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Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations

1969

A five-spot waterflood process as applied to the digital computer

based on the Prats technique
Leonard Koederitz

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technique" (1969). Masters Theses. 7072.
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 A FIVE-SPOT WATERFLOOD PROCESS AS APPLIED
TO THE DIGITAL COMPUTER BASED ON THE PRATS TECHNIQUE

BY <-{'(()
LEONARD FREDERICK KOEDERITZ 1 l 9 LJ.,

THESIS

submitted to the faculty of

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-ROLLA
155398
~n partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING ,.

~·;t·/
Rolla, Missouri J t'
\ r-. .
·.,I
\,../
.. \'
('·-
·)
1969 \

Approved by
 .i

ABSTRACT

The technique for the prediction of injection rates and

production history of a five-spot secondary recovery field
pattern as presented by Prats has been significantly modified
to permit rapid and accurate digital applications eliminating
the heretofore prohibitive reliance upon electrolytic model
results for intermediate data values following water front

breakthrough.
 .ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to express his appreciation to

Dr. R. E. Carlile, Professor J. P. Govier, and Professor
T. C. Wilson of the Petroleum Engineering Department of the
University of Missouri-Rolla for their suggestions and guid-
ance throughout the development of this investigation.
Grateful appreciation is also extended to the Gulf Oil
Corporation under whose fellowship this work was performed.
 iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT • • • • ............ • • • .... i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .... .... iv
I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW • • . • .• .. 1

II. DISCUSSION • • • • . •. • •
• • • • . • • . • • • 4-

III. INTERPRETATION OF THE PROGRAM • . . . . . . . 15

IV. SAMPLE CALCULATIONAL PROCEDURE .• .• 16

v. RESULTS • . • • • • . • • • • • • . • . . • . 18

VI. CONCLUSIONS . • . • . . . • . • • . . . . • .• . 25

BIBLIOGRAPHY • • . . . . • • • . . . . • • . . . . 26

APPENDIX •• • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . 27

NOMENCLATURE • • • • . • • · • • • • • · • • • • 28
COMPUTER PROGRAM • • • . • • • • • • • • • · • • 30
FLOW CHART (Located in Packet) • • · • · • · 35
VITA • • • • • • • · · · · · · · • · • • · · · · · 45
 iv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure No. Page

I. Pictorial Five-Spot Waterflood History . 2

II. Dimensionless Injectivity as a Function of

Cumulative Water Injection (Schematic) 5

III. Diagrammatic Five-Spot Waterflood During

Period 3A 6

IV. Per Cent Deviation as a Function of Oil

Fraction . 19

v. Per Cent Deviation as a Function of Gas

Fraction . 20
 1

I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW

M. Prats and colleagues have presented an approach to

the prediction of flood rates on a five-spot well pattern by
assuming that the reservoir consists of several distinct
layers, each of which has a uniform permeability; however,
this approach requires an electrolytic model for the deter-
mination of rates after water breakthrough has occurred. The
technique is not explicitly defined from oil breakthrough to
water front interference. The purpose of this paper is to
provide an alternate method of solution from the time of oil
breakthrough until production has ceased.
Originally, the technique divided production history
into three periods, with the third or final production period
subsequently subdivided into two production cycles, as noted
in Figure I. The first period, from the beginning of injec-
tion until oil bank interference occurs, is treated as a dual
radial flow system, both of which employ a Darcy's Law solu-

tion. Period 2, from oil bank interference until oil break-

through, is also solved with the aid of Darcy's Law. From

the time of oil breakthrough until interference of the

advancing water fronts occurs, Period 3A, performance has
been simulated by the use of Darcy's Law, with an assumed
radial flow. After water breakthrough, however, during
Period 3B, the performance is determined through the use of a
least squares fit of a fourth degree polynomial to express
the dimensionless injectivity, and which serves to replace
 2

FIGURE I. - PICTORIAL FIVE-SPOT WATERFLOOD HISTORY

Oil Bank
Interference.

Oil Breakthrough
Period

Water Bank
Interference
Period 3B:

Water

Legend
Wa.tetJ •·· Injection Well
Gas Region
Production Well
 3

the electrolytic model necessity for rate determination.

This solution does not requ1re a knowledge of either pres-
sures or time elapsed in order to determine the production
history; however, knowledge of either one will allow the
remaining variable to be calculated at any point in the his-
tory. This is accomplished through the considerations of the
definition of dimensionless injectivity, and the assumption
that Darcy's Law is valid.
 4

II. DISCUSSION

The solutions involved in Periods 1 and 2 are explained

thoroughly ~n the original manuscript of Prats et. al.;
therefore, an explanation of the equations employed would be
redundant and unprofitable. Having derived the necessary
equations for the above-mentioned periods, it is sufficient
to note that they have been applied in their original form,
with no pertinent modifications. In the Prats' technique, it
states that, for the period from oil breakthrough to water
breakthrough (Period 3A), a very good approximation of the
true variation of performance with cumulative injection in
this region may be obtained by sketching, from the point of
oil breakthrough, a curve having slight slope, which joins
smoothly with the point of water breakthrough, as indicated
in Figure II. It should be noted that water bank inter-
ference and water breakthrough occur almost simultaneously.
Accordingly, the principle modifications of this work are

vested in Periods 3A and 38.

Period 3A:
During the time from oil breakthrough until water front
interference one may assume that water is the phase undergo-
ing interference, and that both oil and water flow radially
from a water-oil front located at some radius of the oil
region around the producing well, as indicated in Figure III,
which shall be referred to as the quasi- or pseudo-radius.
 5

FIGURE II. DIMENSIONLESS INJECTIVITY AS A

FUNCTION OF CUMULATIVE WATER
INJECTION (SCHEMATIC)

t
:;::..,
.....,
Period 1
......
>
......
.....,
()
Q)
•r-1
A
s::
H
(I)
(I)
Q)
rl
s::
0
......
(I)
s::
Q)
El
......
Q
II

Q -----~ c
H B

WiD = Cumulative Injection +

A = End of Period 1 (Oil Bank Interference)

B = End of Period 2 (Oil Breakthrough)
C = End of Period 3A (Water Breakthrough)
 6

FIGURE III. DIAGRAMMATIC FIVE-SPOT WATERFLOOD

DURING PERIOD 3A

Water

Legend
~ Injection Well

~ Production Well
 7

Employing the electrolytically-derived equation for flow

under interference to the water phase, we obtain

'!Tk wh(P w - PL)

, ( 1)
ln..!!.. -
l-! ( . 9 64 )
w rw

and, making use of Darcy's Law for the radially flowing por-
tions, we also get

2'1Tkwh(P 4 - PL)
Qw = , (2)
r4
lJW l n -
rw

for the water phase, and

2'1Tk 0 h(P 4 - PL)

Qo = , {3)
r4
lJO l n -
rw

for the oil phase. The respective pressure differentials may

be obtained as follows:

L
pw - PL = Qwllw(ln-
rw
- 0.964) /'ITkwh, (lA)

r4
- /2'1Tkwh, (2A)
p4 PL = Qwl.1 wl nrw-

r4
p4 - PL = l n
Qollo rw - /2'1Tk 0 h. ( 3A)

*.Nomenclature given in Appendix.

 8

The total pressure drop may be found by combining Equations

(lA), (2A), and (3A) yielding

( 4)

Now that we have the total 6P expressed, we can define a

dimensionless injectivity applicable to Period 3A as

(5)

and the pressure drop is found to be

L
Q JJ ( l n - - .9 64)
w w rw

(6)

However, since Qw = Qo, the pressure drop becomes

r4 r
L .964) ln-2!..
Q JJ { l n - - Qwl.lwlnz;- QWJ.IO rw
w w rw w +
l\P = 2wkwh 2wk h
, (6A)
wkwh 0

which may be solved for the reciprocal dimensionless injec-

tivity as

1
ID
r l.l ( lnl!.. ... • 9 64)
w rw (k h/JJ
w w ),
( 7)

and simplified to
 9

r4 r
ln~ - .964 l nr - ln~
1 rw rw k
w lJO
ID = 1T 21T
+
21T
(~ - )
k (7A)
0 lJW

By defining the water-oil mobility, Mw,o' as

M
w,o ( 8)

and substituting in Equation (7A) yields:

2(lnl:!.. - .964)
r
1 w
= M (7B)
ID w,o

and, solving for dimensionless injectivity, we obtain

(9)
2 ( ln; - . 9 64)
w

which may be simplified to

(9A)
L
2(lnrw - .964) + (Mw,o

Equation (9A) represents the dimensionless injectivity from

oil breakthrough until water front interference. .
It .1.s now

necessary to determine the appropriate values of the quasi-

radius, r 4 , employed in Equation (9A). Referring to Figure
III, the oil volume swept from rw to r 4 , for a point source,
is
 10

2 2 2
- (L ~h-nr 4 ~h-nr ~h)S
w or

+ nr 4 2 ~h (S +S -S )
o g gr , ( 10)

which may be rearranged to yield

2
+ nh~r 4 (S +S -S ) . (lOA)
o g gr

The last term in Equation (lOA) indicates the amount of oil

which has displaced gas and still remains to be produced.
The amount of water injected into the reservoir may be
expressed in terms of the volumes of oil and gas produced
from oil to water breakthrough as,

2 2 2 2
(L ~h-~hnr 4 -~hnrw ) (S o +S g -S gr -S or ) + nh~r 4 (S g -S gr ) ,

(11)

which may be rewritten ln the form

2 2 2
~hnr (S +S -S S ) + (L ~h-~hnr 4 ) (S +S -S -S )
w gr or g o o g gr or

2 (llA)
+ nh~r 4 (S g -S gr ) .

