Fundamentals of petroleum Engineering

Part : 3
Drilling Engineering

By
Petroleum Engineer
Abbas Radhi Abbas
Iraq / Missan / 2020

1
 Contents

1.Rig Personnel

2.Rig Components

3.Rig Floor Equipment

Contents 4.Casing
Drilling
Engineering
Fundamentals 5.Cementing

6.Cement evaluation

7.drilling fluid and Mud System

8. Introduction to directional drilling

2
(1) Rig Personnel

3
1-Rig Personnel

1-Rig personnel

4
1-Rig Personnel

Company Rig Crew Service Crew Catering Crew

•Company man •Tool Pusher •Mud Loggers •Chef
•Geologist •Night pusher •Mud Engineers •Waiter
•Driller •Cementing Engineers •Room boy
•Assistant Driller •Wire line Engineer •Laundry
• Derrick man •HSE
•Floor Man
•Roustabout
•Rig manager
•Rig Electrician
•Rig Mechanic
•Rig Welder
•Comp Boos
•Driver

5
Drilling Rig Organization chart

6
(2) Rig Components

7
2-Rig Components

2-Rig Components

8
2-Rig Components

9
Drilling Rigs systems

1-The Hoisting & Rotating System

2-The Circulating System

3-The Power System

4-The Blowout Preventer System ( well control

system )

10
Drilling Rigs systems

1-The Hoisting System

This supports the rotating system when drilling the well by providing the appropriate
equipment and working areas needed for lifting, lowering and suspending the various
weights of the drilling process.

2-The Rotating System

This system rotates the drill string and allows the bit to drill a subsurface hole called a well
bore.

11
Drilling Rigs systems

3-The Circulating System

This system supports the rotating system by providing the equipment material and working
areas to prepare, maintain and use the fluid for the drilling process. The fluid is referred to
as drilling mud and acts as the life blood in completing our drilling objectives.

12
Drilling Rigs systems

4-The Power System

Generates and distributes the power required to operate the various systems and their
components

13
Drilling Rigs systems

5-The Blowout Preventer System ( well control system )

This system is comprised of a set of well bore shut off valves that prevent a release of
uncontrolled fluids from the well.

14
Rig Components : (The mast or derrick and the substructure)

The mast or derrick and the substructure

serve three main purposes:

• Support the rig floor and the weight of

the whole drill stem or casing while it is
being moved vertically or temporarily
stacked on one side of the derrick.

• Provide space and support for rig floor

equipment (e.g. drawworks, driller’s
console, doghouse) and workspace for
the crew.

• Provide space under the floor for the

blowout preventers.

15
Rig Components : (The hook)

The hook

As with any type of crane, we need a hook

to suspend the drill string as we drill
ahead and the ability to pull the pipe
out of the hole and lower the string
back in. In this picture we can see that
the hook is about to pick up the kelly
from its storage space (called the rat
hole) so it can be added to the string in
the hole and drilling can start to
commence.

16
Rig Components : (draw works )

The draw works is the heavy duty hoisting winch

or drum which spools or slacks off the drilling
line. This allows the travelling block to be
hoisted or lowered up and down the derrick. Due
to the heavy weight of the drill string, an electro
magnetic brake is used to slow down the decent
of the drill pipe as the pipe is lowered or tripped
into the hole. This is in addition to the friction
break or disk brakes that prevent the drum from
turning.

Because the distance between the rig floor and

crown block is fixed, the wear is concentrated on
certain points on the wire. Extra wire on a
separate drum can be spooled off to the draw
works drum at regular intervals to ensure the
wire is does not become too worn. This process
is known as slipping and cutting.
17
Rig Components : (The crown block and water table)

The crown block and water table

Right at the top of the derrick is the crown
block. All the weight of the drill string and
blocks are supported by the crown block.
Note the fast line sheave at the top of the
drawing. This sheave dampens the wobble in
the line that is attached to the drum. The
walkway around the sheaves allows for easy
access and is sometimes called the water
table.

18
Rig Components : (The travelling block and Kelly)

The travelling block is the set of sheaves which

travel up and down the derrick to lift or lower the
The travelling block and Kelly drill string the drill string.

Below the hook is the kelly. The

swivel suspends the kelly and rotates
as the rotary drive turns the lower
section of the kelly. As we drill ahead
the kelly gets nearer and nearer to
the table until another joint of drill
pipe has to be added.
The kelly hose allows fluids to be
pumped down the inside of the kelly
and through the string to lubricate the
bit and bring the cuttings back to
surface .
In the drawing on the left hand side
we can see that there is a back
pressure valve or Omsco valve below
the swivel to prevent any back flow
from the well.

19
Rig Components : (Top drive)

The top drive

The top drive system is found

on the larger drilling rigs. The
assembly can weigh up to 25
tons and so it is not required
for the shallower wells (see
previous slide).

20
(3) Rig Floor Equipment

21
3-Rig Floor Equipment

3-Rig Floor Equipment

22
3-Rig Floor Equipment

1- Slips
2- Tongs
3- Spinning Wrench
4- Power Tongs
5- Kelly Spinner
6- Power Slips
7- Air Hoist
7- Lifting Subs
9- Pipe Washer
10- Mud Box
11- Protectors
23
Connection tools in rig floor

24
Rig Floor Equipment

1-Slips

Slips for handling drill pipe Slips for handling drill colar Slips for handling casing

25
Rig Floor Equipment

2-Tongs
Tongs are used for tightening
and loosening drill pipe and drill
collars. Two sets of
tongs are used, one to hold the
drill string and the other to
tighten the joint. They are
called the “make-up” and
“breakout” tongs. The “make-
up” tongs are located on the
driller’s side. The “ breakout”
tongs are located opposite the
driller.

