Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Master of Engineering
July, 1969
rI.'HESIS
submitted to the Faculty
of
Graduate Studies and Research
by
Adel R.H. Fam, B. Eng.,
July, 1969.
• ABSTRACT
•
ii
•
AC~10WLEDGEMENT
• LIST OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ••••••••.•••••.•.•••••.••••••.••••..••.••••••.
Page
ACKNO\'lLEDGEMEN'r •..••••..••••.••.•••••••.•••••.••.••••• ii
25
iv
•
•
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
l Variables and Parameters included in the
St udied Examples •.........•..•••..•••.•... 88
2 Comparison between Finite Element Solution
and the Theoretical Solutions for the
Deflection and Stresses at the Center of an
Orthotropic Plate loaded with l Kip at the
Cellter ...........•.......................• 89
3.a Stresses in the Studied Examples at Section
AD •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 90
3.b Stresses in the Studied Examples at Section
AB ••....••.•...•.....•..............•...•• 91
3.c Stresses in the Studied Examples at Section
BA ••••..••..•.••.••••••••••...••...•.•.••• 92
•
vii
• Figure
1.1
LIST OF FIGURES
• 4.5
stresses in an Orthotropic Element due to
Unit Axial Strain in thë X-Direction •.•.•••
Stresses in an Orthotropic Element due to
109
118
5.1 Detailed Cross-Section of the Bridges in
Examples (1) and (6) .........•.•••........• 119
5.2 Detailed Cross-Section of the Bridges in
Examples (2) and (7) ••••••••••••••••••••••• 119
5.3 Detailed Cross-Section of the Bridge in
Example (3) •. 'i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 120
Detaileà Cross-Section of the Bridge in
Example (5) .•.............•.••.•......•••.. 120
•
6.2 Relation between the Percentage Ratio of
crr,/a; and I/Az for Various Values of L/b 129
Relation between the Percentage Ratio of2
"L/~ and Lib for Various Values of I/Pi •• 130
x
• Symbol
NOTA'rrONS
Meaning
A Area enclosed by the center lines of the box
walls.
Bx B + b
x
By B + b
y
Bxy Torsional rigidity of the stiffeners in the
x direction per unit length.
•
matrix •
Coupling submatrices in the fi matrix.
• G
Gxy
Modulus of rigidity.
Torsional stiffness of a natural orthotropic
plate.
h Normal distance from the center of twist to
the tangent at a given point on the perimeter.
l Moment of inertia of the section about the
neutral axis.
J Torsional constant of an eccentrically
stiffened orthotropic plate.
K Torsion parameter for Gr:
= IAA2 {L/b)2/3J.
Kx Curvature in the y direction.
M ~visting moment.
• n xy
s
Resultant shearing force in the x-y plane
due to a unit strain.
Shear flow at the point considered.
Tangential co-ordinate of a point along the
circumference of a section.
t Wall thickness.
u Axial displacement of a point in a section
in pure shear theory.
v Tangential displacement of a point in a
section in pure shear theory.
x Co-ordinate of a point along the x axis.
y Co-oràinate of a point along the y axis.
z Co-ordinate of a point along the z axis.
.ft- Double the area enclosed by the centerline of
thin-walled section.
~ Rate of twist.
0< Shape ratio = widthjdepth.
)} Poisson's ratio (isotropie sheet).
))x Poisson's ratio in the x direction (natural
orthotropic plate).
Poisson's ratio in the y direction (natural
orthotropic plate).
Shear stress.
Shear strain.
\':arping stress.
Bending stress.
• ut
uLm
Haximum longitudinal torsion bending stress
due to the loading in the studied examples.
In-plane corner longitudinal torsion bending
stress in an orthotropic plate.