Since the quantity of water injected must be equivalent to

the quantity of oil and gas removed, due to our assumption of

one-to-one displacements, we can say that,

 ll

<f>hnr 2 <s -S ) + L 2 <J>hS - (L 2 <J>h-nr •. 2 ~h)S + nh~r •. 2 s

w or o o . . . "' or "' . . . 0

2
<f>hnr
w (S gr +S or -S g -s o )

+ (L 2 4>h-<J>hnr 4 2 )(S +S -S -S ) + nh<f>r •. 2 (S -S ) • (12)

o g gr or ... g gr

Cancelling like terms, Equation (12) becomes

= <f>hnrw2 <s gr -S g ) + (L 2 <J>h-<f>hnr .. 2 )(S +S -S

... o g gr -S or ) • (13)

However, it may be shown that, in view of the magnitudes

employed,

<f>hnrw2 <s gr -S g ) - 0 (14)

resulting in

(15)

Defining WiD as cumulative injection per floodable five-spot

pore volume, (with an assumed sweep efficiency of 100%),

(16)
'

we may divide Equation (15) by the total pore volume and

apply the definition of cumulative injection to yield
 12

(17)

However, s1nce the only water phase available is connate

water,

S o +S g =l - Swe ( 18)

Applying Equation (18) and cancelling similar terms yields

s0 w.D
1
<1-S we -s gr > . (19)

However, returning to one of the basic assumptions that all

of the gas is removed from the reservoir, it can be assumed
that

s gr = 0 (20)

yielding

W.D (1-S we ) , (21)

1

which may be solved for r 4 2 as:

(1-S we )W.~
1
= (22)
11'

In Equation (22), r 4 is ~he pseudo-radius of the oil bank

existing in the reservoir between oil breakthrough at the
production well and water bank interference in the reservoir

as described in Figure III.

 13

The value of cumulative injection at water breakthrough

which is the terminal point of this approximation is deter-
mined from the sweep efficiency at that time of water break-
through, which is a function of the water-oil mobility and
the displacement factor, F,which we define as

S -S
F =1 + o or
S g -S gr
(23)

Period 38:
After water breakthrough at the producing well, it has
been found that a fourth order polynomial equation will
approximate the dimensionless injectivity for water and oil
flow as a function of the water cut at the producing well.
The water cut has been approximated, in this technique, in a
subroutine, by a third order polynomial which correlates the

cut accordingly. For other examples, a determination of the

water cut as a function of the amount of water injected and/
or the mobility ratio may readily and easily be substituted
into the computational scheme. The fractions of oil, water,
and gas present at any given injectivity for each layer of
permeability are then calculated according to the method
employed in the original manuscript with the exception that,
since the oil and gas fractions are normalized, the water

fraction is assumed to be

fw = 1. - (f
0
+ f
g
) • (24)
 14

If it 1s desired to calculate the time elapsed corres-

ponding to the fractions present, a graphical technique may
be applied at this point.
 15

III. INTERPRETATION OF THE PROGRAM

The computational scheme employed by the program requ1res

the following input parameters:
1) parameters initially employed by the original
technique (located in subroutine VALU);
2) values of the cumulative water injection 1n
terms of floodable reservoir volumes, WiD
(generated within the program for equal inter-
vals and input from data for unequal intervals);

3) va l ues o f t~P A
~' wh"1ch are ar b"1trar1"l y selected
~ ~w
(input from data) for the calculation of the

mass fractions;
4) the effective permeabilities of the various
layers to water and the respective thicknesses
of these layers (input as data in subroutine

PLAY);
5) the water cut approximation is stored in sub-

routine H20CUT;
6) the cumulative water injection per five-spot
pore volume at water breakthrough (WBTH), is

obtained from least squares fits of sweep

efficiency as a function of water-oil mobility
ratio, and sweep efficiency is obtained as a
function of cumulative water injection per

five-spot pore volume; a family of both of

these curves is presented in the original man-

uscript.
 16

IV. SAMPLE CALCULATIONAL PROCEDURE

The following parameters are representative of a reser-

voir in the Illinois Basin and are input into the program in
subroutine VALU:
s0 = 0.558
s or = 0.144
sg = 0.242
s gr = 0.000
s we = 0.200
krw = 0.10
k ro = 0.133
k rg = 0.148
llw = 0.87 cp.
llo = 3.5 cp.
llg = 0.013 cp.
L = 933 ft.
= 2 ft. (assumed effective radius)
rw
<I> = 0.176
M
w,o = 3.0
M
o,g = 0.0033
From the given data, the displacement factor, F, is then
determined in statement 14 of the program. For a series of
arbitrarily selected dimensionless cumulative injection
values, wiD' corresponding injectivities ID are calculated
for Periods 1 and 2 employing the equations of the original

technique. It is noteworthy to point out that subroutine

 17

TRAP is employed for the determination of areas under the

injectivity curve and makes use of the Trapezoidal rule for
these calculations. Subroutine PLAY is called only once and
by means of this subroutine the permeabilities of the various
layers are obtained. For arbitrarily selected values of the
cumulative injectivity, the quasi-radius, r 4 , and subsequently,

the dimensionless injectivity are calculated for Period 3A,

after the terminal value of the cumulative water injection
has been determined from a plot of the cumulative injection
as a function of water-to-oil mobility and displacement fac-

tor. The fourth-order polynomial approximation for the

dimensionless injectivity is then employed to determine

suitable values for Period 3B. By relating the reciprocal of

the dimensionless injectivity versus the cumulative injection

and integrating under the curve by means of subroutine TRAP
it is possible to relate injectivity to real time. The frac-

tions produced in each layer are then determined in terms of

injectivity through use of a search technique which may then

be summed in order to determine a total injectivity based
on real time, from which the fractions present are calculated.
At a comparative real time of 0.060 md.-l, the oil and

water fractions were 0.175 and 0.744, respectively, for this

technique. The fractions obtained in the original technique

at the same comparative real time were 0.170 for oil, and

0.749 for water.

 18

V. RESULTS

The applications yielded low average deviations, as

indicated in Figures IV and V. The oil fraction in the

efflux had an average deviation of 9.37% from the values

recorded by Prats; however, on omission of the point having
the greatest deviation, 6.00% deviation resulted. This
point, which occurred after water breakthrough, differed
from that of the original technique by at most, 6.50% of the
comparative real time differential. The gas fraction devia-
ted by 4.89% with a contrary point occurring at the same time
as that of the oil fraction. Eliminating this point, the gas
fraction had an absolute average deviation of 1.67%
The derived dimensionless injectivity equation which
applies from oil breakthrough until water bank interference,
or Period 3A, was found to have an average deviation of
0.731% on injectivity from the values employed by Prats,

which was quite acceptable.

The fourth-order dimensionless injectivity approximation
after water breakthrough, Period 3B, had an average deviation
of 0.233% and a maximum deviation of 0.573%, which was quite

low and most acceptable.

 FIGURE IV. PER CENT DEVIATION AS A FUNCTION OF OIL FRACTION
50
•,

40

30

20
I •
--
df>
10
• •
•
c:
0 0
• •
·r-1
4J
n:l
•r-1
• • •
~ -10
0

-20

-30

-40
•
-50

-60
1-'

,.
• tO

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Oil Fraction (%)
 FIGURE V. PER CENT DEVIATION AS A
FUNCTION OF GAS FRACTION
70

60
•
50

40

-
d {)
....., 30

~
0
·n
+J

"'
·n
>
..
.•
Q)

•
• .
Q •
• • •
oI
., -
-·
-10
I
-20

-304-------~----~------~----~------~------~----~------~----~r---
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1'.)
0
Gas Fraction (%)
 PRATS COMPUTAT(O"''