26
Rig Floor Equipment

3-Spinning Wrench
The spinning wrench is used for
rapidly spinning out or spinning in
the drill pipe or
drill collar when breaking out or
making up the pipe. It is
suspended from a wireline
anchored in the derrick. Some are
operated by air pressure while
some are
hydraulically powered. It is swung
onto the pipe above the tool joint.
The final torque,
however, is applied using the
“normal” tongs.

27
Rig Floor Equipment

4- Power Tongs
Power tongs like the spinning
wrench are either air or hydraulically
powered. In
breaking a connection power tongs
are used to loosen the pin from the
box before the
spinning wrench is used. In making
up a connection, the spinning
wrench is first used
to initially tighten the connection.
The power tongs are then used to
torque up the joint
or stand.

28
Rig Floor Equipment

5-Kelly Spinner

A kelly spinner has a similar

working principle as a power
tong. It attaches to the
lower part of the swivel and is
helpful in making connections. It
eliminates the need for
a spinning chain and it improves
both the speed and the safety of
making and
breaking connections.

29
Rig Floor Equipment

6-Power Slips
power slips are used:
• Reduces crew fatigue
• Increases safety for personnel
• Provides protection against
damage to the drill pipe: They
are more accurate
than manual slips and thereby
reduces damage to the drill
pipe.

30
Rig Floor Equipment

7-Air Hoist
The air hoist or automatic
winch is used to load and
unload pipe, tubing and
equipment. Compressed
air is used to run the air
hoist. Air hoists may lift
objects from
1000 to 10000 pounds.

31
Rig Floor Equipment

8-Lifting Subs
Lifting subs are short pieces of
pipe with a pronounced upset,
or shoulder, on the
upper end. They are not part of
the drill stem but they screwed
into drill pipe, drill
collars and casing to provide a
positive grip for the elevators.
They are also called as
lifting nipples or hoisting subs.

32
Rig Floor Equipment

9-Pipe Washer
A pipe washer is a rubber ring
that fits around the pipe and
cleans mud off as the
pipe comes out of the hole. It
also keeps junk from falling into
the hole while tripping
in.

33
Rig Floor Equipment

10-Mud Box
The mud box is a case that
closes around a stand of wet
pipe coming out of the hole.
It helps keep the mud from
spewing all over the crew and
the rig floor by directing the
mud back into the mud pits.

34
Rig Floor Equipment

11-Protectors
Thread protectors are used on drill
pipes and drill collars to protect
threads and
shoulders from damage.

Stabbing protectors guide the

stand of drill pipe that is being
stabbed to make a
connection. They protect tool joint
threads and shoulders. They
usually constructed of
rubber and they have a funnel-
shaped top.

Pipe protectors keep tool joints

from rubbing against the casing.. 35
(4) Casing

36
Casing Functions

• Surface casing provides an anchor for the wellhead and

BOP equipment.
• Casing & cement separates the formations behind the
pipe and limits production to the zones selected by the
reservoir engineer.
• It confines production to the wellbore.
• It contains formation pressures and prevents fracturing
of the upper and weaker zone.
• It keeps the hole from caving in.
• It provides an anchor for artificial lift equipment.

37
API Grade of casing
The API grade of casing denotes the steel properties of the casing

Casing properties are defined as:

• Yield Strength: The tensile stress

required to produce a total
elongation of 0.5% per unit length

• Collapse Strength: The maximum

external pressure or force
required to collapse the casing joint

• Burst Strength: The maximum

internal pressure required to cause
a casing joint to yield

38
Casing Range

39
Casing Color Coding

40
Type Of Casing

1. Stove pipe
2. Conductor pipe

3. Surface Casing
4. Intermediate casing

5. Production casing

6. Liner string

41
Type Of Casing

1. Stove pipe (Marine Conductor or foundation pile for

(offshore rigs)

* Run to prevent wash out of unconsolidated surface formation

* Run to provide a circulation system for drilling fluids and to

ensure the stability of the ground under the rig

* size (26 in to 42 in )

2. Conductor pipe
* Run from surface to some shallow depth to protect
near surface unconsolidated formation

* Sizes from 18 5/8 in to 20 in

42
Type Of Casing

3. Surface casing (13 3/8 in.)

*Run to prevent caving of week formation encountered at
shallow depths

* Should be set in competent rock like limestone: to ensure

that the formation will not fractured at the casing shoe by
high mud weight used later in the next hole

* Protect against shallow blow-out, thus BOPs are connected

to top

4. Intermediate casing (9 5/8 in.)

* Usually set in the transition zone below or above pressured
formation (salt and/or caving shale)

* Need good cementing o prevent communication behind the

casing between zones; multistage cementing may be used for
long strings

43
Type Of Casing

5. Production casing (7 in.)

* Isolate production zones
* Provide reservoir fluid control
* Permit selective production in multi zones production

6. Liner casing
* A string of casing that does not
reach to the surface
* Hang on the intermediate casing,
by use of suitable packer
and slips called liner hanger

44
Type Of Casing

Four Types Of Liner

45
Type Of Casing

Types of liner

1. Production liner
- Run instead of full production casing
- Provide isolation across the producing or injecting zones

2. Tie-back liner
- A section of casing extending upwards from top of an
existing liner to the surface

3. Scab liner
- A section of casing that does not reach the surface
- Used to repair existing damaged casing sealed from to and
bottom by packers

4. Scab-tie-back liner
- A section of casing extending from the top of an existing liner
but does not reach the surface.
46
Actual casing design for vertical well

47
Actual casing design for Horizontal well

48
(5) Cementing

49
5. Cementing

Headline …..
1.Functions of Cement
2. Type and composition of cement
3. Properties of cement
4. Cement Additives
5. Cementing equipment
6. Primary Cementing
7. Evaluation of Cement

50
1.Functions of oil well cement

Functions of oil well cement

:

1.to prevent the movement of

fluids from one formation to
another or from the formations to
surface through the annulus
between the casing and borehole

2.to support the casing string

(specifically surface casing)

3.to protect the casing from

corrosive fluids in the formations.