1.1 GENERAL
1.2 OBJEC'rlVE
2.1 INrRODUCTION
.,
If the shear flow in a thin walled section (Fig. 2.1) is
q and the twisting moment is M, using the above assumptions, it
follows that
q = 1': • t (2.1)
7
(2.2)
v = h-C:P
(2.5)
where
<i.
cr:r' l ds
T (2.6)
n
M = ~ q • ..n..
j=l j j (2.7)
T-L:
ds m
(q~. S ~)l (2.8)
r=l sjr J
Where the subscript on the integral indicates the path
over which the integration is to be performed, and m is the number
of cells immediately adjacent to the cell j.
Snl .. . . qn An
,. -r-
'nn
(f>
"
where bJ~
.. = - 1
G
J
sji
ds
T
and ~ ..
JJ
= G
1
SJ
ds
9
or J{ q} = cP· {-iL}
[b (2.8)b
and hence
t
q
} = ~[~r r} (2.9)
3.1 INTRODUCTION
indicate the maximum axial stresses produced by the two equal mid-
span concentrated loads and two equal uniform line load at the
edges of the box respectively. It can be seen that the stresses
decrease as the nearest diaphragm approaches the load. A.. dia-
phragm located below the load reduces the distortion stresses
almost to zero. Also, for the case of uniform torsional load, two
diaphragms at third points reduce stresses and deflections to
small values.
(ii) For the same girder mentioned above (but with dia-
phragms only at the ends) a study was made to investigate the effect
of loading and end conditions on the maximum longitudinal and
transverse stresses. The study is presented by the writer in
Figures (3.9) and (3.10). In the case of a concentrated load it
can be seen that end fixity does influence the response quantities
when the load is near the end, and the longitudinal axial stresses
6"~
~ produced at the end bec orne higher as the load approac~es the end.
Ehe end stresses must, of course, drop to zero when the load is at
22
• the end. The transverse bending stresses are decreased for loads
close to the ends.
(iii) The stiffening action of diaphragms is insensitive
to practical variations in the stiffness of the diaphragma.
23
•
4. FINI'rE ELEHENT ANALYSIS
ment in the finite element methoà and modern high speed digital
computers, offer considerable hope that these objectives can be
maintained all at the same time with a considerable amount of
accuracy.
1
1
25
COMPUTEli PROGRAN
INTRODuc'r ION
writer was concerned with, are those of the top of the plate and
of the bottom fiber of the stiffeners. These modifications are
28
ASSUHPTIONS
= Dx~ J E(z) • z • dA
-Je
e*x • Ax
= Ax + t
(1 - ~I)
= ...!.
Dy J E(z) • z • dA
--y
e*y •
= t
~
y +
(1 - iii) (4.2)
where:
= D + E • Ax
= D + E • Ay
E
D = l _ i)i • f
• E
v
=
=
modulus of elasticity •
poisson's ratio.
E
D = 1-1)2 • f
D + E • ~
D + E • AY
B = E • f3
l
b J
Gt
2
- nx
ny
=
=
resultant axial force in x direction.
nx = J<:r x
• dAx = Dx
ny = Ju y
• dA
y = V .D
nxy = 0
mx = J cry ·z • d~ =- 'V • ey • D
my = J~x ·z • dAx =0
mxy = 0
(ii) For the axial strain in the y ùirection Ey =l
(FiG. 4.5) we similarly obtain:
nx = V • D mx = 0
ny = Dy my = - 1) • ex .D
n xy = 0 mxy = 0
nx = 0 mx = 0
ny = 0 my = 0
D
nxy = '2(1-1» mxy = (1- 'V)( ex + ey ) - D
~2w .
(iv) For the curvature kx =- ~ =1 (F~g. 4.7)
nx = ')) • e
y
.D mx = By
ny = 0 my =v -(e x . ey • D + B)
nxy = 0 mxy = 0
02w
(v) For the curvature ky =- ~ =1 (Fig. 4.8)
nx = 0 mx = }) (ex • eY - D + B)
ny = )1 • ex • D my = Bx
n xy = 0 mxy = 0
nx = 0 mx = 0
ny = 0 my ::: 0
•
35
• X Y
D
- (1-»)( e +e ) T.'
