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PROCESS
INTEGRATION

M.R. OMIDKHAH

TMU
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

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LECTURE 1
Introduction

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200°C

35°C
RECYCLE

R
TO COLUMN

200°C
Purge
190°C CW
153°C
35°C
141°C
40°C Design as usual
115.5°C 126°C ΣH=1722
128°C
ΣC=645
114°C
FEED 5°C
6 Exchanger Unit

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200°C RECYCLE
35°C
Design with Targets:
R ΣH=1068
ΣC=0
200°C
4 Exchanger Units
PURGE

35°C

TO COLUMN 126°C
FEED 5°C

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ΣH=-38%

REACTOR ΣC=-100%
RECYCLE REACTOR
UNITS=-33% RECYCLE

AREA=-15%

FEED
PRODUCT
PRODUCT BETTER
FEED PROCESS
BASE CASE
INTEGRATION

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What is better process

integration all about?

Better process design

Reduction in utility costs

Reduction in emissions

Better utilization of capital

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Example Problem 1
Cool 180°C
COND 1
CP=20
60°C R2
80°C
120°C
C1
Heat
3
CP=80 R1

REB 100°C
130°C 120°C
Cool Heat 4
2
CP=40 CP=36

40°C 30°C

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SOLUTION 1

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Example Problem 1
Target Heat
Supply
Stream No. Temperature Capacity
Temperature Flowrate
& Type
(ºC) (ºC) (KW/ºC)
1 Hot 180 80 20
2 Hot 130 40 40
3 Cold 60 100 80
4 Cold 30 120 36
∆Tmin=10ºC
Utilities: Steam at 200ºC, C.W. at 25ºC 30ºC
Design a network of steam heaters, water cooler
and exchangers.
Use heat recovery in preference to utilities.

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The Popular Favorite

100º 120º

H 1200
85º
180º 1 80º
2000

49º
130º 2 C 40º
3240 360

60º 3 30º 4

Cooling No. of
Steam
Water Units
1200 360 4

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Experience
Most people have a cup
of coffee once they have
found the “popular
favorite”

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The “Winner”(Strictly Speaking)

100º 120º

H 800 H 160
90º 116º
180º 1 80º
2000
60º

70º 43º
130º 2 C 40º
2400 1080 120

60º 3 30º 4

Steam Cooling No. of

Water Units
960 120 6

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The “Winner”(Morally)
100º 120º

H 978
2000
87.8 º
180º 1 80º

64.4º

74.4º
130º 2 C 40º
2222 1240 43.4º 138

60º 3 30º 4

Steam Cooling No. of

Water Units
978 138 5

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The “System Buster”(∆Tmin=6.6ºC)

100º 120º

H 840
2000
180º 1 80º
89.5º
64.4º

71º 1240
130º 2 40º
2360

60º 3 30º 4

Steam Cooling No. of

Water Units
840 0 4
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LECTURE 2
Setting Energy Targets

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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COND 180°C
2000
60°C R2

80°C
120°C
C1
H 1200
R1

REB 100°C
130°C 120°C
360
C 40°C
3240
30°C
Steam CW Units
1200 360 4
PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Are
1200 units of steam
necessary?

Whatis the minimum

energy requirement?

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Let’s first look at the

concept of heat recovery

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The T-H Diagram

T

130º
2
=
P
C
=
CP
m

40º

H
∆H=180

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Two – Stream Heat Recovery

Problem

Supply
Target Temp
Stream Type Temp. ∆H(MW)
TT(ºC)
Ts(ºC)

1 Cold 40 110 14

2 Hot 160 40 -12

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Two-Stream Heat Recovery

Problem
T
180º
110º
160º

am 3MW
e
110º tr 95º 1MW
S
ot e am
160º
H r 40º
St 50º
∆Tmin=10º old 11MW
40º C
20º
40º

H
QCmin=1MW QHmin=3MW
QREC=11MW

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Streams can be shifted

T
horizontally
180º 110º
160º
m 4MW
ea
110º tr 90º 2MW
S
ot e am 160º 40º
H r
St 60º
∆Tmin=20º ld 10MW
Co
40º
20º 40º

H
QCmin=2MW QHmin=4MW
QREC=10MW

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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What about several hot and

several cold streams?

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Example Problem
H=27MW
FEED 2 H=-30MW
230º PRODUCT 2
140º REACTOR 2
200º 80º
REACTOR 1 250º
FEED 1 180º
OFF GAS
20º
H=32MW H=-31.5MW 40º

40º
PRODUCT 1
40º

A simple flowsheet with two hot streams

and two cold streams
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Stream Data
Heat
Supply Target
capacity
Stream Type Temp. Temp ∆H(MW)
flowrate
Ts(ºC) TT(ºC)
CP(MWºC-1)
Reactor 1
Cold 20 180 0.2 32
feed
Reactor 1
Hot 250 40 0.15 -31.5
product
Reactor 2
Cold 140 230 0.3 27
feed
Reactor 2
Hot 200 80 0.25 -30
product

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Composite Curve
T T

5
250

.1
=0
CP
200
5

.4
.1

25
0
=0

P=
0.

C
=
CP

CP

15
80

0.
=
40 CP
H
H
31.5 30
61.5 6 48 7.5
61.5
(A) Hot streams (B) Hot Composite
plotted separately
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The cold streams can also be

combined to obtain a cold composite
T T

3
230

0.
=
3

CP
0.
=
180 P
C 0 .5
=
CP
140
2
0.
=

2
CP

0.
=
CP
20
H H
32 27 24 20 15
59 59
The cold streams can also be combined to
obtain a composite cold stream.
PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Plotting the hot and cold composite curves

together gives the utility targets
Qhmin=7.5
T
250

Pinch
150
140
∆Tmin=10º

20
Qcmin=10
H
QREC=51.5
PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Increasing ∆Tmin Increases hot and

cold utilities
T Qhmin=11.5
250

150 Pinch

∆Tmin=20º
=20

20
Qcmin=14
H
QREC=47.5

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Optimum ∆tmin Can be found by economic

trade-offs between energy and capital
T T

1 2

H H

COST TOTAL
ENERGY

CAPITAL

∆T min
1 2 OPT
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Summary
T QHmin
200

150
∆Tmin

20
Qcmin
H

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Stream data, ∆T min

Construct composite curve

Energy targets

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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A Very Important
Conclusion

We can set
TARGETS
Prior to design

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LECTURE 3
The Problem Table
Algorithm
(Cascade Diagram)

