, for example, or Islamic Iran. Where religious beliefs are strongly
held, they can unite a society of adherents and divide nations and peoples holding divergent faiths. Although
religions do not lend themselves to easy classification, their patterns of distribution are as distinct and revealing as
are those of languages. They, too, reflect past and present patterns of migration, conquest, and diffusion, part of
the larger picture of dynamic cultural geography.

While each is a separate and distinct thread of culture, language and religion are not totally unrelated. Religion can
influence the spread if languages to new peoples and areas, as Arabic, the language of the Koran, was spread by
conquering armies of Muslims. Religion may conserve as well as disperse language. Yiddish remains the language
of religion in Hasidic Jewish communities; church services in German or Swedish, and school instruction in them,
characterize some Lutheran congregations in Anglo America. Until the 1960s, latin was the language of liturgy in
the Roman Catholic Church and Sanskrit remains the language of the Vedas, sacred in Hinduism. Sacred texts may
demand the introduction of an alphabet to non literate societies: the Roman alphabet follows Christian
missionaries, Arabic script accompanies Islam. The Cyrillic alphabet of eastern Europe was developed by
missionaries. The tie between language and religion is not inevitable. The French imposed their language but not
their religion on Algeria; Spanish Catholicism but not the Spanish language became dominant in the Philippines.

Language and religion are important and evident components of spatial cultural variation. They are, however, only
part of the total complex of cultural identities that set off different social groups. Prominent among those identities
is that of ethnicity, a conviction if members if a social group that they have distinctive characteristics in common
that significantly distinguish and isolate them from the larger population among which they reside.

Ethnic Geography: Threads of Diversity

Reporters: Bea Grace Cadano, Clark Olipendo and Ma. Recalie Crisly Dicon

Ethnic Geography

• The study of the multiple movements, diffusion, migrations, and mixings of people of different origins

• The study of spatial distributions and interactions of ethnic groups

• Cultural characteristics of ethnic groups and the influences underlying them

• How the built environment reflects the imprint of various ethnic groups

Ethnic Diversity and Separatism

• Ethnicity

– A derived from the Greek word ethnos, meaning a “people” or “nation”

– The summary term of identification assigned to a large group of people recognized as sharing the traits of a
distinctive common culture

- Always based on a firm understanding by members of a group that they are in some fundamental ways different
from others who do not share their cultural heritage

Ethnocentrism

– The feeling the one’s ethnic group is superior

– Can divide multiethnic societies by establishing rivalries

• Ethnic Cleansing – Efforts to make ethnically homogeneous geographic regions through the forcible displacement
of individuals belonging to particular ethnic groups.

Ethnic Diversity

• Race

– Humans are all one species and biologists have rejected race as a meaningful way to describe human variation

– Persists as an idea and basis for group identity and differentiation

• Racism – Prejudice and discrimination based on racial categories – Is very much alive
Immigration Streams

• United States’ Immigrant Waves: – Followed much earlier Amerindian arrivals

First wave – lasting from pioneer settlement to about 1870; made up of two different groups: • Western and
Northern Europeans • Africans brought involuntarily to America

Second wave – from 1870 to 1914, was heavily weighted in favor of eastern and southern Europeans –

Third wave – from 1960s until present; the product of more liberal immigrant regulations; acceptance of
newcomers from Latin America, Asia, and Africa

Acculturation and Assimilation

• Amalgamation Theory

– The traditional “melting pot” concept of the merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite
American mainstream

– Has more recently been rejected by many as unrealistic in light of current widespread social and cultural tensions

• Acculturation

– Adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society

Assimilation

• Assimilation – When integration is complete

– Behavioral (or cultural) assimilation implies integration into a common cultural life through shared experience,
language, intermarriage, and sense of history

– Structural assimilation refers to the fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations
of the host society • Adoption of common attitudes and values of the host society