PP~J(H) 1
F = ?. 7H'7't4
Wf f"l I"''
( ~ fl X P-1 ) = 'J.?A973A

wJn R1**2 R2**2 10

O.Ot;f)1 0.4·~0Cf= (' 1 0.40:JOE 01 61.2464
o.o 10~1 a.771f5C 04 o.7f515!: c4 1.3007
0.0:?0') c.c:;'J46E 04 0.15v3E 0'5 1.2143
c .a 1oD O.P317f? 04 0.2254E J'5 1.1690
0. c 400 n.lH111 F os 0.30J5E 05 l.l3RA
r. o 'l"'CI J.l~RI-E 0'5 0. :~756E 05 1.1164
0. 0 ~·'i:) 0.16631= 05 0.4507E 0'5 1.098R
C.C700 O.l~4C•F. 05 0.'5?.5RE 05 l.OR4'3
('. 0 QQ() 0.22l7f= O'i o.~oo9E or; 1. G721
r.. c (l(':) 0.?.494F 05 0.67AOE 05 1.061':>
f' • l ')'I!J n.277Jf: 0'5 0.7511r: 0'5 1.0522
0.110" 0.'3C4P( 0'5 O.R2~3E 05 l.044i)
r. 1 ?r 1 0.1321iF 05 0.90141= O'i l.f\3AA
r:. 1 ~·1: a.~AC~~ O"i O.'l7A5E 05 1.C2CJ~
r. 1 40 J 0.3A~CF 05 O.lO"i?F 06 1.0237
::. l ';O'J 1).4157[ ~)'i 0.1127!: ()6 1.CH~O
r. 1 ~~}0 Q.lt4~4f •]':) O.l?'J2F 06 t.ul28
c,...,_,
.l qr'J
7n1 0.4711:: 0'5 G.l277f: 06 l.C079
0 • '• q fl A I= 0 5 0.135?F 06 l.C.J33
0. 1 C::YJ C.'52t.';!: 05 O.l427E iJ6 0.9991
(",.? soo 0.5542f 05 O.l502F 06 0.9051
0.2100 O.t;Rl9F oc:; O.l577F 06 0.9913
0.7 ?')() 0.6C96E 05 O.l6'i2E 06 0.9A77
(1. 2-~oo 0.6373E 05 0.1728E 06 0.9843
0. 2 '•00 O.f-f,5QE 05 O.l803E 06 0.9Rl0
r,.2'501) o.~92RF: ns o.ts78E 06 v.9779
0.2t;O() o.7?C5E OS O.lQ53E 06 0.9750
0.?7£'0 0.748?.F: 05 0.2028E 06 0.9722
c. 2 900 o.7759E os; 0.2103E 06 0.9695

PFRTOO 2
WfO P~AXP-10"") = C.16RQO?

WJD Rl**? R .3**2 ID

r.7Cl0t') O.A03f-F 05 0.5977E 05 0.9210
(' • .,, t:;f"') O.A~131= fJ'5 0.5176E 05 0.8988
Q. 3 100 O.A590E 05 0.4425E 05 0.8736
('.3?CO 0. O~f·7r- Q') o.367'•E os o.A.447
(' • 3 3" I) O.Ol44E 05 0.2922E 05 0.8108 l
o.o421F 05 0.2171E 05 o. 7696 !
" • 3 li0'1
r .1 ~oo 0.~69RE 05
0.9Q75F. 05
O.l420E 05
0.669lf 04
o.7t65
0.6368 ~,
"'I
('. .3600

I
 PFRJOn :1

wrn R4**2 10
0.3~11() O.l?61F 06 0.3032
0 · ' 000 O.llR?F 06 0. 304 2
0. '• ?.0') O.llC2f 06 0.3052
n.. 4 40~ O.l0?3E 06 v.l063
0.3075
(' .4 f.,I)J (). Olt3'>F= 0'5
0.4 qo~J O.R64Gf: 0'5 0.30R9
n. c; coo o.71346E O'i 0.3103
0. 5 ?00 o.7051F os 0.3120
C. 5 4JO O.fl~!'7F 05 o.313R
c.') 600 0.546?~ O'i 0.3160
0. 5 ~00 0.466Af: 05 0.3185
0. £,~)00 O. 3873F 05 0.3215
C.6 ?OrJ o.~o7<JE os C.3254
0.)305
0.64().) 0.22R4f: 05

wrn 1-'?0r:ur 10
C.3360
~.t\'501 O.OC\·('100
(\. 7 0"'' O.l~<?048 o.3A37
r • A r.'"l"
.J • ~ C.'5lt143~ 0.43C7
r .Q·:)O':l r:.t-.57()4') 0.4724
1.0 ccrJ c.746noo 0.':>055
1.5~01) t;.AqRQOQ 0.5652
? .o 100 0.97ROOO 0.5968

I'V
I'V
 ~OFil. U\ YFP 1 l 'YER ? lf\Y.F.~ 3 t AY ER 4 ID
n.cor:Jrn O.OOIJJC''J o.r:occr.o o.ooooco O.OOJJCU 61.246410
f'.f;n?O?c c.nnon?4 o. oaro7'1 G.OOC\?Uq 0.000654 1.100662
O.r'llqPq r: .. ()('')'171 O.COf1??1 0.('00632 0.001981 1.214324
('.fl?r'?O? r;.oc·Jl24 ·'J.CCC'3R7 (1.001!J79 0.0033RO 1.168°52
f'.C?POC';'J 0.000177 C.f'G0552 C.0Cl'S4D 0.004~25 1.13'H6B
f.f~7P./0 0.000"31 0.C00722 0.002:Jl2 O.OC63C3 l.ll64C9
f· • " '• AR4 o 0. o~c? qr, O.COC'Rq4 C.CCP 1t92 0.007808 1.098783
O.G'Sf'Jll C.'Jrf'l34? O.OOlOAo 0.00'?<179 0.009335 l.OB43ll
C.r'6S?P6 0 • J C[) 3<'H) O.COI246 o.,Jc-3471 O.OlO'H-ll l.07207q
f)."74M"f'\ o.onntt56 0. f'f.ll 42 5 O.OtH97l 0.012443 1.061516
r. r P t~ 17 7 C.:J0f''114 o.r:-·016:v; 0.004475 0.0140.?0 1.052242
('.(O':\I,f-3 fl.')nOI)71 ~}. 00 1 1 Q, 7 o.or4QB2 O.Ol5Al0 1.04~991
r.1n-:t77" 0.00Q.C..3l 0.001971 0.0~'5't93 0.017213 1.036572
0.]170'\4 0.00Ch90 O.C021'56 0.006flC9 0.0111826 1.02983()
(',.\??f,04 r:.orc?r;n O.C:J234l 0.0065?1:> 0.020449 l.u23683
r.l~?4AQ n.I10')P. 10 J.0021)?A o.ao7o47 0.022DA2 1.018018
0.147~~~ o .. n"097J 0.002716 0.007'571 t).023723 1.012774
r.}')??~'> c.nroo11 O.C'J?OOI) C.'JCAQ9A 0.0?5373 1.0(i7A98
• l ("'"'; ' . .,.i ~ C'.lA?lR') C.Clfi(lr'Nl 0.003(:<')1) o.o:JBA27 0.027()30 1.0C3344
O.lo"'rro G.~7?1AP n • '' 0 l [' " ~ o.co3?86 0.009158 0.U286G5
o.o 3('366
0.9a9C73
(',.?r:'f'lf"(' r.1°?lo7 ':."'~""1114 0.C03477 V.CD9'J9l 0.995055
f'I.?Ir;crr 0.1n2?A"l 0. ') :"' l l 7 s o. ['1)"~669 0.0102?.7 0.032044 0.9Ql263
..... ., ?f';f'l('(' (."'":·?~7? rJ.')C1?17 l1.C'03PA? c.o1C71')4 0.033729 0.987675
~ • ..,~~"cr f'.,?l?t)1~ c.Y120'1 O. 0()4C;5A 0.011304 0.03':>4}9 0.9P.4'?70
..... :'4"f"'(; n.???fOl ::;.-::"l-=\61 rJ • C· C· 4 ? 50 0.011>3 1,? O.O.Hll5 u.9Pl032
(' • .., 1::,... f" ;: ('\ c ') 1
'") • ? ~? ~ • :1 r;
1 4 ? .(+ \).(":'1444'S O.C'l?.,R8 0. 0 ":\H R1 7 0.1)77946
f"o• ?t.,rrr.~· "'.?/+:tlt.d ~".'Y'l4"'S c. c'~46'•U O.Cl?931 O.C4C')24 0.974999
l'l. ? 7" r. r iJ (.?1)~41~ •:J • tV)l .::; 4 q O. C;J4AV', ( • (' 1 14 7Q 0.04"235 0.972180
-'.?O""')QC r.?t-Pl':l J.Or:l61" 0.(01)013 0.014:)27 0.041952 0.96f}48C
O.?OI"f'(lj r.?74?9o o.or:n-:,77 0. 00'5 2'=~5 0.014'590 0.045717 0.921046
~('-(:0('0
(',. O.?Ot:;?Ql Cl.fJJ1744 0.005444 o.Ol"\175 0.047548 0.898819
r.~1C"rrn r. ?Qf.,S77 0.0"1~'13 ~.005660 0.01577'5 0 .049ft29 0.873621
c.3zrrr:G r.:?0<"~219 'J.Ot::lAR4 0.005~'32 O.OlflV~5 0.051370 0.844684
n.'l~rrco C.1?C-:tt_)f-. O.!l")]OI)q 0.006113 0.017038 0.05~384 0.810764
o. ~~~ror-n r.-:t:t7o6q ').0('?0~5 0.006354 0.017711 0.055495 0.769620
r:.~~rof'r ('. ~4 6'•'• 5 :J.OG2llq 0.006612 0.019428 0.057741 0.716464
r. '16C ore ('.,-:lf..l2715 0. Ol' 2 ?09 0.0068C)5
0.007824
O.Cl9?17 0.060213 0.6361?0l
0.'l8f'C'OO {1./.cqq.::.{ '1.0C2'1C6 0.021806 0.068326 0.303225
".4f'f'l"'(":f' r.'•7c:;n12 o.nr:;;>o')R 0.009CRO 0.075309 o.07CI302 o.3C4l80
n.47"('C't- r.c:;4l4t:il n.or1~10 0.010313 O.OZFl-901 O.OC)0?42 0.305208
". ft4~"'!!CO C'· • f, ')A 0 t., 1 ·J.08~70!:) C'.Cll5~H O.C3?.280 O.lC1143 0.3C6321
• 4 ,., ·" ('! t' [' n.A7?"?4 0.'1°4l('8 0.012£P5 0.035746 0.112004 0.307533
,.t,pryr;.n r. 7'1r,o1 1 0. OC'45Cltt 0.(114063 0.039198 O.l2?81CJ 0.308863
.~rf'lr('-(': o.~~''l')l7 ~.n('4RQ9 o.r1S?Q6 o.r42n34 0.133586 0.310335
,.&:\?':H'1('(') c. Q,t.,C) 70ft 0.00')? 0 :? O.Cl6')?.3 0.046053 0.144 2qq 0.311980
• '} .G. (' (( !) c.rp0710 0.00')AP,'3 0.n17743 0.049453 0.1'54952 0.313843
• c:;f.r f'('.r o.o<Y~??" IJ.()(lf,!')71 O.Ol.'l055 0.052.'131 0.165537 0.31'5986
.~R('l""(\0 l."')')"J!f.,' f).00A4'5{., 0.020l'iB 0.0'561A4 0.176044 0.318504
•')()0000 l.ll<:!Jl)O ·1. ~Jcnr.n.~ J.C'?.1350 O.C5950R 0.186460 0.321545
.~)OCQQ 1 • 1 n C' c; 0 :~ o.ocr:nr., o.rzzr,~o 0.062797 0.196765 u. 32~368
.. 639000 ].?'•l5Rf-, G.OG7t;C!Q 0.023694 0.066042 0.206931 0.330476
.,6r<1(1('\0 1.?7l':'fl!'l 0.:1')777~ 0.0?4?67 0.06763R 0.211">33 0.136000
1.41111)3 O.OOR62'J 0.026930 0.075061 0.235192 0.383727 !'..)
1.6C";71)1t0 0.01"'~13? 0.031633 0.08Al67 0.?.76258 0.43067C) w
1.?70484 0.0114~8 O. 0.35PAB o.oqq972 0. 313 24 7 0.472412
?.r' P.tt?2° 0.01?.740 o. 0.39775 O.ll0Rn3 0.347371 0.505532
C.01A466 0.0'57653 0.160694 0.501507 0.565246
0.023730 0.074099 0.206503 0.647043 o. 596758
 Vt\LUF~ OF tn(TJ*KWJ*HJ/&KWJ*HJ rnR lAYER
~n•*(-ll 1 ? 1 4 lOT
o.ocnc 16.'."1;?1, 2q .4'tl2 12.7r:i51 4.0374 61.2464
':".ronc; r.?7~7 0.')333 r.?~~~ 1.0177 2.oqs1
r.0(\1o 0.?6?~ 0.'5062 0.?451 0.0~4":\ 1.0977
o.or:?n c. ;>t>fll_ 'J.ttqO'l O.?~?A C.OAOO 0.9996
0.0024 "'.110~ 0.4745 0.220'5 0.01<>7. 0.8935
~.{:0(1!; o.r~?" fJ.~q42 0.2145 0.0739 0. 7551
(!.r"f"'7f, r.f'Rt-'5 O.l7Pl 0.210() c.o72h 0.'5480
"·"'079 r.('R07 0.140~ 0.2103 0.0724 0.5132
!'.rr~{'l r.CJOl? n.l40Q (). 2 ' ') l 0.0723 0.':5144
,.,.('11((' C.lll" 0.1416 o.?Cn8 C.0711 0.5310
n.rlc:;c: r.!iP~ f).l4":\Q 0.18~6 0.0690 0.'539':}
n.,..~ro r.J'i('? J.l'..-78 C.ll16 0.0676 0.4 771
r.n?l~ fl.lt;?? n.l4Q1 0.07~7 0.0673 0.4455
c.r?4c:: r.tc:;~:-~ O.l"R') C.Cn1~ O.OA66 0 ·'•'+39
0.f".?70 r.1"60 0.17RI) 1:.'.00"3') c.G'>6l 0.4641
r:•."'4rt ,... • 1 "tC· 0.?~51 0.0644 O.C'64~ 0.5199
r."'Jc:;rr. f'.lt;AC C.?.'50~ o.cn54 0.0570 0. 5291
':.C!-.00 r..tc:An O.?h'+A 0.(671 0.04?4 0. 5301