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Stream Data

“Composite Curves”

Energy Targets
But,Complicated
Better:

“The Problem Table”

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Example Problem 2

COND COND
80º
100º
100º

C1 C2
135º Cold R1
Shot

Heat Heat
CP=2 CP=4 140º
REB REB

150º 170º
20º Cool Cool
CP=1.5 CP=3

30º 60º

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Example Problem 2
Supply Target Heat capacity
Stream Type
Temp. Ts(ºC) Temp TT(ºC) flowrate CP(MWº/C)

1 Cold 20 135 2

2 Hot 170 60 3

3 Cold 80 140 4

4 Hot 150 30 1.5

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Hot Scale ∆T min=10º Cold Scale

3
170º 160º
60
1.5
150º 140º
2.5
145º 135º
-82.5
90º 80º
4
75
60º 50º
-15
30º 20º
2

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Hot Scale ∆T min=10º Cold Scale

170º 160º
60
150º 60 140º
2.5
145º 62.5 135º
20
-82.5
0
90º 80º
75
75
60º 50º
-15
30º 60
20º

60 To cold utility
QHmin = 20
90º HOT
QCmin = 60 Pinch Temp.
80º COLD
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LECTURE 4
The Heat Recovery
Pinch

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QHmin
T

PINCH

Qcmin
H
The Pinch Sets Absolute Limits for
Process Heat Recovery

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QHmin
T

PINCH
(HOT)
∆T min
PINCH
(COLD)

Qcmin
H
For a Practical ∆T min THOT ≠ TCOLD

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QHmin
T

Heat
Source

∆T min Heat
PINCH Sink

Qcmin
H
The “pinch” divides the problem
into a heat source and heat sink

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QHmin
T
PINCH
Heat Source

Heat Sink

Qcmin
H
Sink in heat balance with QHmin
Source in heat balance with Qcmin
zero cross-pinch transfer
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What happens if we
transfer heat across
the pinch?

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QHmin
T
Possible

∆T min

Qcmin
H

It is possible to transfer heat from

above the pinch to below the pinch.

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QHmin
T

∆T min

Not Possible

Qcmin
H

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QHmin+α
T
e
bov
A
α

low
Be

Qcmin+ α
H
If we transfer α units of heat across the pinch

QHmin and Qcmin are both increased by α

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Design Rules

Do not use hot utility below

Do not recover process heat across

Do not use cold utility above

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OR:

Keep source (below) and sink (above) separate

Use hot utility above and cold utility below
T QHmin

Se
p ar
at e

Qcmin
H

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LECTURE 5
Heat Exchanger Network
Representation

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Conventional Flowsheet
Where is the PINCH?
R2
R1
D1

Feed

D2

Product

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The pinch is much more

clearly shown on:

“Grid Diagram”

Which only shows heat transfer

operations

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Typical Grid Diagram

Hot 1

Hot 2 C

Cold 1

H Cold 2

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Rules for construction

Hot streams run left to right

Cold streams run right to left

Hot streams on top;cold streams on
bottom

Hot utility= H

Cold utility= C

Heat exchanger between streams=

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Hot 1

Hot 2 C

Cold 1

H Cold 2

Where is the pinch?

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Pinch is easily shown:

Pinch

100º 100º
Hot 1

100º 100º
Hot 2 C

90º 90º
Cold 1

90º 90º
H Cold 2

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Hot1

Hot2 C
“Allowed”
Cold1

H Cold2

Hot1 C

Hot2
“Forbidden”
H Cold1

Cold2

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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LECTURE 6
Minimum Number of
Units

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Back to Example Problem 2

Supply Target
Stream Type CP ∆H
Temp. Ts(ºC) Temp TT(ºC)

1 Cold 20 135 2 230

2 Hot 170 60 3 330

3 Cold 80 140 4 240

4 Hot 150 30 1.5 180

Qcmin= 60
QHmin=20

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Hot Ut. Stream 2 Stream 4

Sources 20 330 180

110 120
20 60

220

Stream 1 Stream 3 Cold Ut.

Sinks
230 240 60

No. of Exchangers = No. of Streams + No. of Utilities - 1

5 = 4 + 2 - 1

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Hot Ut. Stream 2 Stream 4

Sources 20 330 180

210 120
20 60
120

Stream 1 Stream 3 Cold Ut.

Sinks
230 240 60

No. of Exchangers = No. of Streams + No. of Utilities - 1

5 = 4 + 2 - 1

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Hot Ut. Stream 2 Stream 4

Sources 20 330 180

20
100 120 60

230

Stream 1 Stream 3 Cold Ut.

Sinks
230 240 60

No. of Exchangers= No. of Streams + N0. of Utilities - 1

5 = 4 + 2 - 1

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Hot Ut. Stream 2 Stream 4

Sources 60 330 180

60 230 100 180

Stream 1 Stream 3 Cold Ut.

Sinks
230 240 100

No. of Exchangers= No. of Streams + No. of Utilities

- Independent Systems

4 = 4 + 2 - 2

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Hot Ut. Stream 2 Stream 4

Sources 20 330 180

220 120
10 10 60
110

Stream 1 Stream 3 Cold Ut.

Sinks
230 240 60

No. of Exchangers = No. of Streams + No. of Utilities

+ No. of Loops - Independent Systems
6 = 4 + 2 + 1 - 1

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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LECTURE 7
Heat Exchanger Network
Design for Maximum
Energy Recovery

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Rules so far:

No exchanger has a temperature
difference < ∆Tmin.

No process to process heat

transfer across the pinch

No heat transfer across the pinch

by inappropriate use of utilities

PROCESS INTEGRATION

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Example Problem 2

COND COND
80º
100º
100º

C1 C2
135º Cold R1
Shot

Heat Heat
CP=2 CP=4 140º
REB REB

150º 170º
20º Cool Cool
CP=1.5 CP=3

30º 60º
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Example Problem 2
Heat capacity
Supply Temp. Target Temp.
Stream Type flowrate
Ts(ºC) TT(ºC)
CP(MW/ºC)

1 Cold 20 135 2

2 Hot 170 60 3

3 Cold 80 140 4

4 Hot 150 30 1.5

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Grid Presentation

Pinch
CP
90º 90º
170 2 60º 3

90º 90º 1.5

150 4 30º

80º 80º
135 1 20º 2

80º 4
140 3

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Above the Pinch Design

170º 2 90º

150º 4 90º

135º 1 80º

140º 3 80º

Which match?