Functions of Primary Cementing

51
2.Type and composition of cement

2.Type and composition of cement

Types :
• Shallow Well Cement
• Retarded Cement
• General Purpose Cement
• Pozmix
• Gypsum
• Diesel Oil

Composition :
• Portland Cement
• Mixwater

Composition of API Cement

52
3. Properties of cement

The properties of a specific cement slurry will depend on the particular reason
for
using the cement,. However, there are fundamental properties which must be
considered when designing any cement slurry.

1-Compressive Strength: 3-Density :

• Waiting on Cement (WOC) • Hi-Dens
• Perforating • Losses

2- Thickening Time : 4-Water Loss :

• Mixing • Liners
• Pumping • Reservoirs
• Displacement • Squeeze Jobs
• Problems

53
4. Cement Additives

Most cement slurries will contain some additives, to modify the

properties of the slurry and optimise the cement job. Most additives
are known by the trade-names used by the cement service
companies. Cement additives can be used to:

• vary the slurry density

• change the compressive strength
• accelerate or retard the setting time
• control filtration and fluid loss
• reduce slurry viscosity

54
4. Cement Additives

1-Light Weight Additives : 4-Retarders :

• Bentonite • Increase Thickening
• Pozzolan Time
• Diatomaceous Earth • Ca Lignosulphonate
• Salt Sat.Soln.
2-Heavyweight Additives :
• Barite 5-Fluid Loss :
• Hemitite • Organic Polymers
• Sand • CMC

3- Accelerators : 6-Friction Reducers

• Reduce WOC Time • Polymers
• CaCL2 • Salt
• NaCl • Ca Lignosulphonate
• Seawater

55
4. Cement Additives

• Accelerators:
– Accelerators generally work to decrease the thickening time and build
early compressive strength, reduce WOC. (e.g. CaCl2).
• Retarders:
– These are chemicals used to delay cement setting time, in order to
allow enough time for proper slurry placement, (e.g.
Lignosulfonates).
• Dispersants:
– These help maintain a uniform distribution of components in a slurry
and result in maintaining flow properties.

56
4. Cement Additives

• Extenders:
– They are used to decrease the density and increase the volume, to
prevent fractures. (e.g. Bentonite)
• Weighting Agents:
– These are chemicals used to increase the cement slurry density, to
prevent kicks. (e.g. Barite)
• Lost Circulation Materials (LCM):
– They help to combat fluid loss, formation damage and to prevent
losing water to prevent unwanted setting or no setting at all.

57
5. Cementing equipment

1-Surface equipment

58
5. Cementing equipment

59
5. Cementing equipment

2-Dawn hole equipment

1.Float shoe

2.Float collar

3.Centralizers

3.Top plug

5.Bottom plug

6.DV Basket

Basket

60
6. Primary Cementing

Objectives of Primary Cementing

• Provide zonal isolation
• Support axial load of casing strings and strings to be run later
• Provide casing support and protection
• Support the borehole

Basic Cementing Process

-The basic process for accomplishing a primary cementing job consist of:

-Use the two-plugs method for pumping and displacement.

-Process is completed when a pressure increase at the surface and

displacement is terminated.

-Leave the well shut in for a time to allow the cement to harden before
completion work or drilling out.
61
Through Drill-pipe Cementing

• STAB-IN CEMENTING
1.Common to cement large casings
2.Casing run with a Stab-in float shoe
3.Drillpipe made up with a Stab-in
stinger is then run in the casing

• Advantages:
1.Optimize cement slurry volume
2. Reduce cement slurry
contamination
3. Channeling inside the casing
4. Displacement
5. Pump until cement to surface
6. Hole Volume independent
Top-Up Cementing

• Purpose
• Bring cement to surface
• Small diameter tubing used
Tubing moved
• Max. depth 250-300 ft during job
• High friction pressures
• Non-standard connections
• May have to be repeated

Common for surface casing

Single Stage Cementing

The single stage procedure can be summarised as follows:

1. circulate the casing and annulus clean with mud (one casing volume
pumped)
2. release wiper plug
3. pump spacer
4. pump cement
5. release shut-off plug
6. displace with displacing fluid (generally mud) until the shut-off plug lands
on the float collar
7. Pressure test the casing
Single Stage Cementing Operation

65
Multiple- Stage Cementing

Reasons:
1. Downhole formations unable to support hydrostatic pressure.
2. Upper zone to be cemented with uncontaminated cement.
3. Cement not required between widely separated intervals.

Techniques:
1-Regular two-stage.
2-Continue two-stage.
3-Three-stage Cementing.