M')"-**(-1) FG FO FW
0.'10~00 1.00000 o.ooooo -c.oocoo
0.00')')(' ·1.ronoo o.ooooo -o.oooco
r.OOlOO 1.cooeo o.ooooo -0.00000
o.nCPOO I.r.rnoc o.ooooo -c.oocoo
".0('?/+() o.~7A56 0. 12344 o.ooooo
O. 00!1Cf" ().AI1073 0.10927 c.ooooo
~J.00760 0.'51722 0.41A39 0.04439
0.0('7'1\) 0. 5" 077 0.3<J446 o.c 54 77
c.o('lqof') 0.54R95 0.39360 0.05745
o.OlrJCQ 0.'52333 0.36566 0.11102
G.015·1(' 0.47715 0.30493 0.21797
0.')?00') 0.14167 0.57344 0.28490
n.P2130 !J.1Eil04 0.53613 C.317A3
0.0745(1 0.15006 0.1A903 ().46091
o.n?70C O.l42'l2 0.37073 0.48675
o.o4'JOn 0.12175 0.23664 0.63961
0.~5000 0 .1('779 O.lR3Cl 0.70921
O.C6000 0.0~004 0.17549 0.74447 ,..,
+:
 25

VI. CONCLUSIONS

The technique of Prats for calculating the fractions of

oil, water, and gas by use of an electrolytic model has been
converted to a digitalized solution without the necessity of
electrolytic model interim data determinations.
This technique 1s advantageous in that i t does not
require a knowledge of either pressure drops or time elapsed
at any point in the calculation to predict performance. If
desired, the time elapsed may be determined at any given pro-

duction fractions.
The adapted version requ1res a knowledge of the water
cut as a function of the total amount of water injected in

lieu of the electrolytic model, which allows all results to

be obtained through a rigorous mathematical procedure only,

which is readily available.

In employing the adapted version, it is still necessary

to note that, as with the original technique, the calculations

become tedious unless a small number of permeability layers

may be discerned.
In summary, we conclude that a technique adaptable to

digital solution has been offered which modifies the Prats'

technique such that production historys for a five-spot water

flood can be accurately and rapidly projected.

 26

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amyx, J. W., Bass, D. M., and Whiting, R. L.: Petroleum

Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
1960, pp. 76-78.

Aronofsky, J. S. and Ramey, H. J.: "Mobility Ratio-- Its

Influence on Injection or Production Histories in Five-
Spot Water Flood," Petroleum Transactions Reprint
Series, No. 2, Water Flooding, pp. 120-121.
Craig, F. F., Geffen, T. M., Morse, R. A.: and "Oil Recovery
Performance of Pattern Gas or Water Injection Operations
from Model Tests," Petroleum Transactions Reprint
Series, No. 2, Water Flooding, pp. 126-127.
Dyes, A. B., Caudle, B. H., and Erickson, R. A.: "Oil Pro-
duction after Breakthrough -- as Influenced by Mobility
Ratio," Petroleum Transactions Reprint Series, No. 2,
Water Flooding, pp. 114-117.
Jordan, J. K.: "Reliable Interpretation of Waterflood Pro-
duction Data," Petroleum Transactions Reprint Series,
No. 2, Water Floodin~, pp. 70-72.
Muskat, M.: Physical Principles of Oil Production, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, Inc., 1949, pp. 670-682.
Prats, M.,·Matthews, C. S., Jewett, R. L., and Baker, J. D.:
"Prediction of Injection Rate and Production History for
Multiflood Five-Spot Floods," AIME Transactions, 1959,
p. 9 8.