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Design Rules

Start from pinch and move away

Observe FCpout ≥ FCpin for every

pinch match

Tick off at least one stream with

each match

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Generally
Start with the biggest stream “In”
CP
170º 90º
2 3

150º 90º
4 1.5

135º 80º
1 2

140º 80º
3 4

This leaves one more pinch match to place

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Two Matches

90º
170 2

150 4 90º

80º
135 1

140 80º
3

Now, how much heat should

these matches transfer?

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Maximise loads to “Tick Off” streams Next step: ”Fill in

(Keeps capital costs down) the rest”

∆H CP
170 90º 170 90º
240 2 3 2

150 90º 150 90º

90 4 1.5 4

125º 80º 1 125º 80º 1

110 135 2 135 H
90 20 90

80º 80º
240 140 3 4 140 3
240 240

QHmin=20
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Below the Pinch Design Place Pinch Match

CP
90º 90º 60º
2 60º 3 2

90º 90º 30º

4 30º 1.5 4

80º 20º 1 2
80º 20º
1

Cpout ≥ Cpin
Start with stream 1 Only 1 option!

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Maximise load to Fill in the rest(1)

“Tick off” stream

CP
90º 90º
2 60º 3 2 60º

90º 90º 70º

4 30º 1.5 4 30º

80º 35º 20º 1 2

80º 35º 20º 1
90 90 30

What next?

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Fill in the rest

2 90º 60º

90º 70º
4 C 30º
60

80º 35º 20º

1
90 30

QCmin=60

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Above Below
PINCH

90º 90º
170 2 60º

90º 90º 70º

150 4 C 30º
60
125 80º 80º 35º
135 H 1 20º
20 90 90 30
80º
140 3
240
QHmin=20 QCmin=60

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Completed design

170º 90º
2 60º

150º 90º 70º

4 C 30º
60
135º
H
125º 80º 35º 20º
1
20 90 90 30
140º 80º
3
240

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80°C

100°C 140°C

135°C
C1 C2
R1
20 H Cold
Shot
150°C
140°C 170°C
90
240

20°C 30 90
60 C
60°C
30°C
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Design for Maximum Energy Recovery

Divide problem at the pinch

Start at the pinch and move away

Start with biggest streams “IN”

Observe CPout ≥ CPin for all pinch
matches

Maximize loads on each match

Fill in the rest

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LOOP

170º
2 60º

150º
4 C 30º
60
20º
135º H 1
20 90 90 30
80º
140º 3
240

PINCH

Each loop means you can reduce one exchanger.

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In order to break the loop and reduce the number of

exchangers remove the exchanger with the smallest heat
load in loop.
∆Tmin violation

170º 90º
2 60º

150º 70º
4 C 30º
60
65º 20º
135º H 1
20 125º 120 90

140º 80º
3
240 Path

Path ia a connection between hot and cold

utilities which passes from or near the
exchanger with violation
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This should be changed to 75º

CP
170º 90º
2 60º 3

150º 70º
4 C 30º 1.5
60+X
65º 20º
135º H 1 2
20+X 125º 120-X 90

140º 80º 4
3
240

150 − (120 − X ) / 1.5 = 75

X = 7.5
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Final design with 5 exchanger

CP
170º 90º
2 60º 3

150º 75°
4 C 30º 1.5

67.5
121.25º 65º 20º
135º H 1 2
112.5 90
27.5

140º 80º 4
3
240

7.5 unit of hot and cold utilities are

sacrificed in order to reduce one exchanger

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WORKING SESSION 7

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Exercise 1
Supply Temp. Target Temp. Heat capacity
Stream Type
Ts(ºC) TT(ºC) flowrate CP(MW/ºC)

1 Hot 180 80 20

2 Hot 130 40 40

3 Cold 60 100 80

4 Cold 30 120 36

∆T min=10ºC
Utilities:Steam at 200ºC, C.W. at 25ºC
Design a network for Maximum Energy
Recovery
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Temperature(ºC) QHmin=960 kw

70 ºC PINCH

60 ºC

QCmin=120 kw Enthalpy(kw)

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Solution 7

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CP
180º 80º
1 20

130º 70º 40º

2 40

100º 60º
3 80

120º 60º 30º

4 36

QHmin=960 kw QCmin=120kw

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CP
180º 80º
1 20

130º 70º 43º 40º

2 C 40
120

100º 90º 60º

H 3 80
800 2400

120º 115.6º 60º 60º 30º

H 4 36

160 2000 1080

QHmin=960 kw QCmin=120kw

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LECTURE 8
Stream Splitting

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Above the pinch: PINCH

100º
1

100º
2

100º
3

T>90º 90º
4

T>90º 90º
5

What do we do?
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Split a cold stream PINCH

100º
1

100º
2

100º
3

90º
4

90º
5

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Rule:

Above the pinch, NH ≤ NC

NH=Number of hot streams

NC=Number of cold streams

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Below the pinch:

PINCH

100º T<100º
1

100º T<100º
2

90º
3

90º
4

90º
5

What do we do?
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Split a hot stream:

PINCH

100º
1

100º
2

90º
3

90º
4

90º
5

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Rule:
Below the pinch, NH ≥ NC

NH=Number of hot streams

NC=Number of cold streams

General Rule:
always observe Nout ≥ Nin

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Example problem:
NH ≥ NC
But no appropriate CP match
PINCH
CP
100º
1
5

100º
2 4

90º
3 7

No feasible match!
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Solution:
CPH ≥ CPC
NH ≥ NC

5 4
7
4 3
CP PINCH

100º
5 1

100º
4 2
4
7
3
3
90º

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What about?
CPH ≥ CPC
NH ≥ NC

5 3.5
7
4 3.5
Or:
CPH ≥ CPC
NH ≥ NC

5 4.5
4 2.5 7

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Branch flow rates =degree of

freedom in design

Finding the best choice=

optimization problem

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Summary Above the pinch:

Stream data at pinch

YES CPH ≤ CPC YES

For pinch matches?
NH ≤ NC

NO NO

Split cold stream

Split hot stream

Place Matches

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Summary Below the pinch:

Stream data at pinch

YES CPH ≥ CPC YES

For pinch matches? NH ≥ NC?