66
Two-Stage Cementing

Purpose 2nd
Stage
1.Separation and isolation of zones
2.Reduces hydrostatic
3. Can leave zone in the annulus Stag
uncemented (cement at TD and e
surface) Coll
Openin
ar
g bomb

1st
Stage
top
plug
Two-Stage Cementing

The procedure for conducting a multi-stage operation is as

follows:

First stage
The procedure for the first stage of the operation is similar to that described
in Section above, except that a wiper plug is not used and only a liquid
spacer is pumped ahead of the cement slurry. The conventional shut-off
plug is replaced by a plug with flexible blades. This type of shut-off plug is
used because it has to pass through the stage cementing collar which will
be discussed below. It is worth noting that a smaller volume of cement
slurry is used, since only the lower part of the annulus is to be cemented.
The height of this cemented part of the annulus will depend on the fracture
gradient of the formations which are exposed in the annulus (a height of
3000' - 4000' above the shoe is common).
Two-Stage Cementing

The procedure for conducting a multi-stage operation is as follows:

second stage
The normal procedure for the second stage of a two stage operation is as
follows:

1. drop opening dart

2. pressure up to shear pins
3. circulate though stage collar whilst the first stage cement is setting
4. pump spacer
5. pump second stage slurry
6. release closing plug
7. displace plug and cement with mud
8. pressure up on plug to close ports in stage collar and pressure test the
casing.
Two-Stage Cementing

70
Three Stage Cementing

UPPER STAGE COLLAR

CLOSING PLUG
STG 3
OPENING BOMB
STG 3

CLOSING PLUG
STG 2
OPENING BOMB
STG 2

FIRST STAGE
FLEXIBLE
PLUG

71
Liner Cementing

Liner cementing
Liners are run on drillpipe and therefore the
conventional cementing techniques cannot be
used for cementing a liner. Special equipment
must be used for cementing these liners.

As with a full string of casing the liner has a float

collar and shoe installed. In addition there is a
landing collar, positioned about two joints above
the float collar (Figure). A wiper plug is held on
the end of the tailpipe of the running string by
shear pins.

The liner is run on drillpipe and the hanger is set

at the correct point inside the previous casing
string. Mud is circulated to ensure that the liner
and the annulus is free from debris, and to
condition the mud. Before the cementing
operation begins the liner setting tool is backed
off to ensure that it can be recovered at the end
of the cement job.
Liner Cementing Equipment 72
Liner Cementing

Liner cementing procedure

1 . pump spacer ahead of cement slurry

2 . pump slurry
3 . release pump down plug
4. displace cement down the running string and out of the liner into the annulus
5. continue pumping until the pump down plug lands on the wiper plug.
6. apply pressure to the pump down plug and shear out the pins on the wiper
plug.
This releases the wiper plug
7. both plugs move down the liner until they latch onto landing collar
8. bump the plugs with 1000 psi pressure
9. bleed off pressure and check for back flow

73
Liner cementing procedure

74
Tieback Liner Cementing

75
Tieback Liner Cementing

76
6.Cement Evaluation

77
Type of cement log

Many types for cement log see bellow table

No Log Full name Company

1 CBL Cement Bond Log Many companies

2 SBT Segmented Bond Tool Backer Hughes

3 URS Ultra sonic redial scanner Weatherford

4 RIB Radius Incremented Bond AWALCO

5 RBT Radial Bond Too Halliburton
6 USI Ultrasonic Image Schlumberger
7 SCMT Slim Cement Mapping Tool

78
Logging Operation

Logging operation

Pre- logging operation After logging Operation

1. Selected type of cement log 1. Cement evaluation
2. Operation type depend on well 2. Remedial plan ( if need )
type ( vertical , horizontal ,
sidetrack .. Etc

79
Before Logging Operation

Logging operation in vertical

wells
Can run the logging tools to TD
smoothly with any problem

Logging operation in vertical

wells
• Logging tools in horizontal
wells can reach 45-55 degree
• The final inclination for
horizontal section ( 89 – 90 )
degree
• To cover last section ( 55 – 90
) degree should use another
methods such as ( tractor ,
PCL , LWD )

80
Before Logging Operation

Before do cement log should flow this

steps :

1. Wait for cement not less than 24 hours

2. Drill cement Dawn hole cement

equipment (Float collar , Float shoe ,
DV , top plug , bottom plug )

3. Do casing scrapper ( Optional )

4. Avoid FIT ( formation integrity test )

before logging operation , this test do
after logging operation to avoid destroy
the cement behind casing .

81
After Logging Operation

After received the cement logging results should do cement evaluation

report according to standard

Poor ( Bad ) : STOP ( cant Pass )

Medium to Good cement with good isolation

in pay zone : can pass

Good cement : can pass

82
Example for three case cement CBL ( poor – medium – good)

0 to 100

GR CBL

CCL VDL

Poor cement Medium to good cement Good cement

83
Example for three case cement SBT ( poor – medium – good)

Poor cement Medium to good cement Good cement

84
Example ( before and after squeeze cement )

Before Squeeze cement After Squeeze cement

85
 13-3/8” CBL , VDL , GR , CCL

Evaluation Criterion:
• V.Good Cement CBL≤5%
• Good Cement 5%< CBL≤15%;
• Medium Cement 15%< CBL≤25%
• Poor Cement CBL>25%.