't
mxy = -i(BXy+Byx)-B(l-V)
- 4?'t (l-'\,» (e +e )2
x Y
[n1 {t }
where
N
x
n
x
V-n 0 "V -e .D
Y - 0 0 1 ~
V-n ny 0 0 'V- e en 0 €
N x Y
1 y
n
(l-V) ~
N
"KY
0 0
2
0 0 -(l-V)(e +e ) -
x Y 4 ~
1
l'{e -e -D+-B) B 0
02 w
M 0 -'})-e -n 0 x -~
y x 1 x y
1 D 2
- t<l-'\))( e +e )
'~,2w
1
0 0 (l-V)(e +e )n 0 0 - (1 -,,) xe By 1 12
Mxyl x y 1 b x ~y
- !(B +B )
"KY yx
\).1
0'\
37
•
in the direct plane and bending submatrices Qp and Qb re-
spectively. The terms in these direct plane anà bending sub-
matrices have been used to replace the corresponding terms in
the elasticity matrices of the plane stress anà bending stress
parts of the base program respectively., The writer found that
D b and -Db p
although the coupling terms in the submatrices -p
have been neglected, a relatively high degree of accuracy can
be obtaineà by using the program. This will be seen later in
Section 4.4.
1-)1 v.
o
x y
= o (4.5)
1-»x liy
o o G
or D • E
-p -p
where Ex' Ey' vx ' vy ' G are the elastic constants of the ortho-
tropic material.
39
)). D o
Ny V· D Dy 0 fy (4.6)
Nxy 0 0 ~l-l)~ D
2
or Ep = ~p • ~p (4.6)a
or
Dx V·D
o
11 f'l
= » ·D
f2 ~
2
o (4.7)a
0 0
where:
fI = average thickness of the plate and the stiffeners
in the x direction per unit length in the y direction
=f + fx
40
Dx V·D 0
fI fl
"
Qp =
)}·D
fl ~l 0 (4.8)
0 0
(1-1I) D
2 fI
~ 0 0
-af 02w
2-
~x~y
(4.9)
or
Ey = z . ayz
02w
(4.11)
E
cry = r-:vz. z • Bx
::z
For stres~es in the stiffeners
Mx
= E • z • -By
= (4.15)
• Exy =
è 2w
Ôx~y (ex
LXY is given by
(4.16)
~ .1'
Lxy = l.
J
• matrices.
INTERPRETA1'ION PROGRAM
the stresses at the C.G. of each element are obtained from the
47
INTRODUCTION
Ca) Deformations
Cb) stresses
•
in the finite element analysis than the experiment. This stress
is assumed zero in Wlassow anù in Bjtlrklund theories since the
(1) Spans
Most single span box girder bridges have the length close
to 80 ft., thus it was found advisable to inspect the torsional
behaviour of this majority by choosingthe 80 ft. length. How-
ever, the effect of torsional bending stresses may be more
significant for long spans, therefore a 200 ft. span length has
been chosen to form an iùea of the problem for this case.
• (ii) Width
• to single cell box bridges, the two widths of 12 ft. and 24 ft.
are co!~sidered sufficient to cover the possible variation in
the number of lanes that may practically exist on a single
cell single span bridge.
(iii) Depth
The cross beams are also chosen with open cross section
(Fig. 4.12.b) and spaced with the minimum allowable spacings of
5 ft. (see Ref. 41, p. 149) to ensure uniform transverse di-
stribution of deck plate stiffness.
62
(vii) Loading
GENERAL REMARKS
investigation •
• DESIGN EX.A1"1PLE
•
The values of the variables considered were 80' and 200' for
length (L), 4', 6', 8' aud 12' for depth (d), and 12' and 24'
for width (b).
67
• i~ all the methods that have been suggested so far for the torsional
analysis of box bridges.
68
• stress to
(4).
~ ranges froID 40% in example (:;) to 70% in example
69
• (BA) •
(iii) The most critical total transverse stress (
is induced at the edge of the vertical web stiffeners at section
The ratio of ~ / U;
GÇ )
•
(ii) The value of the maximum longitudinal stress
(Gî.) for a box with fixed supports is almost equal to the
supported.