Pirson, S. J.: Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book

Company, Inc., 1958, p. 607.
Smith, c. R.: Mechanics of Secondary Oil Recovery, Reinhold
Publishing Company, 1966, pp. 215-218.
 27

APPENDIX
 28

NOMENCLATURE*

Theoretical Computer
Discussion Program Definition
sweep efficiency
FG fraction of gas in efflux
FO fraction of oil in efflux
FW fraction of water in efflux
F (S - S )/(S - S ) + 1
o or g gr
ID( ) dimensionless injectivity
SUMID( ) dimensionless injectivity as a
function of time
h. RHJ( ) thickness of the j-th layer; feet
J
k . WJK( ) effective permeability of the j-th
WJ layer to water; md.
Mo,g MOG mobility ratio, oil to gas
MWO mobility ratio, water to oil
SQRl( ) square of the outer radius of the
water bank during Periods 1 and 2;
feet
SQR2( ) square of the outer radius of the
oil bank during Period 1; feet

SQR3( ) square of the outer radius of the

gas region around the production
well during Period 2; feet

SQR4 ( ) square of the quasi-radius of

water flowing under interference
during Period 3A; feet

*computer alphamerics not listed in this table which are pri-

mary variables are the same as listed in SPE Standard "Letter
Symbols for Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Natural Gas
Engineering and Well Logging Quantities", 1965.
 29

Theoretical Computer
Discussion Program Definition
SQRW square of the radius of the injec-
tion well; feet
L L length of the side of five-spot
pattern; feet