NO

NO Split Hot stream

Split Cold stream

Place Matches

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Working session 8

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Working session 8
Supply Temp. Target Temp. Heat capacity
Stream Type
Ts(ºC) TT(ºC) flowrate CP(MWºC-1)

1 HOT 750 350 0.045

2 HOT 550 250 0.04

3 COLD 300 900 0.043

4 COLD 200 550 0.02

∆T min=50 ºC
QHmin=9.2 Mw
QCmin=6.4 Mw
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Grid diagram:
PINCH CP

750º 550º 350º

1 0.045
0.

550º 250º
2 0.040
0.

900º 500º 300º

3 0.043

550º 500º 200º

4 0.020

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Solution 8

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PINCH CP
750º 550º 350º 0.045
1
550º 250º 0.04
2
900º 500º 300º 0.043
3
550º 500º 200º 0.02
4

0.4MW
750º 550º 350º
1 C

6MW 250º
550º
2 C

900º 500º 300º

H 3
9.2MW 8MW 8.6MW
550º 500º 200º
4
1MW 6MW

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LECTURE 9
Area Targeting

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Ideal Exchanger: Counter-Current

T
Heat load

1 Q
A= ×
U ∆TLM
Q
Resistance Driving Force
H

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Real Exchanger:Not Counter-Current

A>Amin

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Likewise
A B
A B

C
C

T A>Amin
T A=Amin A
A B
B

C
C

H
H
Non-Counter Current
Counter-Current(Vertical) (Criss-Cross)

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For uniform h-values

Temperature(ºC)

Enthalpy(kw)

The vertical model guarantees

A=Amin
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Counter current heat transfer in interval

Temperature(ºC)

Hot streams q1,q2,..

150º
Interval

120º 120º

100º Cold streams q1,q2,..

Enthalpy(kw)

Hot stream in each interval only matches

with Cold Stream in the same interval
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Spaghetti Design
CP
150º 30 T(ºC) Minimum Area
120º
36 Network
6

150º
10
12
2
120º
120º

15 100º
30
15
qh
9
Enthalpy(kw)
12 j
3 1 q
∑
120º 100º
Ai = ( )
( ∆ T LM ) i Stream h
Temperature profile is the same for every match
And corresponds to that of the composite curves.
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Temperature(ºC)

5 6

3
2

Enthalpy(kw)
6 1 j
q 
Network Area: AMin = Σ( Ai ) = ∑  × ∑ ( )
int erval 
 ∆T LM Stream h 

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Experience:
Good practical designs are
within 10% of the area
target
This also accounts for the h-
value approximation

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Having area target,

how do we estimate capital cost of the network?

Let’s start with a single exchanger

An exchanger cost model can be presented as:

Ex. cost = a + bAc

a = cost constant due to installation
b = cost constant due to material of construction
c = cost constant due to type or pressure

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What about capital cost of the network?

If there is Nmin exchangers in the network

and the total minimum area of the whole
network is Amin then the cost can be found as:

  Amin 
C

Network cost = N min ×  a + b  
  N min  

What are the assumptions used in this cost model?

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Homework 1

Following assignment (including

four problems) is due to be
returned in three weeks.

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LECTURE 10

Shell targeting

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Bowman et al.(1940):

Q=UA∆TLMFT 0<FT<1
FT=f(R,P)
P ≡ Thermal effectiveness
R ≡ Ratio of two heat cap. Flowrates
T Hi − T Ho C PH TCo − TCi
P = R= =
T Hi − T Ci C PC THi − THo
Rule of thumb:
Kern (1950): FT ≥ 0.75

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Taborek(1979,1983)&Liu et al.(1985)

(∂FT / ∂P) R = const.

Mitson (1984) gives the expression for

(∂FT / ∂P) R for 1-2 shell & tube exchanger:

FT (1 − P) FT2 β α
(∂FT / ∂P) R = [ ] −[ ][ − ]
P(1 − P) 2P (2 − β P) (2 − α P)

Where: α = 2 − 2
β = 2 + 2

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A constant slop line for FT=0.75 at R=1

has (∂FT / ∂P) R = −2.8

An Alternative Approach

This approach is based upon

observation that for any value of “R”
there is a maximum asymptotic value
for P, say Pmax when FT tends to -∞

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Mitson (1984):
Pmax = 2 2
(R + 1 + R + 1)
at P=Pmax design will not be feasible P
should be less than PMax.

P=XPPMax
where: 0<XP<1

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Design with Multiple 1-2 shells

The designer often encounters

situations where Ft is too low or the
design is too sensitive when using a
single 1-2 shell.
In such cases either different type of
exchanger or multiple 1-2 shell should
be considered.

Traditional Approach ⇒ Trial & Error

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Example:
410°C 110°C
360°C 0°C
410 − 110 360 − 0
P= = 0.73 R= = 1.2
410 − 0 410 − 110
Try one shell ⇒ infeasible (see graph 1-2)
Try two shells ⇒infeasible(see graph 2-4)
Try three shells ⇒FT=0.65(see graph 3-6)
Try four shells ⇒FT=0.8(see graph 4-8)

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Stepping-off Method (Bell & Liu et al.)

A conservative way of applying

this method which allows no
temperature cross, normally
gives more shells than required.

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Stepping - off
Temperature

410°°
3 4 5
360°°

1 2 110°°

0°°

∆H
5 Shells suggested
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Stepping – off with Pre-Specified FT

The unknown temperatures for first step, Tho
and TCi ; can be calculated using equations:
FT=f(R,P)
R=(TCo – TCi)/(Thi-Tho)
P= (Thi – Tho)/(Thi-TCi)

Note that: R,FT ,Thi and Tco for first step are
known.
The next step will be found in the same way.

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Stepping-off for FT ≥ 0.75

Temperature
410°
3 4
360°
FT > 0.75

FT=0.75
1 2
110°

0°

Heat Duty
4 Shells suggested
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Stepping-off with Specified XP

If XP is specified then P can be found
using P=XPPmax
Since Pmax = 2 ( R + 1 + R 2 + 1 )
and R is known.
P1, 2 = ∆TH (∆T1 + ∆TC )
R = ∆TC ∆TH ⇒ P1, 2 = ∆TH (∆T1 + R∆TH )
∆TH = ∆T1[ P1, 2 (1 − RP1, 2 )]

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Stepping-off for P1,2

Temperature
410°
∆T1 ∆TH
360°
∆TC

110°

∆TH = ∆T1[P1,2 (1− RP1,2)]

0°

Heat Duty

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Since P1,2 is determined fully from

R and XP , the step slop given by
∆TH ultimately depends only on the
designer’s choice of XP.