70
of the stresses are very close to half their values for the same
boxes but with simply supported ends •
•
72
•
6. PARAMETER s'rUDIES
6.1 GENERAL
•
geometry of the structure and the number and locations of the
diaphragms that ensure a safe and economic design.
The study that has been made on the effect of the para-
meters on the magnitude of the maximum secondary longitudinal
.... ....
stresses (crt ) indicated that the percentage ratio G1 / CS;
is almost directly proportional to the parame ter "K" which in
fact includes the effect of the ratio of the longitudinal stiff-
ness of the box to its torsional stiffness (I/A2 ) and the effect
of a parameter (L/b) which is an inùication of shear lag effects.
l
K =
A2 (L/b)273 (6.1)
•
.....
stress ratio or / G;;
(v) For long span bridges the percentage ratio of
,
G'if / c;- did not exceed 3.9%, however, for short spans i t
increased up to Il.~~.
78
•
7. RECOMME~mATIONsro ACCOUNT FOR TORSIONAL
DEForu1ArloNS IN BRIDGE DESIGN
• (6.2);
where
percentage increase = (1.5 k - 4.5) • e
•
phragms at the third poiüts are sufficient to reduce the stress
to a small value. In order to avoid fatigue failure, special
consideration should be given in the design of the weld at the
junction between the web and top flange.
80
•
8. SmfHARY AND CONCLUSIONS
8.1 SUMMARY
• cussed.
8.2 COHCLüSIONS
ing stresses:
84
•
(b) fransverse Stresses
(i) The maximum transverse stresses (G!) occur at the
•
~~
of the in-plane elasticity matrix (D
-p
) and the bending elasticity
matrix (Qb) by the to~al elasticity matrix (Q) derived in
Chapter 4.
86
Variables Parameters
.
0 b L L l 1 1
z s::0 Length Width Depth Moment o'f Area o(Ci b d AZ K = AZ • (L!b)2/3
C) -ri CL) (b) (d) Inertia (1) (A)
ri 'O~
p, s:: -ri
~
~'O
s::0
Ïeet 'fcet 'feet in 4 ft 2 - - - - -
~ 0
en
2 ~
H
200 24 12 1,969,200 288 2 8.3 16.6 23.8 5.78
0
p,
p,
3 =='
CI)
80 24 8 705,200 192 3 3.3 10.0 19.2 8.62
Cl)
ri
4 p,
13 80 12 4 82,750 48 3 6.6 20- 35.9 10.4
-ri
en
5 80 12 6 199,550 72 2 6.6 13.3 38.4 Il.0
en
6 ~
H 200 24 8 839,3 0 0 192 3 8.3 25. 22.8 5.55
0
p,
p,
7 =='
en 200 24 12 1,969,200 288 2 8.3 16.6 23.8 5.78
'0
Cl)
8 ><
-ri 80 12 4 82,750 48 3 6.6 20.0 35.9 10.4
f%.t
(Xl
(Xl
CD fi
TABLE 2
Ref. (36)
. Single Series
>< 0.004257 -280 -220 + 999 + 937
0
f...I
p. 1
p. % Error -5.5 +27.1 +35.1 - 9.1 -11.6
<
TABLE 3.a
!.(Max. -ive Stress) (.(Max. +ive Stress) 1. Max. '/.Max. Max. Plain Stress
Example End
IG; les;;- Bencl:'ng
S"tress
Plain
Stress
No. Stress Condition Value Location Value Location Max. Bending Stress
il. X/L = X x/L- les;: lu.: 1
en 2 28 14
2 Ci en 30 0.5 27 0.22
en
~1 ~t: 60 60
3 ID p.o 44 0.5 60 0.23 1
op
H ep.
p.
"r-i
4 CI) CI) ;::l 38 0.5 31 0.20 1 37 37
CI)
0
8 H CI)
38 0.0 18 0.30 1 38 38 J
1
CIl
ID ~g: !