Parentheses following a computer program variable indicate a

dimensioned quantity.
 ~~~T4 PT~N4C~~,Tr~F=l. 0 !~F~=l0 D KOEDERJT7 JOB 6
r. L. F. Kn~=nEPITl
(: PPftTS f':Cf.1PUT:\Tf0'\J
·! nrMcNsJnM wrntiOO),sQqlt50J,SQR?f50J,IDf1CCJ,oJoftOO),TZflOO),
1 q-..f) l ( ~ l, R SU"-1 ( c;), SQP 3 ( 50) , 0"'1Ll( l 00 J , fV..,l? ( 1 OCH, f)ML 1 ( 100), O~.,l4 { l 00),
?J~O(J~rt,wrft00J,TFTC(2rJ,qll(20J,R?lf20J,R3l(?O),R4l(20),
1Sli~TOC2f:,,SW1(20J,SW2(20J,SQR4('5'5)
/) f'tTr:rrt? PFR If10
.r~1~ DFfll. ro,KRW,KRI1,KRG, ... w,~.,o,MG,L,~wo,MnG,toP
"it C8M~CN KRW,KRO,KRG,MW,MO,MG,L,SO,SOR,SG,SGR,SWC,RW,PHI,~WO,MOG,
,:$
;'}t; lPT
CAU V1\1. \J
.~ 1\J1=7
'fltl WOJT~ (3,3)
A 3 FOP~AT C1 1 1 ,'50X, 1 PPATS COMPUTATION')
r:
~<'~ PFPIOf'-=l
:"'(\ WQlTF (1,R) ~(RTnO
t~t ~ FOR~AT (/// 9 40X, 1 PfRI00 1 ,12)
·l·? t:;()PW=PW**?
11 ~=· **?
14 F=l.+C(Sn-SORl/(~G-SGRl)
}C\ WIUTF (~ 9 7.1 F
16 YH="-"11
17 2 Ff"'P•.11\T (?~'~)(,tC: =•,F}0.6)
p:t 1tlf"f, )=". ()
}Q 4Tr!"•l'."1(:nl /f4.~C) 0
?0 WP!Tr (~,?") WT~VAY ~
21 ? (" c: no '4 II T f ? l'l X, ' Tn ( ~ :~ X TM!J ~ )
I..J =' , F l 0 • 6 l '1:1
c:
?? '\If= ( H' n • * wI f)~ A X t + 1.
l)f'! 5 'i f fl.= 1 , NC
1-3
M
?3 !;0
?4 yc: { '"·Fn.NCl (:q T11 4
2'i wtn(f~+ll=wrntYAJ+O.rt '1:1
'21-l 4 S0 1 ( T P fl. ) = f w f f *A I In
+~OR Al PIl W !;0
?7 S0P~fTAl=(WTO(l6l*~*FIPYl+SOQW 0
2Q ,n(J~l=f4.*PTl/(ALD~(SQRl(tAl/SORW)+~Wn*~OG*f2.*ALOG(l**2/SQRW'
(j)

?O
l-1.q?n-Atnr.fSOR?(IAl/SORWll+MWO*Al0G(SQR7fiA)/SQRlfiA)))
~n ".!T T"'ll F
,;:; 'i
.. WR!Tt ,.,,q, ~
~0
'31 C) c:~PI<.1AT (//,T~7, nnn•,Tr;6,'Rl**?',T7~, 1 R?**2 1 ,TlC?,'IO'J
.,? wo T T f ( ~, n) f WIn f ! ~ ) , ~()R 1 ( t R) t S t t OR 2 ( B) I 0 ( I R)
t I R= 1 , NC)
31 A c:n~~AT (1~X,F1C.4,lOX,El?.4,1CX,El2.4,lOX,Fl0.4l
·v. nn 7 rr=t,Nr.
'3'i 7 '11~"'( TCl=l.IJn( yr)
v; r.Mt TRAP frllfl,'\lr,T7,Nt,XH)
37 ? ~~p~~T {30X 1 FlO.Al
('
.,n orOJ'lfl=?
10 l~fi"'VII.V=l.IF
ttr• WQTT~ (1,q) Pf~tnn
~orTr f1,,~l wrn~ftx
41 "'"=fl~r.•wi~~~xl+l.
~?
4.,
44 a, =
'\I": p ~·r: + l
1 r r ~ = ~K r , .,, I)
w
4'5 WIn f T A)=~ H'l ( I A-1. ) +0 • f·l c
41,
~nP1(T~l=f(l**2l*(l.-WIOfiAl*F)/PI)+SQRW
47 SQPl(TAl=(WTO(Jal*A/PI)+SORW
 4~ fOfT~J=f4.*PTJ/(ALOGfSQRlfiAJ/SORWJ+MWO*~OG*Al0G(SOR3(fAl/SQRW)
,·•·
l+~W~*f?.*~LOG(4/SORWJ-3.A56-ALOG(SOR1(1A)/SQRW)-Al0GfSQRl(IA)/
r 2C)OPW)) )

.·~
nTnfi~J=l.tinfi~J
fif'. 10 CO~~T T~IIJI=
-s.,,, WP lTF ( 3, l ~)

.·::t:
.{li .. ,
1q FOP~AT (//,T37, 1 WI0 1 ,T~~,•Rl**?',T7~, 1 R3**2 1 ,Tl02, 1 10')
W~JTF fl,6J fWI~tiRl,S0Rl(JRJ,SQR3(IR),IOfJBJ,IB=NCP,NOJ
~··~: Cl\ll TRAP ( OT f', ~m, T 7, NC P, XH)
FOP~~T (7(~X,Fl0.Al)
''•·:.l'llf..r..'
t"·::'P~~ CALL PLAY {R~Ol,RSIJM)
~.. ·. ~,:,;~'·'!. ·~-'S.
PEP tnf' = 3
'fRtTt: (1,Al PFP JOn
~··~~:' r~r~ ts o~ptno 3~:
·~}~h?:~w·
.. '~.'·'-..
\J. . ! 00 7"' TN: 3R, 51.
t${t '<:H.:=~ .o?
~:l,il \ofln( TNl"-=WTf)tiN-ll+XH
'lY?'
b~ *· * *(
S(}~·4CY Nl=•( fl**2) t SO- WID( IN l *( 1.-SWC)) I (PI *SOl)
I O·t ! N ' = ( 7 • P.I ., I ( 2 • ALOG ( l / R Wl- 0. o 64 J + C( MW0-1 • ) *A lOG ( SQ~ T ( S QR 4 ( I r-.1 J
l l ,,~ w))'
.·~·.....·
·~~ .. 26
nT"fT~):t.IIOftNl
C.fl~lT l~UF
~~ r.:•nt ro~r» fntn,'H,T7.:,1~,'<HJ
~<?::• WOJTF ( ~. ~~t
~ 7q FOO~ftT f//,T37, 1 WTn•,T96,•Q4**?',TlC~, 1 l0')
:bq
27
t.fP TT f
F~P~AT
f 1, ?7 l
(~OW,f1~.4,)0X,Fl?.4,12X,F1C.4)
=
f WHH PH , S r)R 4 ( PH , l 0 ( PH , I "J 3 8 , 5 1 J
'1r:'l·
,.,, r. T4t~ T~ ~r-Pt~n ~n:
fl.?3l (Wf!)( T._.l, l'-!=5? 9 ';R)
Q':J\"l
~?a 2~ FrpM~T f7Fl0.4)
r.
·7~ '.-11\T'-f:') • f-'5
r
74 on ?4 t~-3?,53
·7t; r.l'l t. f-l?nriJT f\olii')C I) ,WC( I) ,Wf'TH)
7,., Infil=r.~36-r.0~64*WCfi)+0.700*WC(Il**?-0.465*WC(I)**3
l+~.l?l*~(ff)**4 . .
77 nyrq T )=1./Jfl( ll
7~ WH~~T"lfi,-WtOft-ll
7n Tf?~"
f:l\tl. (nrn,r,r.,,r,wHJ
~H"~ ?4 ('"f"I~'T PIIIF
R.l. - w"1rf ("1,2'-l
1l2 2r; F"Q~J\T (//,T~7,•wrn•,T54,'H?~ CUT•, T10?,'10')
A.3 WI' T T r ( 'l, l " '3 l n
( Wt f Y ) , \oiC t T l , I 0 I 1 ) , I =15 2, '58)
84 tn~ r:~p~~T ("1C~,r1r.4,10X,Fl?.6,12X,Fl0.41
@&; nn / ? Tr-= 1 , '5 n
·'lft 11\111 f rrt:T7(JC)*PMI")l( l )
A7 '"'.,, ? f I r, =r z ( I c l *o Ml" 1 f ? l
SA "'At 3 ( yr. l = r? ( 1 r 't.tP """ 1 ( 1 J
1tq f')~1l4( fr J'""T7( IC)*~Mf\lf 4)
·~o ?? r:"1"'T r~rrc:
()1 - tif) T T F' ( ~, t. A l
4R Fn~~f\T ('1',Tl~, 1 Wif') 1 ,T2c:;,•A~Eil',T3A,•LAYFR l',T53t'lAVER 2•,.
9?. 1TnP, •ti\V~P. 3' ,T~~,'lJ\'ff~ 4 1 ,T10t,'f!Jt)
*'
~<
i'f ·~pyyr (~,?1) (Wln(J[l,T7(1C),OMLlfiC),O~l2(fCJ,OML3(1CJ,OMl4CICJ, ....w
:~~·>':<f ~:? 1 JO( Tr:l, tf=l ,5Rl
~:.·
 ·.·CJ4 R~~n fl,,~, trrrrrJA),JA=l,lq)
Ql) nn ~r T":"l,l 0
Oft nr ~l r"=? ,
~R
97 JF fTr"Tffi).LT.n~ll(Jfl-l).OFI.T!:TC(J).GT.DMtlflA)) GO TO 33
<lA TH F J 11= Tn ( Tf! -1 J- lfH Ta )
00 (') T F If =n 'ff 1 ( f II -1 J- T F Tf:; (f J
tf>l' nrrn=nMlH JA-I ,_11.,., 1 fll\)
lt') nr:rn=nJFTO*ntFH tOTF?l
'19? RU ( T l = P <; tJM ( 1 I* ( f'H T1\ -1 1-0 A00)
~Hi3 r,n Trt ~4
104 3~ IF fTFTf{ft.GT.n~Ll(e;A)) Rllfll=RSU~(ll*l0(58)
tOt; ~4 TF (TfTC(Il.LT.f1"1l?ftl\-ll.r'JR.TETC(J).GT.OP-1l2(1A)J GO TO 35
1~6 n J r J n= I 11 ( TA-1 , - Tn ( J " l
1('7 nn=u =n~t ' f TA-1 l-n=rr fll
iO~ OIF?I_:I')Ml2( TA-l )-nMti'fll\)
~~n~-=OtF!O*I11Fll/fllF?l
·. o.·q
lQ
·..' . ..

ll
1'·· R? I f T l =P <;If'"' ( 2 l * ( rrH TA -1 ) -01\011 t
~5 IF fTFTCfJJ.tT.n'Al~(JI\-l).OR.TETC(f).GT.OML3{1A)J GO TO 36
11? n TF T0= Tn ( T1\ -1 ) -1 0 f I A l
111 nlflt-=0~'1 1( TA-l l-TFTC ft t
114 OIF?.l-=OUL ~( Jl\-1 l-11Mt.3(T~l
115 I) 1\ 1')0: rq F J fl* I) IF 1 tIn IF 7l
111, ~~t CI,=RSII'1(~l*fTfHU-U-D<\f1T))
117 ~6 TF fTETf(fl.lT.!)'~l4(JI\-l).rlP.TETC(Il.GT.O~l4(IAJ) GO TO ~1
11~ f)JFTf1-=lf'( JA,-1 l-T'l( t.'\)
110 n I r 1 l =n ~~l 4 ( l ~ -1 ) - T I= T C ( T 1
~ ?.~ '1J r?t =n'4f 4f 1 ~-1 l-!1P..1t4 (rAt
121 n~nn=nJri~*"'IFlLtnTF?l
122 Qt..l ( f t=PSII'IA(ld*C Jf'( Ih-lJ-(Hf)O)
12~ 31 r: 'l !\IT P\11 .l~
1?4 SU v T0 ( r l-= ~ 1 l ( l l +f'! 2l ( f l +R.1l ( T l +P 4L ( I )
12'; ~~" r,"'T TN!Ir
1?1, WRTTF (1,4QJ
177 4'? PIP'HT f//,T? 0 ,'Vl\lllfS Of IO(Tl*KW,J*HJ/f.l<WJ*HJ FOR LAYFR 1 ,/,T9,
1•~r**(-lJ',T?7,'1',T42,'7',T57,•3•,T72, 1 4 1 ,T86,'1DT'J
12q WR f T F ( ~, ~ 7) ( T FTC ( I ) , R ll ( J l , R 2 L( I ) , R3 L ( I ) , R4 L ( J ) , S ur•H n ( I ) ,
lf=1,]A)
120 ~7 ~npMftT (6{ ~X,Fl0.4))
1 10 WRTTF (3,40)
1 31 40 FnQ~~l\T (/f,T4l,'Mf)**(-l)',T64,•FG• ,T84, 1 FO',Tl04, 1 FW' t
1~2 42 FnPvnT (?7~ 9 4(10X,Fl0.5))
13~ \ft.J P Tf I= 'i 1
134 nn J ~ r; T= 1 , 1 q
1~5 r,rr.li~!T:r.
13t- nff'!WT="•
l37 ~n l r 1 r "::-? ' ~ p
l ~.q yr:: (TFTCfll.\ T.'1ML1(Jil-ll.OR.TFTC(Tl.GE.OMll(IAll GO TO 200
,l't0
"t'l r~11
iF·· (
rp.ll..r ( ff\,M'1,f'..IWQTH,fG,IOJ
rr:. r::r.I' r;r,npnr=~ lL t l >+r-C'l\JNT
TF ( J'l.cn.l) OCnllNT=IJC:fl'INT+Rll( tl
t 41 rc:- (In rn 1 QP.I\..EO.U r,n TO ?.00
14?.
143 11 wTn = ,~, rn l :'!.:
f *(
l H· ( t.-JI n f f 'I ) - WIf)( l 1\ -1 ) ) I T fTC ( I ) -0 Mll CI A-1 ) ) I I DMll f I A )
1-nvt l t Y/\-1)))
14ft
145
146 ?n(1