Areal Expressions of Ethnicity • Charter Cultures • Ethnic Clusters • Black Dispersions • Hispanic Concentrations •
Asian Contrasts • Immigrant Gateways and Clusters • French Uniformity

• Ethnic islands are dispersed areas of ethnic concentration in the countryside

• Cluster migration: – Groups of immigrants acting in concert – Placed enduring marks in the landscape • Chain
migration: – Assemblage in one area of the relatives, friends, and compatriots of the first arrivals • Ethnic
Provinces – Larger than the distinctive ethnic islands – The African American Southeast – Native American
Oklahoma and the Northern Great Plains – Extensive regional units
Urban Ethnic Diversity and Segregation

• External Controls • Internal Controls • Shifting Ethnic Concentrations • Typologies and Spatial Results • Native-
Born Dispersals

• Ghetto – When the ethnic cluster is perpetuated by external constraints and discriminatory actions – An
involuntary community

• Ethnic Enclave – A voluntary neighborhood – Occupants choose to preserve the ethnic cluster – Internal
cohesiveness of the group – Desire to maintain an enduring ethnic neighborhood

Cultural Transfer are • Interacting Influences • Culture Rebound

The Ethnic Landscape are • Land Survey • Settlement Patterns • Ethnic Regionalism

ECONOMY AND LIVELIHOOD

ECONOMY is the reflection of economic activities and these activities have changed with the development of
civilization geographers are interested in spatio-temporal analysis

Primary activities is the largest sector of the economy in low income, pre industrial nation direct acquisition from
the natural environment or sytematized production from land or sea (agriculture, grazing, forest products, fishing
and hunting mining and quarrying)

Secondary economic activities add value to the raw materials by changing their form (into products) and making
them useful (steel, milk production from pastoral farming, textile production logging) Manufacturing and
processing industries are included in this phase of the production process

Tertiary activities are also referred to as the service sector they consist of business and labor specialization that
provide services to the general community in many societies, tertiary economic activities include professionals
such as teacher & Professor, lawyer medical officers, clerical and personnel services.

Quaternary activities are compose entirely of services rendered by white-collar professionals working in careers
such as management and information processing in many society these are the careers that require higher of
education and special set of skills.

Market economy is a system where the laws of supply and demand direct the production of goods and services,
supply includes purchased by consumers, business and the government
Planned economies

a planned economy is when government central planners own or control the means of production and determine
the distribution of output command economies suffer from problems with poor incentives for planners, managers
and worker in state enterprises

Primary Activities Agriculture defined as the growing of crops and the tending of livestock weather for the
subsistence of the producers or for sale or exchange has replaced hunting and gathering as economically the most
significant of the primary activities.

Shifting Culturation is a form of agriculture used especially in tropical Africa in which an area of goods is cleared of
vagetation and cultivated for a few years and then abandoned for a new area until its fertility has been naturally
restored. Shifting cultivation also known as slash burn agricultural is when farmers clear land by slashing vagetation
and burning forest and woodland to create land for agricultural purposes

Food Gathering is a primary activity in which people gather their requirements form and roots from forest and
somztimes include hunting. This kind of activity is prevent among remote isolated tribal groups of people

Hunting is a primary activity in which people hunt animals for their meat and skun this kind of activity is still
prevalent among remote isolated groups of people

Intensive Commercial Agriculture

refers to the specifically to the production of crops that give high yield and high market value unut of land these
include fruits, vagetable and farms and truck that produce a wide range of vagetable and fruit it involves the
growing to be fed on the producing farm to livestock which constitute the farms cash products in Western Europe,
there fourths of crops land is devoted production in animal consumption in Denmark 99% all grains are fed to
livestock of conversation not only into meat but also into butter cheese and milk.

Extensive Commercial Agriculture is typified by large wheat farms and livestock ranching there are of course limits
to the land use explanation attributable where is true that farm land values decline westward with increasing
distance from the North Eastern markets of the United States, they show no corresponding increase with
increasing proximity to the massive west cost market region until the speciality agricultural areas of the coastal
states