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Stepping-off for X=0.9

Temperature
410°
X=0.9 (I.e. FT=0.75)

354°
N=3.9 Shells
360°

285°
293°
201°
210°

110°
109°

0°

Heat Duty
4 Shells suggested
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An Analytical Procedure

Bowman(1936):
PN , 2 N = f ( R, P1, 2 , N )
PN , 2 N = f ( R, X P P1, 2 max , N )
Since P1,2max is only function of R
PN,2N=f(R,XP,N)
−1
Invert the function ⇒N = f (R, XP, PN,2N )

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Ahmad (1985) has derived the

equations:
for R ≠ 1
N = ln[(1− RPN ,2 N ) /(1− PN ,2 N )] / lnW
Where:
2 2
W = (R +1+ R +1 −2XPR) /(R+1+ R +1 −2XP )
for R =1
N =[PN,2N /(1− PN,2N )][1+( 2 / 2) − XP ]/ XP
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Temperature

Heat Duty

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Estimation of Number of Shells

Required by Hot Streams

Starting with a hot stream supply

temperature drop a vertical line on the
balanced composite curve until it
intercepts the cold composite. From
this point draw a horizontal.

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Repeat the procedure until the

horizontal line intercepts the hot
composite at or below the target
temperature of that hot stream.

The number of horizontal lines will
be the number of shells which this
particular hot stream requires.

Repeat the procedure for all the hot
streams.

The sum of the number of shells for
all the hot streams will be the total
number of shells required by the hot
streams.
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Temperature

Heat Duty

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Estimate of Number of Shells

Required by Cold Streams

Starting with a cold stream target
temperature a horizontal line is drawn
until it intercepts the hot composite curve.
From that point a vertical line is dropped
to the cold composite curve.

Repeat the procedure until the vertical line
intercepts the cold composite at or below
the target temperature of that particular
stream.

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The number of horizontal lines

will be the number of shells
which this particular cold stream
requires.

Repeat the procedure for all the
cold streams.

The sum of the number of shells
for all the cold streams is the
total number of shells required
by the cold streams.

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Estimation of Number of Shells

Required by the Network

The quasi-minimum number of shells
required in the network would be the
maximum of the total number of shells
required by the hot streams and the total
number of shells required by the cold
streams.

If the total number of shells required by the
network which is found in the above method
is less than the minimum number of units
obtained from Euler’s equation,the minimum
number of shells will be equal to minimum
number of units.
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LECTURE 11
Cost Targets for
Different Materials of
Construction
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Cost targets for different materials of

construction Cp h (KW/m2)
(KW/º C)
160º CS 100º
1
20 0.25
130º CS 40º
2 8 0.25
170º TI 52º
3
24 0.25
170º TI 60º
4 40 0.25

110º CS 25º
5 25 0.25

∆T min=10º
Utilities:
Steam@190°C; h=0.25kw/m2°C
Air@18°C; h=0.1kw/m2°C
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One design could be

80º

1 CS
CS
2 C CS
CS/TI 117
CS
3 TI
CS/TI CS TI CS CS/TI
H 4 TI
1890 350 2160
672
5 CS
850 400 203
60º

Network Cost = $1871506

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Cost Data
Shell/Tube Exchangers

Carbon Steel (CS ), ($) = 30800 + 750 A 0.81

Titannium (TI ), ($) = 30800 + 4407 A 0.81

Stainless Steel (SS) , ($) = 30800 + 1644 A 0.81

CS/TI or TI/CS, ($) = 30800+ 3349A0.81

CS/SSor SS/CS,($) = 30800+ 1339A0.81

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Existing Capital Targeting Procedure

Units

Capital
Area Shells
Target

With this model of capital cost, we could assume,

a) All exchangers are made from Carbon Steel

capital cost =$689,737
63% less than actual
b) All exchangers are made from Titanium (TI)
capital cost =$2,851,567
52% higher than actual
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Objective is to find a new capital cost

target model in order to accommodate
for different materials of construction

Units Materials

Capital
Area Shells
Target

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Let’s start with just one exchanger,

200 °C 80 °C h = 1.0

150 °C 30 °C h = 2.0

Q = 6667
Area = 200 m2

With a very simplified cost model:

a) Carbon Steel (CS)

Cost($) = 450 * A = $ 90,000

b) Titanium (TI)
Cost($) = 1800 * A = $ 360,000

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If we wanted to cost a TI exchanger using the

CS cost model, we could apply a correction
factor Ф within the area term.

Here is one way of doing it :

1 Q 
cost TI = 1800 ×  ×  = $ 360 ,000
(by TI cost model) 
U LMTD 

 1 Q 
cost TI = 450 ×  ×  = $ 360,000
(by CS cost model)
ΦU LMTD 

Ф = 0.25
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Now consider somewhat more realistic cost model

0.81
cost CS ($) = 30800 + 750 A
0.81
cost TI ($) = 30800 + 4407 A
T 200
h1 = 1.0
150

80 Q = 6667
h2 = 2.0 LMTD = 50

30

Q 1 1 ∆H
A= ×  +  = 200 m 2
LMTD  h1 h2 
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Let’s use Φ again

0.81
 6667  1 1 
Cost TI = 30800 + 4407  +  = $ 352,890
(by TI cost model)  50  1 2 

0.81
 6667  1 1 
Cost TI = 30800 + 750  + 
(by CS cost model)  50  1× 0.1123 2 × 0.1123 
= $ 352,890

With Ф=0.1123 , we get the correct result

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We can always “fudge” Φ to fit any

specific case.
But, how can we predict Φ ?

Cost of base case exchanger = a1+b1(A)C1

Cost of special exchanger = a2+b2(A)C2

Cost of special exchanger = a1+b1[Afudge]C1

Afudge= f (Φ,A)

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Now let us get the Φ

Step 1

a2 + b2 (A)C2 = a1 + b1(Afudge)C1

For simplicity, we assume a1= a2

 1
C2 
  b2  C1 −1
× A
A fudge =   ×A C1
 b1  
 

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Step 2

Q 1 1 
A=  + 
∆ TLM  h1 h2 
This with the Afudge equation develops into …

 1
C2 
1   bC1 −1
C1  1
=   × A
2
×
h fudge  b1   h
 
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Step 3

Simple idea:
Φ = hfudge / h

 1
C2 
  b  C1 1−
C1 
Φ =   × A
1
 b2  
 

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Remember the example?