CALL. H?f"lf1JT (DWTf\,FWC ,W~TH,t
nr riii'!T=nrouNr +P ll f f
TF
'*f 1.-F ~c'
fTFTCfTl.LT.!)~I2(JA-ll.OR.TETCCil.Gf:.OMl2CIA)) GO TO 201 w
tV
__ u Cl'llt ~:pi\( (l!l,Nn,NWP.TH,TG,I01
147
 l4" p: (Tf;.FO.JJ r;cntr"JT=P?.tff)+GCOUNT
149 IF f IO.EO.l) nC{lliNT=OCOlJNT+-R?lf I)
};5:0 IF (Tn.ro.l.oq.JG.EO.l) GO TO 701
t~tll '1!.-1 1 O=W I 0 ( Ill.- 1 ) +HI fl) ( f A)-WI 0 ( I A-1 ) ) * ( (TETC ( I }-D Ml2 ( I A-l ) ) I ( DML2 ( I AJ
t-nMt 2 ( TJ\-1 ) J J
. )'!;? C.Att H?flf:tJT (OHIO,FWC:,W~TH)
lf!il or niJNT=nr.mJNT +R ?t cI , * o. -F wet
...t~l9:~. 201 rr fTfTf:'fl).tT.OMl3(f~-lJ.nR.TETC(I).GE.O,.CL3(1A)J GO TO 202
:f;f'Y C~ l t_ ~P J A , f\J 0 , ~J WRT 1-1 ,I G, T0 l
l\ C f
J;t<t.• fJ: (I r;. F0 .1 l t:(f)IJ"JT=R 3l (I l +f.COUNT
S7 IF cro.ro.l, ocnuNr=or.nuNT+R1LtiJ
rr (In.co.l.nR.I~.EQ.ll GO rn 202
OWlO=WTrCTA-ll+{WIO(fAl-WID(lA-lJ)*((TfTC(Il-OML3(1A-l))/(0ML3(1A)
l-OMl3( T1\-l)) l
Cllll H?OfliT COWID,FWC,WRTHl
ncnoNT=ncnu~tT +Q 1t c f l* ( 1.-Fwc: l
202 tF CTFTCCll.LT.n~L4CIA-ll.nR.TFTCCil.GF.OML4(1A)) GO TO 151
l. Cfttl FRftf (JA,NO,NW~TH,I~,T~)
164 JF ( t~.FO.l) t1COU~T=P4l( I J+f;Cf'lUNT
165 TF OC:OtJ"'T=fH'TltJNT+R4LCtl
(TO.EO.ll
,,..,
1~6 Tf (ln.E0.l.OQ.tf>.FO.ll t.n TO 151
OWT~=W!O(J~-ll+(WJO(l~l-WYOCIA-lJJ*((TFTC(IJ-OMl4(JA-l))/(O~l4(lA)
1-fV~t4(J1\-1)))
16A Chll Y?llfiJT ("'WTD,FWC,Wt:\TH)
}~<}
l'il
'1f ("llfl'.!T =OC Oil NT +R 1+l ( I l
rf'1'''fPJIIJ:
*(
1 • -FI.-IC l
17(\
171 TrPAf=Rlt ( J)+~2L(t)+R1LCl)+R4ltll
1 7" t:r,:r;(OIJ~T/TFRf\C
1 ..,.~ F n= '1C OII~IT IT FR "-C
}74 HI= 1 •- ( Ff'~ +F"O'
11'5 WOJTF (~,42) TETC(t),FG,FO,FW
176 150 CO'-~TINIJF
177 <:;Tflf'
17R PIO

17q <:;UPQ("l!JTT~lf: V~UJ

lAO (:n'IM.,flN !<RW, KRO,KR G, MW, MO, MG ,L, SO, SnR, SG, SGR ,SWC ,RW, PH t, MWO, HOG,
JPT
!Pl RFAL tn,KRW,KRO,KRG,MW,MO,MG,L,~WO,MOG
18/' f'T=1. 1 't16
"1 ~3 <;'1=0."i'i~
1A4 '\()O:f.l44
lPCi <:;t;=C.?'•?
t«~ 6 c;r.P=r.ocn
1P7 c:;~.Jf= c. ?nc
1 PA I<PW..,.f.l~
1 ~q !(Qn=f'.l'3
10!"! I(Pr.:f'.}4P
}Q! ~!.J:'~ • 1"7
}0? ~o=~.c:;
l01 \1r.~'1.Cl":l
104 l= 0 1-:t.
1<15 Q\.1= / .
10~
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•...H.Jf""= , • !" w
}Q7 w
lOA Mnr.=r. c en~
Qr.:TIJf'N
l99
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S!IRRn!ITTN!= TPM> (OfO,NC,T!,J,XI-0

nT~FNSION T7(100J,OIO(l00)
T7fl,=C.
nn 1 r r r fl = J , ~l r
100 T7fi~,=T7(fA-1)+0
*
0= { "H 1 ? • J cn r o c r ,.. - 1 , + o r n ( 1 A ' J
RFTIHHJ
Ei'W
sucwroT T"JF PLAY (~MfH ,RSIJM)
OI~ENSin"J PMOlf~),WJK(5),RHJ(5l,RSUMf5J
lAVtP:::4
RFAn Cl,Inl} (WJK(JA),I~=l,l~YERJ
I'H'A') fl,JCU (RHJ(f,'t) ,IA=l,L\YER)
101 FI1P"4~T (71=10.4)
!\f)f':{'.
On lf? JR=l,LAYER
~HJ(T~l=RHJCJR)OWJK(IA)
102 ~011= f.f)f'HP HJ ( I P. l
nn 103 TC=l,LAY~R
QSU'~f lf):RHJ( ff)/Af)!)
10'3 ~~01CICl=1./WJK(IC1
RF TIIP"J
ptf")

774 <;qot'r!JT J~·r: 1-4/0fUT (A., ~.c l

2:.>5 ~=r· •
2?6 IF (t.~O.fl ~n TO Qq
?")7 A=-1.QQ+5.460A-3.46*A**2+0.736*A**3
27A QQ R~TtJPI"J
Z2Q ~=~n

?;(' SUPRn\ITINE ff~Af (t.,N,M,lG,IOl

?':q Ifl=0
?3? ff';::('J
233 IF ( l .l F. !\l} I~= l
?34 TF fYG.~O.ll GO TO qq
73~ JF { J .LF.M) !0=1
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737 Er\10 ~
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• •
• •
 • FLOWCHARTER II
•
• S36 * * *
•* •
• •
*** * ML4(IA-1).0R.
*
CTETCCil.LT.ONO ***
**AO ** TETC(l).GT . OM * *>• Al** ** *
**BO>~c>
*
* *NO **** ** *
* *>* B6 ** *CO*>
* **
***************
*
**
** ***************
*DWIO=WID(IA-1*
* * *l+(WIO(!A)-WI* •
• * * * L4tiAl)
*** *• * *
* * *
*** *** *
1>-=18

**
• * YES
*
* * 3*
****
* * *
00 151
IA=2,58
** **************** *
* $00*-->*0(IA-l))*((TE*
* * *TC(IJ-OMLl(IA*
** * *
*************** •
• * •
*---------->*
YES
***
* A6**
**** * •
• 531
v
1 •
• ** ***************
*OIFIO=IO(lA-1*
* * *l-IO(IA) *
**************
* **
v
***************
• *
**
v
***************
* CALL H20CUT ( *
* OWIO,FWC,WBTH * •
• *Al*-->*
*** * **
*
**
*************** ***********
* *
*
IA=2-l
*
****************
*
*
)
*****************
*
*
•
• •
• •
• v
***************
*OIF1L=OML4( lA*
*-U-TETC(Il *
v
**************
TE (3,37)
TC(I), RlL( * ***
***************
*
* *-->** IA=IA+l **
*
v
****************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT
v
*+RlL<I )*( 1.-F* •
• ** *
*
*****************
rR2L{I), R3L
J,R4L(l),S lJ *
***********
*C2
* * *
***
*
****************
*
*WCl *
******************* •
• I I I
I •
• v ! •
• v
***************
*OIF2L=OML4f IA*
*-U-DML4(JA) *
v
**************** • *
(TETCC I J .L T.DNO
* MLl(IA-lJ.OR. * **** *
* *
**
5200 * *
* ML2(1A-1).0R.
* 0NO ***
( TE* TC (I ) . LT.
* •
• *
** ***
***************
*
* * * TETC( I). GE .OM
Ll(IA))
** * *
*> C.4*
* * *
***
* *
*03*> TETC( I) ·GE.QM *>* 04**
*** * * *L2(1A))
* * * * *- ****
* * *
*** •
• * * •YES **** *
---------->* 03*
*****
* YES
---------->* * A3 **
* 5*
•
• S200 ****
S201
•
• *FlL/OIF2l
v
***************
* 0 A0 0= 0 I F I D* 0 I *
* *
** NWBTH=51
v
***************
*
**
** ****************
CALL FRAC (fA *
* * * ,NO,NWBT~,IG, * ** ****************
CALL FRAC CIA*
* * * ,NO,NWBTH,IG, *
•
• *•
*****************
** ** **
***************
*C4*>
**** **
10)
***************
*•
* *04*> 10)
* **
** *****************
*
*
•
• I •
• ! I
v
•
• v
***************
*R4L(J)=R5UM(4*
*)*{I 0( I A-1 )-0* **
v
***************
** * * * * *
* * **
*NO
* * ( IG.EQ.U * ·-------.
•
* ** (IG.EO.l)
• *ADO)
* **
****************
* DO 150 1=1,18
**************** *
*
*
* * * *
•
I *
**
** * * * * •
• I * * *YES * YES
•
• l •
• **
$31

• • CONTINUE ***
*
•*A6*-->*
v
***************
*
**
v
***************
*
* *+GCOUNT
v
***************
*GCOUNT=RlL ( ll*
*
***************
*GCOUNT=R2U
*+GCOUNT
I)*
*
v
•
• •** * ** **
***************
**
I=l-1 *
**
***************
** **
*****************
*
*
*
*
***************** •
• ' •
• v
' v
<----
v
<----------------. •
• *
*
*

*
*
****
* *NO
*> B9 **
* *
v
***************
** * *
* * *
*
* *
*
* *
*NO
*
*
•
• *
**
**
IA>=58

* *
*' ****
* 3*
- >**
**
I=I+l
**
***************
* * *
*
(IO.EQ.lJ

** * *
*
**
( IO.EQ.l)

*
* *
·-------.
•
•
----
* * *
YES
; - ----~---~- - - -- - - ~~ t
*
I
*YES *
* * *YES
•
•
• v
I
***************
*5UMIO(l} =R lL(* ••
v
***************
*
v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
I •
•
*I )+R2L (I )+R3L* * *+R 1L(I ) * *+R 2Ult *
• *(l)+R4L(I) *
* *
*****************
GC OUNT-=0. :
**************
** **
*****************
*
**
*
** •
• I
***************
•
• ' <---------- ----~~ . <----------------. •
v

• $30 v
**************** ***
* * BO**
'
v
************! ***
* * CO**
* **
IIO.EQ.1.0R.INO
* G.EQ .l)
*
* *>****•
* **
* EQ.l.
(IO.
* G. EQ.lJ
v
OR .INO ****
* *>* AO **
•
•
** CONTINUE •--->
: ** **** *
•--->
** **** *
*
**
** ***
DOt
* ****• **
* * * * * * ****
* * 5*
**** •
•
*************** ***********
YES --->*****
*------- o3:
*** * •
* YES
---------->* * A3 **
* 5*
•
• szoo ****
S201 •
• •
