MAHATMA GANDHI MISSION PRIMARY &

SECONDARY SCHOOL (ENG) CBSE

Topic – INVESTIGATION ON BLOOD CANCER

NAME – SAHIL SHAIKH
STD – XII
ROLL. NO. – 23
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of the project many
people own their best blessings and heart pledged
support.
Thanks to all people who supported me and had
concern about this project.
I will like to thank my school principal Mrs Sabita
Dash and my subject teacher Miss Shalini Mishra
for their guidance which has helped me pass the
project.
I would like to thank my parents to helped me
gather all the information and assist despite their
busy schedule.
 INDEX
 Introduction
 What is blood cancer?
 Types of blood cancer
 Causes
 Symptoms
 Diagnosis
 Treatment
 Case study
 Bibliography

TOPIC
INVESTIGATION ON BLOOD
CANCER
 INTRODUCTION
BLOOD CANCER
Most blood cancers, also called hematologic
cancers, start in the bone marrow, which is where
blood is produced. Blood cancers occur when
abnormal blood cells start growing out of control,
interrupting the function of normal blood cells,
which fight off infection and produce new blood
cells.
WHAT IS BLOOD CANCER?
Hematologic malignancies are cancers that begin
in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow,
or in the cells of the immune system. There are
three main types of hematologic malignancies:
leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
 TYPES OF BLOOD CANCER
The three main types of cancer are:
 Leukemia
 Lymphoma
 Myeloma

Leukemia is a blood cancer that originates in the

blood and bone marrow. It occurs when the body
creates too many abnormal white blood cells and
interferes with the bone marrow’s ability to make
red blood cells and platelets.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a blood cancer that

develops in the lymphatic system from cells called
lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps
the body fight infections.
Hodgkin lymphoma is a blood cancer that
develops in the lymphatic system from cells called
lymphocytes. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized
by the presence of an abnormal lymphocyte
called the Reed-Sternberg cell.

Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that begins in

the blood’s plasma cells, a type of white blood cell
made in the bone marrow. Also, learn about
the stages of multiple myeloma.
 CAUSES
No one knows exactly what causes leukemia.
People who have it have certain unusual
chromosomes, but the chromosomes don’t cause
leukemia.
You can’t prevent leukemia, but certain things
may trigger it. You might have a higher risk if you:
 Smoke
 Are exposed to a lot of radiation or certain
chemicals.
 Had radiation therapy or chemotherapy to
treat cancer.
 Have a family history of leukemia.
 Have a genetic disorder like Down syndrome
 SYMPTOMS
 Excessive sweating, especially at night (called
“night sweats”)
 Fatigue and weakness that do not go away

with rest.
 Unintentional weight loss.

 Bone pain and tenderness.

 Painless, swollen lymph nodes (especially in

the neck and armpits)

 Enlarged liver or spleen.

 Red spots on the skin, called petechiae.

 Bleeding easily and bruising easily.

 Fever or chills.

 Frequent infections.
 DIAGONOSIS
Leukemia: Your doctor will obtain a complete
blood count (CBC) test, which can identify
abnormal levels of white blood cells relative to
red blood cells and platelets.

Lymphoma: Your doctor will need to perform a

biopsy, which removes a small portion of tissue to
be examined under a microscope. In some cases,
your doctor may also order an X-ray, CT or PET
scan to detect swollen lymph nodes.

Myeloma: Your doctor will order a CBC, or other

blood or urine tests to detect chemicals or
proteins produced as a function of myeloma
development. In some cases, bone marrow
biopsy, X-ray, MRI, PET, and CT scans can be used
to confirm the presence and extent of the spread
of myeloma. 
 TREATMENT
 Chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs are
introduced to the body (via injection into the
vein or sometimes by taking a pill) to kill and
halt the production of cancer cells.
 Radiation therapy: This form of cancer

treatment uses high-energy rays to kill cancer

cells.
 Targeted therapies: This form of cancer
treatment uses drugs that specifically kill
malignant blood cells, without harming
normal cells. Targeted therapies are most
commonly used to treat leukemia.
 Stem cell transplantation: Healthy stem cells
can be infused into your body to help resume
healthy blood production following therapy to
destroy malignant blood cells.
 Cancer Surgery: This treatment involves

removing the affected lymph nodes to treat

some lymphom
 Immunotherapy: This treatment activates the
immune system to specifically kill cancer cells.
 CASE STUDY
HISTORY
Name-Manish
Age-22yrs
Sex-Male
Date of birth- 6 may 1999
Residence – Mumbai
Date of admission – 28 Nov 2021

Chief complaint – Fever since 2 months and

Pain in throat since 10 days.
 Patient’s present conditions
 Patient has fever for 2 months. It is persistent
type, dull in nature, low grade fever.
 Patient is also suffering from throat pain from
10 days with difficulty in respiration.

Patient’s past conditions

 No H/O same disease in past.
 No H/O previous surgery.
 No H/O chronic illness.
 INVESTIGATION

 HAEMOGLOBIN: 5.5 gm/dl

 Total leucocyte count: 3000/cmm
 Platelets count: 30000/cmm
 Bone marrow examination showed
predominantly blast cells.
 Differential leucocyte count: polymorphs 20,
lymphocytes 55, eosinophil 3, monocytes 2,
blast cells 20%, reticulocytes 0.2%
 Blood culture was sterile
 Widal test negative
 RFT/LFT within normal range
 ECG – Bradycardia
 SYMPTOMS

 Fever
 Decrease neutrophil count
 Signs and symptoms of anaemia, such as
pallor, fatigue, dizziness, palpitations.
 Bone pain (severe and often atypical)
 Infections including pneumonia
 Symptoms of leukostasis (eg, respiratory
distress, altered mental status)
 Signs relating to organ infiltration with
leukemic cells and lymphadenopathy.
 Provisional Diagnosis

A provisional diagnosis of acute Lymphoid

Leukemia (L2 type) is made
LAB REPORT
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.google.com
 www.http//slideshare.com
 www.http//wikipedia.com