T 200
h1 = 1.0
150
Q = 6667
80
h2 = 2.0 LMTD = 50

30 Area = 200 m2

∆H

Network cost = $ 352,890

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Now
0.81
Cost CS = a1 + b1(A)c1

30800 750

0.81
Cost TI = a2 + b2(A)c2

30800 4407

 1
C2   1

  b1  1−
C1
C1   750  0.81
Φ =   × A =    = 0.1123
 b2    4407 
   

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Cost TI
0.81
 6667  1 1 
= 30800 + 750  +  = $352,890
 50  0.1123×1 0.1123× 2 

Therefore, we can predict the Φ and get the right cost

Note 1:

Our cost models had c1 = c2 , but don’t worry

Φ still can be used when c1 ≠ c2 with good approximation

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Note 2:

Φ is applied to h-value of both

streams, therefore it can be easily
used for a mixed materials of
construction when Φ1 ≠ Φ2
h1 Φ1 h1

h2 Φ2 h2
c1
 Q  1 1 
Cost TI = a1 + b1   + 
 ∆TLM  Φ1h1 Φ2h2 
(by CS cost law)
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Summary

HEN Design : A

Cost CS = a1 + b1 Ac1 Cost TI = a2 + b2 Ac2

Having: A, a, b, c
Find Φ

Having A, Φ, a1, b1, c1

Find Cost TI

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All very well for single exchanger,

what about whole network?

h1

h2

∆H

1  q1 q2  1  qj 
A=  +  Amin =∑ ∑ 
(∆TLM )  h1 h2  i (∆TLM ) i  j h j  i

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Using strong similarity we can write

1  qj 
( Amin ) fudge = ∑ ∑ 
i (∆TLM )i  j Φ j h j  i
Back to our example 80º

1 Streams 3 and 4 require TI

CS
2 C

CS/TI 117
CS
3
CS/TI CS TI CS CS/TI
H 4
1890 350 2160
672
5
850 400 203
60º
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Apply Φ to h-values of streams 3 and 4

 1

 750  0.81
Φ3 = Φ 4 =   = 0.1123
 4407  
 
Target Capital cost = $ 1,894,766

Actual Capital cost = $ 1,871,506

Error = +1.24%

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Another Example:
This time assume streams 1 and 4 require SS
80º
SS CS/SS
1
CS CS CS
2 C

CS/SS CS 117
3
CS/SS
H 4
1890 350 2160
672
5
850 400 203
60º

Network Cost = $ 928,724

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 1

 750  0. 81
Φ1 = Φ 4 =   = 0.3795
 1644  
 

Target Capital Cost = $ 891,293

Actual Capital Cost = $ 928,724

Error = -4%

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Procedure
Stream Data including Materials

Select base case

Cost 1 = a1+b1Ac1 , Cost 2 = a2+b2Ac2

Determine Ф for special streams

1  qj 
( A min ) fudge = ∑ ∑
( ∆ T LM ) i  j Φ j h j

i  i

Capital Cost Target of Network in Mixed Materials

= f (a1, b1, c1, Amin, Nmin or Nshell)

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Homework 2

Following assignment is due to

be returned in two weeks.

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LECTURE 12
Multiple Utilities

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There are different utilities that can be used in

process such as:

Furnace
Steam at different levels, ( VLP, LP, MP, HP, VHP)
Hot oil circuit
Cooling water
Air
Refrigeration cycles

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Hot Utilities:
We want to USE at the LOWEST level
and GENERATE at the HIGHEST level

Cold Utilities:
We want to USE at the HIGHEST level
and GENERATE at the LOWEST level

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We can show multiple steam levels on a T-H diagram:

T
HP

MP

LP

H
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Steam generation

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Hot oil circuits

Treturn
Process Duty

Tsupply
Tsup
T

Tret
What is the minimum hot oil flowrate?

H
Qfuel
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Simple Furnace Model

Loss T0
T
T stack T TFT

Q Hmin
Tstack

∆H Fuel = Q Hmin + TFT

C
Loss
T0
Loss H
∆H Fuel

AIR

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How do we target for the best mix of utilities?

T

QH

QC

H
Up to now, we use hottest hot utility and
coldest cold utility
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Composite curves with multiple utilities

T

HP

MP

LP
∆Tmin

∆Tmin

CW
H

The additional utility causes utility pinch

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Composite Curves are not ideal tool

for utility selection

Let’s introduce Grand Composite

Curve (GCC)

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Remember the Cascade Diagram?

QHmin = 20
Hot Scale Cold Scale
170º 160º 165º T*
20
60
150º 80 140º 145º 80

2.5
82.5
145º 135º 140º
82.5

-82.5
0
90º 80º 85º 0

75
75
60º 50º 55º
75
-15
30º 60
20º 25º
60
H
QCmin = 60

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The Grand Composite Curve gives

the hot and cold utility requirements
of the process both in ENTHALPY
and TEMPERATURE

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Now we can easily place multiple utilities –Constant Temp.

T* T*
HP HP

MP

LP

H H

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Placing variable temperature utilities

T* Tf T* Tf

FG
FG

LP

H H
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LECTURE 13
Process Utility
Interface

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Hot End Stream Data

CP
1000º 150º
1 0.7

540º 150º
2 1.0

500º 300º
3
2.25

500º 100º
4 1.4

100º 100º
5 ∆H=275

QHmin= 300

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Design No. 1

CP
1000º 950º 150º
1 0.7

540º 425º 150º

2 1.0

500º 366.7º 351º 300º

H 3 2.25
300 35 115
500º 100º
4 1.4
560
100º 100º
5 ∆H=275
275

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Design No. 2

CP
1000º 521.4º 150º
1 0.7

540º 425º 150º

2 1.0

500º 351º 300º

3
2.25
335 115
500º 100º
285.7º
H 4 1.4
300 260
100º 100º
5 ∆H=275
275

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There seems little to choose

Until we think about the
utilities!