• FLOWCHARTER 11 39 •
• •
• *** ***************
*DWID=WIO(IA-1*
* * *)+(WIO(IA)-WI* ••
***************
: o)WID=WI 0 ll A-1 *
+( WIO(IAl-WI* ** ***************
*DWTD=WIO ( IA-1*
* * *)+(WIOCIAJ-WI* **
*
Sl50
***************
*
*
*
*
•
• •
*AD -->*OfiA-l)J*CfTE* ->:oTCftA-l))*((TE* *CO*-->*DIIA-ltJ*ffTE* *
*DO•-->* CONTINUE *
* * *TC(J)-0Ml21IA* • * (I ) -0 ML 3 ( I A * * * *TCli)-OML4(1A*
** * * * * *
**
*** * *
*************** **************** *************** ** ****************
• I
I •
• v
•
• v
***************
* CALL H20CUT f *
* DWID,FWC,WBTH *
v
***************
* CAL L H20CUT ( *
•* ?W IO,FWC,WBTH *
****************
CALL H20CUT ( *
* DWTO,FWC , WBTH *
v
*
*
* *
* *NO ****
* *>* 87 *•
•
• *
*
)
**************** **
* **
*************** *
*
*
*
•* )
***************
• •• * **
**
1>=18

*
*
* * 4*
**** •
• * * *YES
I •
• l I •
• v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
*+R2L(J )*( 1.-F*
v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
*+R3L( U*(l.-F*
v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
*+R4l(l)*(l.-F*
v
************** * •
• *WC)
*
*
**
****************
*WC )
**
*
**
***************
*WCJ
**
*
*
*
***************
** STOP
* *************** *
**
•
• •
• v ~
•
• ***
S2 01 * *
*
(TETC(IJ.LT* . DNO
**A3 ** TETC( I) .GE.DM *> A4**
* ML3(1A-l).OR. * *
*** ** * ML
*
S202 *
*
CTETC(I).LT.ONO
4(IA-l).OR. *
*
***
* **> TE TC( I) .GE.DM *>* 84**
** * **
**C3*-->*
Sl51 V
***************
**
* •
• * * * *L3(JAJ)
***
-.- * * * **** *
*83
* * * L4 fiAJ)
** **
* * *
*
* **** * *** * **
CONTINUE
**
***************
•
•
* * YES ***
* *
---------->* 83*
**** *
***
* YES * *
---------->* C3*
**** *
•
S202 Sl51
! •
• ** ****************
CALL FRAC fiA *
***************
** *CALL FRAC fiA *
* * * , NO, NWBTH, IG, * *
* * *
*
*****NO •
* **
* * * ,NO,NWBTH,IG, * * *>* C2**
• *A4*> IOJ
**** **
*
*************** *
*
*B4*> I 0 J
**** **
*************** *
*
*
*
lA>=58

** * * *
* * 4*
**** •
• * YES
•
• v v
•
• *
** **
*NO ' . • • * * *
*
*NO
v
***************
*TFRAC=RlL (I)+*
*R2L (I J+R3L ( l )*
•
• * ** (lG.EQ.lJ ** ·-------
** ** l
*
* * (IG . EQ . U * ·-------.
•* *
*+R4L( I)
*****************
*
** •
• * * YES
*
*
* * *YES
•
• •
• ***************
*GCOUNT=R3llll*
*+GCOUNT *
v v
**~•************
NT=R4L(Il*
UNT *
v
***************
*FG=GCOUNT/TF R*
*AC *
•
• *
*
*
*
**
*
*
************
*** **
****************
•
•
***************
•
• <----------------. I
<----------------. •
v v
•
I

• * * * **
*NO ** ** *NO ***************
*FO=OCOUNT/TFR*
*AC *
v

• * ** fl O.EQ.l) *
** * *
* ·-------.
1
II O. EQ .l)
*
*
*
·-------.
I
*
*
*
**
*
•
• * * *YES
*
* * *YES
* ***************
I •
• I •
• v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
v
***************
*OCOUNT=OCOUNT*
***************
*
v
* •
•
*+R3L(l)
*
**
*
*
**
*+R4L( I)
**
*
*
**
*
*
*FW=l
**
. -(FG+fO)**
** •
•
*************** *************** ***************
•
• <----------------.
v
<----------------. •
• *
* *
*
v
tiO.EQ.l.OR.INO
*
* *>****
* *
(l *O.EQ.l.OR.INO
* G. EQ .U
*
* *>****
v
*********************
WRITE (3,42)
s 150
* TETC(l),FG,FO • •*** *
•
• **
G.E Q.l)

*
BO**
* * * *** * ** *
CO**
* **** *
,Fw
*
--> DO*
***************
* •
***
* •
• ** * *
* YES *****
---------->* 83*
* *
* * *YES *
***
---------->* C3** •
• * *
***
S202
**** *
$151
•
• •
• •
• •
• FLOWCHARTER II 41 •
•
INE TRAP (OID,NC,TZ,J,XHJ
•
• ***************
*SUBROUTINE TR*
*AP (OIO,NC,TZ*
•
• •,J,XHJ
*
*
**
****************
•
• •
• •
• v
***************
** *
•
• * TZ(U=O. **
** *
****************
•
• •
• •
• •
v
***************
* ** •
• ** DO 100
IA=J,NC
**************** *
** I -

•
• •
• •
• v
***************
*** ***
•
• **
IA=J-1
**
***************--
•
• •
• <---------------. •
• v
***************
** * •
• * IA=IA+l **
* *
***************** •
• •
• •
• v
***************
*O=(XH/2.)*(01*
* D( I A-1 ) +0 I 0 ( I* •
• *A))
*******************
*
•
• •
• •
• SlOO V
***************
*TZ(IA)=TZ(IA-*
*1) +Q * •
• ** **
****************
* •
• •
• v •
• * *
*
** *NO
*
* ·------. •
• **
*
IA>=NC

* *
*
*
•
• *
* *YES
•
• •
• **
v
*************** •
***
• RETURN
* *************** •
• •
•
 ***************
** SUBROUTINE **
** CRMOl,RSUM)
PLAY **
*****************

• **
v
***************
*
LAYER=4
*
**
**
*************** **

v
*********************
* ~~1~cll;!~l!t
, LAYER l
•
* *
***************

<--------------- •
v
*********************
READ (1,101)
v
***********
I
* CRHJCIAl,IA=l * ** I
,LAYER) IC=IC+l
* * ***
***************-- *********"*-**** -

v v
*************** ***************
*RSUM CIC}=RHJC*
*
**
* *IC)/AOD *
AOO=O. ** ** *
** ** *
*************** * *
***************
I

v Sl03 V
*************** ***************
*RMOl(IC )=l ./ W*
* * *JK(IC} *
** DO 102 ** ** *
* IB=l,LAYER * *
* *************** * *****************
'
v
v * *
*************** * * *NO
*
***
*
** TB=l-l • ** IC>=LAY ER ** *------ •
***************** ** ** * *
* * *YES

v
*************** v
***************
** *
**A7*-->*
* * IB= I B+ 1 *** * RETURN **
*
*** * ** * * ** ************* *
****************
-------------------- -r---
v
***************
*RHJ ( IB )=RHJ (I*
*Bl*WJK(JB) *
r *
*
*
*
*****************

Sl02 V
***************
*AOD=ADD+RHJfl* ***
*Bl
* * *
*---> BO*
*
******************* **** *

•
• •
• FLOWCHARTER II
4'3 •
• E H2OC UT ( A, B, C)
•
• •****************
SUBROUTINE *
* •
• ** H20CUT
(A,B,CJ
**
***************** •
• •
• •
• *
•* 8=0.
v
***************
•
•*
•
• •****************•* •
• •
• v •
• **
••
* ••
*NO
* *>•*** • •
• **
(A.EQ.C)

•* • •
A3*
• ••••• •
• *
* VES * *
--------->* A4*
****•
•••
•
• S99
•
** ***************
*B=-1.99+5.46**
* * *A-3.46*A**2+0*
•
*A3*-->*.736*A**3
* *
**
*
******************* •
•
• •
• *** * *
S99
v
***************
*
*
•
• *A4*>* RETURN
* • * *************** *
** •
• •
•
 FLOWCHARTER II
NE FRAC (t,N,M,IG,IO)
4~
•
•
***************
* SUBROUTINE *
* IG, 10)**
•
fRAC
*U,N,M,
***************** •
•
v
•
***************
*
**
*
**
•
I 0=0

******************* •
•
•
**
*
v
***************
**
*
•
**
IG=O
**
*************** •
I •
t
v •
**
* *
*
*
**
*NO •
**
* ---.
ti.LE.N)

*
*
•-------.
•
* * *YES
•
•
**
v
***************
** •
*
**
IG=l
***************
*
** •
I1<----------------. •
v

* *
**
(IG.EQ.l)
* *
*NO ***
* *>* A6**
•
* * * * **** *
* *
* * ***
*---------->*
YES * AS**

**
**** *
S99
•
* * * *NO
** *
* *
**A6*> *
* * *
fl.LE.M)
*
·-------.I
** * * l
* *
* * *YES

v
***************
* *
** tO= l **
* *
*****************
•
• <---------------- . •
• **
**AS*>*
**
v
***************
**
• RETURN
*** * * *************** *
•
•
 45

VITA

LEONARD FREDERICK KOEDERITZ

Born - August 21, 1946, at St. Louis, Missouri

Married

Graduate of University of Missouri-Rolla

Bachelor of Science, Chemical Engineering

Professional Record:

Linde DivisLon of Union Carbide, Summers of 1965,

1966, 1967