86
(CBL) Cases

87
SBT : Segmented Bond Tool

Attenuation Array

VDL
Variable
Attenuation Variable
Map Density Log Casing wave

Bad cement

Medium cement

Bad cement

Medium cement
Bad cement

Very Good cement

Formation wave

88
Ultra sonic redial scanner(URS)

Evaluation Criteria: depend on IMPD

• ( IMPd<=0.38,"gas“
• ( IMPd>0.38, IMPd<=2.3),"liquid gas-Fresh
Wtr",
• ( IMPd>2.3, IMPd<=2.7),"Heavy drill fluid",
• ( IMPd>2.7, IMPd<=3.85),"low IMPd",
• ( IMPd>3.8, IMPd<=5),"medium IMPd",
• ( IMPd>5),"good IMPd")

89
Radius Incremented Bond

RIB-for AWLCO

90
RBT (Radial Bond Tool)

For Halliburton

91
SCMT (Slim Cement Mapping Tool)

SCMT Applications

„1-Cement evaluation in small

completions

„2-Cement bond log and cement

map below tubing completions

„3-Locate depths of “stuck

pipe”or “stuck casing”

92
(USI) Ultrasonic Image

Applications
• Determination of casing condition
• Evaluation of cement bond to casing
• Identification of channeling

93
(USI) Ultrasonic Image

Theory of Measurement (1)

• The measured amplitude is a function of the acoustic impedance in
the three media (mud, steel and outside medium). In the case of
free pipe, the amplitude decay is slow. With cement behind the
casing, the amplitude decay is fast because of the improved
acoustic coupling between the steel and the outside medium.

94
(USI) Ultrasonic Image

Theory of Measurement (2)

• Radius and thickness measurements are derived from transit time
and fluid properties, the tool incorporates a second transducer used
to measure acoustic fluid properties. The first arrival will give the
information for radius while the second arrival will help to calculate
thickness..

95
(7) Drilling fluids and Mud System

96
functions of the drilling

primary functions of the drilling fluid are to:

1.Remove and transport cuttings from bottom of the hole to the surface
through the annulus (i.e. clean the borehole from cuttings and removal
of cuttings).
1.Exert sufficient hydrostatic pressures to reduce the probability of
having
2.a kick (i.e. control of formation pressure)
3. Cool and lubricate the rotating drill string and drilling bit
4. Transmit hydraulic horsepower to the bit
5. Form a thin, low permeable filter cake to seal and maintain the walls of
6.the borehole and prevent formation damage (i.e. seal the thief zones)
7. Suspend drill cuttings in the event of rig shutdown so that the cuttings
do
8.not fall to the bottom of hole and stick the drill pipe
9. Support the wall of the borehole
10.Maintain wellbore stability (i.e. keep new borehole open until cased)

97
Classification of drilling fluids

98
Composition of typical water -based mud

99
Composition of typical Oil -based mud

100
Composition of Oil -based mud ,water based mud and aynthetic

101
Common mud-addtives

102
Field tests on drilling fluids

FIELD TESTS ON DRILLING FLUIDS

1. Mud density
2. Viscosity
3. Gel Strength
4. Filtration
5. Sand Content
6. Liquid and Solid Content
7. pH Determination
8. Alkalinity
9. Chloride content
10. Cation Exchange Capacity

103
Properties and The Importance

104
Mud density

Using the same sample of mud,

completely fill the mud balance cup. •
Place lid on cup with a rotating motion,
expelling some mud through the hole in
the lid, and wash mud from outside of
cup. Wipe the excess water from mud
balance with towel or rag. • Place
balance arm on the base with knife
edge on the fulcrum and move the rider
along the balance arm until balance
indicates the arm is level. • Note the
Density (weight of the mud at the left mud balance
hand edge of the rider and enter on API
drilling mud report as “weight (lb/g, lb/cu
ft, or specific gravity, SG).”

105
Mud Viscosity

Marsh Funnel Procedure • Hold one

finger over tip of funnel; pour the
mud through funnel screen until the
funnel is filled to the bottom of the
screen (1,500 cm 3). • Begin the flow
of mud into the mud cup by removing
the finger. Start a stop watch at
exactly the same time. • Stop the
watch when the mud level reaches
the one quart mark. • Note the
number of seconds recorded by the
stop watch and enter on API Drilling
Mud Report as “Funnel Viscosity
(sec/qt) API.” • Record temperature
of mud at flow line.

106
Plastic Viscosity, Yield Point, Apparent Viscosity

As quickly as possible within 10° F from

original temperature, start the viscometer
test. • Fill viscometer cup with mud to
approximately two inches from the top.
Immerse the rotor sleeve to the scribed line.
• Place a thermometer in the mud, but do
not lay it against the rotor sleeve. Record
temperature. • Run rotary speed at 600 rpm
until dial stabilizes. Record the reading.
Change speed to 300 rpm. Let dial stabilize
and record the reading. • Plastic viscosity
(PV) recorded in centipoises (cp): PV=
600rpm reading – 300 rpm reading. • Yield
Point (YP) in lbs/100 ft 2. = 300 rpm reading
– PV • Apparent Viscosity AV in centipoise:
AV= 600 rpm reading 2
Fann V-G meter
107
Gel Strengths

After running the PV and YP, stir mud at 600 rpm for 10
seconds. • Put viscometer in the 3 rpm position. • Wait
10 seconds, and then manually turn the knurled hand
wheel (on top of viscometer) very slowly to produce a
positive reading. As the rotary sleeve is being moved
very slowly, a reading will produced on dial. Once the
reading records its maximum measurement, it will begin
to decline. The highest reading will be the initial gel
strength and this is the reading at should be recorded.
Fann V-G meter
Again stir sample at 600 rpm for 10 seconds, go to the
3 rpm setting, and turn off viscometer. • Set timer and
keep mud in static state for 10 minutes. • Repeat
procedure in step 3. Record the highest reading as the
10-minute gel strength. • The initial and 10 minute gel
strength will both be recorded in lb/100 ft 2. • NOTE: A
30 minute gel strength can be run as well. Repeat from
step 4, allowing sample to set for 30 minutes before
checking and recording deflection at 3 rpm.