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Design No. 1

T
500º
Tf

367º
Ts= 417º
500°

417º
300

Q=300 H

Qfuel=415

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Design No. 2

T
Tf

500 º
500°
286º
Ts= 336º
336°
300

H
Q=300
Qfuel=371

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QHmin has been achieved in both

MER designs, but the furnace
efficiency is different

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Use the Grand Composite Curve

T Q Hmin
T TFT =Theoretical Flame Temperature

in
m
CP

Pinch

H
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Simple Furnace Model

Loss T0
T Q Hmin

T stack T TFT

in
m
Q Hmin

P
C
T stack
Pinch
∆H Fuel = Q Hmin + TFT
C
Loss
H
∆H Fuel
Loss

AIR
Now we understand what happened
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Design No. 2

T Q Hmin

T TFT
B A

in
m
P
C
A
T stack
Pinch

H
Q=300 371

Fuel = 371

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Design No. 1

T Q Hmin
B A
T TFT

in
B

m
P
C
A
T stack

Pinch

Q=300
H
415
Fuel = 415

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PROCEDURE
1. Draw Grand Composite Curve
2. Determine best utility mix
3. Draw “Balanced Grid”
4. Design “Balanced Network”
5. Convert into HEN + Utilities

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3. Draw “Balanced Grid”

Hot Utility

Cold Utility

Umin = 5 U min= 4
(no further utility)
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4. Design “Balanced Network”

CP
FG 0.22
1000º 150º
1 0.7

540º 150º
2 1.0

500º 300º
3 2.25

500º 100º
4 1.4

100º 100º
5 ∆H=275

These ‘exchangers” will later trun into furnace coils

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5. Convert into HEN + Utilities

1

4
TS = 160º C = T corr.
5

Q = 300

Fuel = 336

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For Comparison
T S = 417º T S = 366º

Q=300 Fuel = 415 Q=300 Fuel = 371

T S = 160º = T corr

Q=300
Fuel = 336

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PROCEDURE
(Once again)
1. Draw Grand Composite Curve
2. Determine best utility mix
- choose between options (tariffs, load, etc.)
3. Draw “Balanced Composite Curves”
- utility pinches,”narrow regions”, etc.
4. Draw “Balanced Grid”
-usually no further utility
5. Design “Balanced Network”
-future utility exchangers are integrated
6. Convert into HEN + Utilities
7. Evolve (we always need to leave a door open)

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Grand Composite

Grand Composite Utility Mix

Balanced Composite

Check:
•Tight regions
•Utility pinches
•etc

Balanced Grid

Design the network

Evolve
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LECTURE 14
Furnace

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Independent Degrees of Freedom

in a Furnace
TDEW

We choose :

Fuel flow
T TF Tair

Tair
Fuel

Excess Air
Air T0

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TDEW

Case one
T TF
Tair Tair< TDEW
Fuel
Air T0

I.T I.T
T TF

TDEW
Utility GCC
Tair

T0

H H
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TDEW

Case Two
T TF
Tair Tair > TDEW
Fuel
Air T0

I.T I.T
T TF
Utility GCC
Flue
Flue Only
Tair
Flue and Air
TDEW
Air
Air only
T0

H H
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Now let’s look again at our

problem (Tair>TDEW)

T T

H H
Utility GCC Process GCC

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Utility and Process together

T

Tf

Utility Pinch
Tair

TDEW

Load limit

H
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A. Vary Fuel Flow

T
Tf
Tair = constant
High fuel

Excess air = constant
flow(2)

Low fuel
Tair flow(1)

TDEW

T0

∆H Fuel (1) H
∆H Fuel (0)
∆H Fuel (2)
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B. Vary Tair
T'''' TF
Fuel flow = constant
T'''TF
Excess air = constant
T T''TF
T'TF
TTF
X

T''''air T FT = 1074 .39 + 0 .853 Tair

T'''air CP flue = CPair + CP fuel
T''air
TDEW CPair
= 0 . 853
T'air
CP flue

Tair
X
T0
H
∆H Fuel
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C. Vary Excess Air

Lower
Excess Air

Fuel Flow = constant
T
Tair = constant
Higher
Excess Air

Tair

TDEW
Higher
Excess Air

T0
Lower H
Excess Air ∆H Fuel
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How can we use these DOF to

minimize fuel consumption?

A. Excess Air,
We have already seen that more excess air
will never reduce fuel consumption

Initialize
XS air= 0 or (XS air)min

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B. Air Preheat
FL
Furnace GCC
Tair
FL+

TDEW AP Process GCC

AP

Fix Tair and “shrink” furnace GCC onto process GCC

(decrease fuel). One of two cases can occur :

Utility Pinch on AP or FL+AP

Utility Pinch on FL
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First Case
Pinch on AP or FL+AP
T"TF
T'TF
T''air TTF

T'air
Tair
FL+
Pinch
TDEW AP

AP
T0
∆H Fuel

Increasing Tair has no effect on fuel flow

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Second Case
Pinch on FL T'TF
T'TF
FL
TTF
TTF
Tair
T'air
Tair Pinch
Tair

T0 T0
T0
∆H Fuel(1) ∆H Fuel(1)
∆H Fuel(1)
∆H Fuel(2)

Increasing Tair allows fuel to be decreased

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Step 1
Assume no Air preheat to identify (CPflue)initial
TTF (No Air Preheat)
T (CPflue)initial

Utility Pinch

(CPflue)initial = f (Most protruding “Candidate Pinch”)

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Step 2
Set (Tair)initial= Tutility pinch
(This will always be hot enough)
TTF (With Air Preheat)
T
(CPflue)initial TTF (no Air Preheat)

(Tair)initial

TDEW (This will always ≥ Requirement)

T0
H
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Step 3
Decrease fuel flow until PGCC is limiting
TTF (With Air Preheat)
T (CPflue)initial

(Tair)initial
Process GCC
TDEW

Load limit
T0
H

Minimum fuel flow now set

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Step 4
Back off from (Tair)initial
T TTF (With Air Preheat)

(Tair)initial
(Tair)min

TDEW

T0 Load limit
H

Tair = Minimum TairPROCESS

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Homework 3

Following assignment is due to

be returned in two weeks.

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LECTURE 15
Heat Engines

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Heat Engine Models

T  TC 
Source T H Wmax = Q1 1 − 
 TH 
Q1
 TC 
1 −  = Carnot efficiency
 TH 
H.E. W Real = W max × η m
W= Q1-Q2
η m = machine efficiency
Q2

Sink T C

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Common Heat Engines

Steam Turbines

Gas Turbines

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T A Q

? H. E. W

pinch

Q-W

?
B

How should we integrate a heat engine?