108
Filtration & Cake Thickness

Remove bottom of filter cell and fill to ½ inch from

gasket ledge with mud. Be sure cell is clean and o-
ring is in place before placing filter paper and locking
bottom of cell in position with moderate hand pressure
on locking screw. Engage coupling at top of cylinder
with coupling on filter press rack. • Place 25 cc
graduated cylinder under filter press. • Pressurize the
cell to 100 psi by opening the valve at top of press
until pressure can be heard entering filter cell. (This
should take one or two complete turns. Be careful do
not turn too far. Start timer immediately.

Read and record 7-1/2 minute and 30 minute fluid

loss in cubic centimeters (cm3). After 30 minutes,
shut off and release by turning valve clockwise. (Save
filtrate for Chemical tests.) • Save filter paper and use
extreme caution to prevent minimum disturbance of
filter cake. • With a gentle flow of water, wash excess
mud from filter cake. • Measure the thickness of filter
cake and record in 32nds if an inch. Record the
physical properties of the cake. • Record filtrate loss
as # of cc’s collected in 30 minutes. 109
Sand Content Test

Fill glass measuring tube to indicated mark with

mud. Add water to next mark, close mouth of
bulb, and shake vigorously. • Pour mixture onto
a clean, wet 200 mesh screen. Add wash water
to the tube and pour this on screen. Repeat
washing until tube is clean. • Fit funnel on top
of sieve. Insert tip of funnel into glass bulb and
wash sand back into bulb with water. • Allow
sand to settle and read sand content percent
on graduations of bulb. • Record sand to settle
and read sand content percent on graduations
of bulb. • Record percent sand by volume,
estimating to the nearest tenth of one percent.*
*There may be particles other than sand that
may have been captured. Note the presence of
these solids (for example, lost circulation
materials, shale cuttings, and barite).

110
Retort-Liquid and Solid Content

Disassemble retort unit and check for cleanliness. •

De-aerate mud before attempting retort test. • Place
a measured volume of mud in cylinder cup and place
lid on top, expelling excess mud. • Insert fine steel
wool in heating probe. • Assemble the retort and
place on condensing chamber. • Put a clean 100%
graduated cylinder under the condenser discharge.

Plug into proper voltage to begin heating retort. •

Continue 10 minutes after no more condensate is
collected. • Add wetting agent to separate oil and
water. • Read oil and water percent directly from
graduate. 100 %-( oil% +H2O %) = solids% This
reading incorrect if salt is present in the water phase.
Volume of salt in mud can be estimated from chloride
analysis of filtrate. Consider the percent of salt as
part of the continuous liquid phase. The same
percent amount should be subtracted from solids
percent. Record the corrected oil, water, and solids
percent by volume.
111
PH test

PH Strip Method: • Place one-inch

strip of indicator paper on surface of
mud or place into filtrate. Allow it to
remain until liquid gas wetted the
surface of the paper and the color has
stabilized (usually about 30 seconds).
• Compare the color of the paper with Digital pH meter
the color standards provided with the
paper dispenser and estimate pH. •
Note the ph to the nearest 0.5 or 0.2
units depending upon the scale of the
color chart. Enter in proper space on
the mud report.

pH Dispensers
112
Class Electrode pH Meter

Standardized the glass electrode ph meter with

suitable buffer solutions according to directions
supplied with the instrument. Make the necessary
adjustments to put the meter into operation. • Wash
the tips of he electrodes, gently wipe dry, and insert
them into the mud. Rotate the container to stir the
mud around the electrode. • After the meter reading
becomes constant (30 seconds to several minutes),
record the pH to the nearest 0.1 unit, and enter in
proper place on the mud report..

113
Alkalinity of mud (Pm)

Using syringe, measure one milliliter

(ml) of mud into titrating vessel. Dilute
with 25 to 50 ml distilled water. Add 4or
5 drops of phenolphthalein. While
stirring, titrate rapidly with 0.02 N
sulfuric acid until pink color disappears.
• Report Pm as the number of ml of
0.02 N acid used...

114
Chloride Determination (Salt Content)

Measure one ml of filtrate in titration

dish. Add 2 drops phenolphthalein. If
indicator turns pink, add 0.02 n sulfuric
acid drop by drop while stirring until
pink color disappears. • Add 25 to 50 ml
distilled water and 5 to 10 drops
potassium chromate. Titrate with
0.0282 N silver nitrate while stirring
until color changes from yellow to brick
red and persists for 30 seconds.

115
Cation Exchange Capacity (MBT)

Equipment :The following materials are

necessary to estimate the cation exchange
capacity of drilling mud solids or clays
using the methylene blue method. •
Methylene blue Solution 3.74 g USP grade
• Hydrogen peroxide: three percent
solution • Sulfuric acid: 5N • One 1 cm³
serological pipette or one 1 cm³ syringe •
Erlenmeyer Flask: 250 cm³ • Burette: 10
cm³ • Graduated cylinder: 50 cm³ • Stirring
rod • Hot Plate • Filter paper.

116
Drilling fluids circulation System

117
Drilling fluids circulation System

118
(8) Introduction to directional Drilling

119
1.Introduction to Directional drilling

1. Introduction :
Directional drilling has become a very important tool in the
development of oil and gas deposits. Current expenditures for
hydrocarbon production have dictated the necessity of controlled
directional drilling to a much larger extent than previously.

Probably the most important aspect of controlled directional drilling is that it

enables producers all over the world to develop subsurface deposits that
could never be reached economically in any other manner. In this module
a number of topics will be covered that must be understood by the
directional driller. The various types of wells and applications of directional
wells will be touched upon along with well profiles and well planning.

120
2.Definition of Directional Drilling

2. Definition of Directional Drilling

Controlled directional drilling is the
science and art of deviating a
wellbore along a planned course
from a starting location to a target
location, both defined with a given
coordinate system.

121
3.Historical Development of Directional Drilling

3. Historical Development of Directional Drilling :

Directional drilling was initially used as a remedial operation, either
to sidetrack around stuck tools, bring the wellbore back to vertical, or
in drilling relief wells to kill blowouts. Interest in controlled directional
drilling began about 1929 after new and rather accurate means of
measuring the hole angle were introduced during the development of

Historical Development of Directional Drilling :

In 1930, the first controlled directional well was drilled in
Huntington Beach, California, USA. The well was drilled from an
onshore location into offshore oil sands. Controlled directional
drilling had received rather unfavorable publicity until it was used
in 1934 to kill a wild well near Conroe, Texas, USA. As a result,
directional drilling became established as one way to overcome
wild wells, and it subsequently gained favorable recognition from
both companies and contractors.

122
4.Directional Well Applications

4 . Directional Well Applications :

1. Sidetracking
2. Inaccessible Locations
3. Salt Dome Drilling
4. Fault Controlling
5. Multiple Exploration Wells from A Single Wellbore
6. Onshore Drilling to Offshore Locations
7. Offshore Multi-well Drilling
8. Relief Wells
9. Horizontal Wells
10. Extended Reach Wells
11. Multilateral Wells
12. Short, Medium, and Long Radius wells

123
4.Directional Well Applications

1. Sidetracking : Sidetracking was

the original directional drilling
technique used to get past fish
(obstructions). Oriented sidetracks, the
most common type of sidetracking, are
performed when there are unexpected
changes in geology and obstructions
in the path of the wellbore.

2. Inaccessible Locations
:Inaccessible locations such as targets
located beneath cities, rivers or
environmentally sensitive areas make
it necessary to locate the drilling rig
some distance away from the target.

124
4.Directional Well Applications

3 .Salt Dome Drilling :Salt domes

have been found to be natural traps of
hydrocarbons accumulating beneath
the overhanging hard cap. A
directional well is used to reach the
trapped reservoir to prevent the
problems associated with drilling a well
through the salt formation.

4.Fault Controlling : Fault controlling

is an application used to drill a
directional well into faulted subsurface
formations without crossing the fault
line.

125
4.Directional Well Applications

5. Multiple Exploration Wells from A

Single Wellbore : Multiple exploration
wells from a single wellbore use a single
hole to drill multiple new wells by deviating
away from the original well at a certain
depth. It allows the exploration of structural
locations without drilling another complete
well.

6. Onshore Drilling to Offshore

Locations : Onshore drilling takes place
when a reservoir is located below large
bodies of water that are within drilling
reach of land. The wellheads are located
on land, and the borehole is drilled
directionally underneath the water to reach
the reservoir. This technique saves money
because land rigs are much cheaper than
offshore rigs.
126
4.Directional Well Applications

7. Offshore Multiwell Drilling :

Offshore multiwell drilling is the most
economical way to develop offshore
fields. Several directional wells are
drilled in "clusters" on a multiwell
offshore platform.

8. Relief Wells : Relief wells are used

to kill wells that are blowing by
intercepting the borehole. A carefully
planned directional well must be drilled
with great precision to locate and
intercept the blowing well’s borehole.

127
4.Directional Well Applications

9 .Horizontal Wells Horizontal wells are

used to intersect a producing formation
horizontally to better produce the reservoir.
Horizontal drilling increases the surface
area of a producing formation. For
example, a vertical well may give exposure
to a reserve with a depth of 20 to 30 ft (6 to
10 m) while a horizontal well drilled into the
same reservoir may give exposure to 2000
to 3000 ft (600 to 1000 m). Horizontal wells
can make a platform profitable, where it
was not previously.

10. Extended Reach Wells Extended

reach wells are drilled to reach reservoirs
that have a horizontal displacement in
excess of 16,400 ft (> 5,000 m) from the
starting point.
128
4.Directional Well Applications

11. Multilateral Wells : Multilateral

wells have several wellbores running
laterally and originating from one
original hole.

12. Short, Medium, and Long Radius

Wells : Short radius wells, typically re-
entries of old vertical wells, have curves
with a 143 ft (44 m) radius or smaller that
cannot be drilled with conventional motors.
They are used to isolate higher-/lower-
pressured production zones or water sands
without setting and cementing a liner. This
type of drilling is desirable when kicking off
below a problem formation.
129
5.Directional Well Profile

5.1-Identify several features 5.2-dentify the types of

of a directional well profile. directional well profiles.
1. Surface Location 1. Straight (Vertical),
2. Kickoff Point (KOP)
3. Well Inclination
2. S-type,
4. End of Buildup (EOB) 3. Slant (J-type), or
5. Hold Angle 4. Horizontal.
6. Tangent Section
7. Start of Drop
8. End of Drop (EOD)
9. Target Displacement
10. Target Location
11. Drop Off Rate (DOR)
12. Buildup Rate (BUR)
13. Turn Rate
14. True Vertical Depth (TVD)
15. Measured Depth (MD)
16. Horizontal Displacement (HD)
17. Vertical Section (VS)
18. Azimuth
19. Quadrant
20. Polar Coordinate
21. Rectangular Coordinate
130
5.Directional Well Profile

Identify several features of a

directional well profile.
1. Surface Location
2. Kickoff Point (KOP)
3. Well Inclination
4. End of Buildup (EOB)
5. Hold Angle
6. Tangent Section
7. Start of Drop
8. End of Drop (EOD)
9. Target Displacement
10. Target Location

131
5.Directional Well Profile

1.Surface Location :
A directional well profile is the
planned well trajectory from the
surface to the final drilling depth by
projecting the wellbore onto two
plotted planes. In order to determine
the best geometric well profile from
the surface to the bottom hole target,
the following information must be
known the position of the surface
location, the position of the target
location, and the true vertical depth
(TVD).