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If we integrate across the pinch

A+Q
T A Q

H.E. W

Q-W

B +Q-W
Waste of Capital and Energy
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Integrate above the pinch

A+Q-(Q-W)=A+W
T A Q

H.E. W
Q-W

100% Conversion of Heat to Work

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Integrate below the pinch

T
A

H.E. W

B - Q + (Q-W) =B -W Q-W

100% Conversion of Heat to Work

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Appropriate placement of
heat engine is

NOT ACROSS THE

PINCH

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To target the thermal design, use

the process grand composite
curve and treat the heat engine
like a utility

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QLoss
HP Steam

T QHP W BOILER
QLP Condensate
water QFuel

QCmin Q Fuel = Q HP + Q LP + W + Q Loss

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QHmin
T* QHP

W
QLP

QCmin
∆H

Integration of a steam turbine

with the process
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Q Hmin+W+Qloss
Q Hmin -(Qfuel -W- Qloss) Qfuel
Combustion Chamber
T*
W

Tex
Qfuel -W
Air -
PINCH

Qloss
Qfuel= Q Hmin+ W + Qloss
T0
Exhaust to Atmosphere
QCmin
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Tex*
T*

TP*

T0*
∆H
QLoss Q Fuel-W-QLOSS
Q Fuel-W

A gas turbine exhaust matched

with process (same as flue gas)
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T*

200º

∆H

Question : Which CHP Scheme?

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T*

200º

∆H

Answer : Steam Turbine!

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T*

200º

∆H

Question : Which CHP Scheme?

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T1 Fuel
T*

W
T1
T0
200º

∆H

Answer : Gas Turbine!

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LECTURE 16
Heat pumps

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Heat Pump Model

T
Sink T H

Q1=Q2 + w

H.P.
W

Q2

Source T C

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Coefficient of Performance
TH
COPhp =
Q2 TH − TC
Sink T H COP =
W TC
Q1 Sink T H COPref =
TH − TC
Q1
QH
Large ∆T

Small ∆T W hp =
η m (COP )hp
W W
QC
Q2 W ref =
Q2 η m (COP )ref
Source T C

Source T C η m = machine efficiency

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T A

Q+W
?

H. P. W

?
Q
B

How should we integrate a Heat Pump?

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Integrate above the pinch

T A - (Q+W-Q) = A-W
Q+W

H. P.
W
Q

Power Heat
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Integrate below the pinch

T A

Q+W

H. P.
W
B +(Q+W-Q)=B+W Q

Power more cooling water

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Integrate across the pinch

T A - (Q+W)
Q+W

H. P.
W
Q

B- Q

Save Hot and Cold Utility

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Appropriate Placement
of Heat Pump is

ACROSS THE PINCH

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To target the thermal design, use the

GRAND COMPOSITE CURVE
and treat the Heat Pump like a utility

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T St

Q2

H. P.
W

CW H

If the hot side of Heat Pump is limiting

Find cold side temperature by iteration

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T St

Q2

H. P.
W

If the cold side of Heat Pump is limiting,

Find hot side temperature by iteration

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And now, Let’s get more

sophisticated…

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CW

0º Fridge 1

Fridge 2
H
We can use cooling water as hot utility … but
can we do better still?
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Let’s consider the fridge cycle

40º
70+W
Heat rejected to
CW at 40º

W
HP

Level 1 at - 35º
- 35º 30
Level 2 at - 65º
- 65º 40

Do we have to Pump the heat all the way up to

40ºC ?
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There is a nice Heat Sink

T available at 0º, but its
load is limited
70 So we need a Compressor
with two Discharge
Fcond (=W) pressure …
CW
or do we?
Fcond
W 0º

F-1

F-2
70

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T
70

CW
F cond
0º

F-1

F-2
70
H

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Do we ever integrate a heat

pump not across the pinch?

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Consider the following case

T HP

HP = 15 $ / ton
LP = 4 $ / ton
LP

CW

H
Any case for heat pumping?
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T HP

LP
W

CW
H
Answer : NO

COP is poor

LP steam is cheap anyway
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T HP

MP
W

LP

This could save a lot of money

CW
H
Note:
The Heat Pump may not be across the
process pinch, but across the utility pinch

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Question:
Have we just violated the appropriate
placement principle?

Answer:
No, we have placed a HEAT PUMP
across a UTILITY PINCH

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LECTURE 17
Distillation

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Distillation Column
T

Reboiler
A

A,B

Condenser

B
H

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Distillation Column Model

T
A
Q A,B

Reboiler
A
B
A,B
Condenser B

“ Separation Engine”
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How Should We Integrate a

Distillation Column?
T
A
? Q
Reboiler

Condenser

? Q

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Integrate across the pinch

A+Q

Q
Reboiler

Condenser

B+Q

Why Integrate?
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Integrate above the pinch

A

T Q

Reboiler

Condenser
Q

A “Free Ride”!
B
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Integrate above the pinch

A
T

Reboiler

Condenser

B Q

A “Free Ride”!
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Appropriate Placement
of Columns :
NOT ACROSS THE PINCH

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How can we integrate the

column with the process
appropriately?

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Use the background process

grand composite curve and
treat the column as utility …

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A
A,B

Will the column fit the process?

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This column fits!

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This one fits too!

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What if the column does

not fit?

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Column Across the Pinch - does not fit

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Shift the Column (Change the Pressure)

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T T T

H H H

Process
CW CW
P
Steam
Process

CW
Steam P Steam
Process

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Appropriate Column
Placement And…

Capital Cost

Control

Double Effect

Vapor Recompression
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1. Column across the Pinch

T T

Reboiler
Reboiler
Cond

Cond

H
H

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T T

Reboiler Reboiler
Cond Cond

H H

Increase pressure
both

“condenser” and “ reboiler”
temperature increase
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We have a useful diagram

T

C1

C2

C3

C4
C5

All columns are appropriately placed…

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Double - Effect

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C1
↓
P↓

C2 ↑
P↑

Stand-Alone Column Optimization

⇒ Double Effect
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T T

CA
C
CB

H H

Before After

In isolation, we have saved energy …

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But What if ?
T

Feasible H

T T

CA CA
CB
CB

H H
Not Feasible (product Not Favorable
decomposition) (refrigeration)
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Conclusion
Do not “optimize” your column
before you have understood
the process context

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Control

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T T

H H

This Fits But This is easier to control

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Control - Conclusion
In principle, it is enough to
integrate the reboiler OR
the condenser

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Vapor
Recompression

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H.P W

Distillation Column

Stand Alone Column Optimization: Vapor Recompression

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T T
SEP

HP

Appropriate placement of heat pumps and

columns are incompatible.
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There, only if the column HAS to be

inappropriately placed …
A
T

SEP HP W

Q-W
W

B+W

…. Will there be a case for

vapour recompression
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Conclusion

Do not “optimize” your column

before you have understood
the process context

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