132
5.Directional Well Profile

2 .Kickoff Point (KOP) :

The kickoff point is the location at
a given depth below the surface
where the wellbore is deviated in a
given direction.

3.Well Inclination :
The well inclination is the angle by
which the wellbore deviates from
the vertical.

133
5.Directional Well Profile

4. End of Buildup (EOB) :

The end of buildup is the location
where the wellbore has finished
increasing.

5 .Hold Angle :
The hold angle occurs where the
inclination of the borehole is held
constant.

134
5.Directional Well Profile

6. Tangent Section :
The tangent section (hold section)
occurs after a buildup where the
inclination of the borehole is held
constant for a certain distance. There
could be an additional build or drop
before reaching the target.

7. Start of Drop :
The start of drop is the location where
the wellbore starts dropping
inclination.

135
5.Directional Well Profile

8 .End of Drop (EOD):

The end of drop is the location where
the wellbore finishes dropping
inclination.

9. Target Displacement :
The target displacement is the lateral
distance from the surface location to
the target.

136
5.Directional Well Profile

10. Target Location :

The target location is a point defined in
space by geographical coordinates at
a given true vertical depth. A well
profile could have multiple targets.

11. Drop Off Rate (DOR):

The drop off rate is the rate at which
the inclination decreases. The rate is
usually expressed in degrees per 100
ft or degrees per 30 m of the course
length.

137
5.Directional Well Profile

12 .Buildup Rate (BUR) :

The buildup rate is the change of inclination of a wellbore
where the angle is increased. The rate is usually expressed in
degrees per 100 ft or angular increase per 30 m of the
measured depth.

13. Turn Rate :

The turn rate determines the rate a well profile turns in azimuth
direction. Usually expressed in degrees per 100 ft or degrees
per 30 m.

138
5.Directional Well Profile

14.True Vertical Depth (TVD) :

The true vertical depth of any point or
station along a wellbore is the vertical
distance from the well surface
reference point to the station of
interest.

15.Measured Depth (MD) :

The measured depth of any point or
station along a wellbore is the distance
from the well surface reference point to
the station of interest along the actual
well path.
139
5.Directional Well Profile

16.Horizontal Displacement (HD):

The horizontal displacement is the
distance between any two points along
a wellbore projected onto a horizontal
plane or plan view.

17.Vertical Section (VS) :

The vertical section is the distance
between any two points along a
wellbore projection onto a vertical
section plane.

140
5.Directional Well Profile

18.Azimuth :
The azimuth is the angle in the
horizontal plane measured from a fixed
reference direction (such as True
North), usually measured clockwise.

19. Quadrant :
The quadrant bearing of a well is the
angle in the horizontal plane measured
from either a North or South reference
direction towards the East or West,
defining the direction of the wellbore.

141
5.Directional Well Profile

20 .Polar Coordinate :
The polar coordinate of a point is the
distance projected in a horizontal
plane from a fixed reference point and
the angle of this line from a reference
direction (usually True North).

21. Rectangular Coordinate :

The rectangular coordinates of a point are
defined as the projected distance along
two reference axes which are at right
angles, the distance being measured from
the intersection of the axes along the axes.
These axes reside in the horizontal plane
and typically are north/south and east/west
directions.
142
5.Directional Well Profile

5.2-dentify the types of

directional well profiles.
1. Straight (Vertical),
2. S-type,
3. Slant (J-type), or
4. Horizontal.

1.Straight (Vertical), 2.S-type, 3.Slant (J-type) 4.Horizontal.

143
Finally
Drilling Engineering should :
1. How do the drilling program
2. How do the daily Drilling report
3. IWCF
4. Drilling data handbook
5. Drilling software

144
Reference

1. Drilling Fundamental course 2018 ( CNOOC ) company

2. Introduction to Directional Drilling Schlumberger 1998
revised 2001
3. drilling course –Schlumberger company
4. Basic Mud logging (USERS MANUAL 2001)
5. Heriot watt institute-drilling Engineering
6. Drilling Rig components (Illustrated Glossary)
7. Fundamentals of Sustainable Drilling Engineering (M.
Enamul Hossain, PhD , Abdulaziz Abdullah Al-Majed, PhD )
8. WELL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION (Hussain
Rabia)

145
About Authorized

Name: Abbas Radhi Abbas

Position: Chief Engineer / petroleum Engineer

Nationality: Iraq- Missan

Date of Birth: 1978

Gender: Male

Education Background:

Period Education description

1996-2001 University of Bagdad – college of Engineering – petroleum engineering department- (BSc)

Certificates of Appreciation

15 Certificates of Appreciation from difrent international companies such as (Schlumberger- waetherford , CNOOC , COSL ,
BHDC )

Work Experience : in Missan Oil Company ( MOC)

Period Work description

(2004-2006) reservoir engineer

(2006-2010 ) water injection engineer

during (2011) drilling and workover engineer

(2011 to 2020 ) petrophysics manager in Reservoir department

Language:
Arabic
Mother language:
Second
language/level: English/Fluent oral and written in English.

146
Thank You!

147