4 H
op
::s
"r-i
Cl)Ul 7 0.5 8 0.22 7 7 1.0
CI)
f,(Max. -ive Stress) 1. (Max. +ive Stress) i. Max. j.Max. Max. Plain Stress
Exemple End lU;' 1<5;- Bending Plain
No. Stress Condition Value Location Value Location Stress Stress
Hax. Bending Stress
1. X/L - 1- X/L=
lu,: I~ 0
TABLE 3.c
STRESSES IN THE STUDIED EXAMPLES AT S~TION BA
/'(Max. -ive Stresa) /.(Max. +ive Stress) /. Max. 1. Max. Max. Plain Stress
Exemple End /GO /ca;;- Bending Plain
Stress Stress
No. Stress Condition Value Location Value Location Hax. Bending Stress
1 x/L= 1. X/L: lu,; /eç-
l CI)
17 0.20 27 0.50 2 25 12.5
cv
2 CI)
0) cv+,
CI) 18 0.20 27 0.50 2 25 12.5
cv ri ~
3 ~ p.o
8 p.
45 0.22 36 0.50 l 44 44
+'
en p.
",-l
4 en ;j 24 0.22 31 0.50 l 30 30
...-i en
al
5 5::
",-l
23 0.20 35 0.50 l 34 34
-0
;:::l
6 +'
-o"t: 11 0.25 28 0.0 l 27 27
'1;1, cv 0
7 s:: K
",-l p.
p. 11 0.25 28 0.0 1 27 27
0
...:1 I%i ;:::l
8 en 13 0.25 33 0.0 1 32 32
5 Cl)
CI) 8 0.25 32 0.22 40 5 1/8.0 1
H
Cl)
6 >
en 'Ct 0
4 0.25 21 0.25 23 7 0.3
~
Cl)
!(Max. -ive Stress) /'(Max. +ive Stress) '/. Max. 1. Max. Max. Plain Stress
Exemple End les;;- Iv;;- Bending Plain
No. Stress Condition Value Location Value Location Stress Stress
Max. Bending Stress
1- X/L = '/. ~/L", I~ 1Ur:
1 II) 18 0.20 25 0.5 7 24 3.40
cv en
2 en 18 0.20
en
cv ~t
p.o
27 0.5 4 25 6.25
3 ~
H a
"r-!
p.
p..
41 0.20 27 0.5 17 37 2.20
CI) CI) ~
4 ri
U)
25 0.20 30 0.5 17 25 1.48
al
5 s::: 24 0.20 33 0.5 14
"ri 28 2.00
'0
::s
6 ~ 'O~ Il 0.25 25 0.0 8
"r-! cv 0 24 3.00
li) >< p..
7 s::: "r-! p.. 10 0.25 28
0 li< ~ 0.0 2 27 13.50
H U)
8 6 0.25 37 0.0 25 28 1.12
1 1 0.20 2 0.2 1 1 1.00
2 en 2 0.20 6 0.2 6 2 0.33
cv
II)
cv~
ri 0
3 en p..p.. 3 0.20 3 0.5 1 3 3.00
cv
H
a ::s
"r-!
P-
4 ~ u)u) 1 0.20 2 0.5 l 2 2.00
U)
CIl
s:: z
.
0
Max. Longitudinal Sec. Str.
...
GL for Unit Eccentricity
X 100
0
°M ID GO
'O+>
s:: °M
.-1
p. Sections
r:a'O s:: a
0 :< AD AB BA :oc
t..> rx:l
p.o
s p... 3 5.00 5.00 3.75 3.41 1
°M P.
CIl ~
CIl 4 6.35 6.35 5·20 5.00
5 6.15 6.15 5.80 5.50
-,
CIl
6 2.16 2.16 2.34 - 2.10
'Ot
ID 0
:< p. 7 2.35 2.35 2.34 2.34
°M P.
""" ~
CIl 8 6.30 6.30 5.50 6.15
_ . ______ L
\Q
.J:-
•
TABLE 5
VALUES OF THE PERCEHTAGE RATIO ~.; G;" OBTAINED FROH
en
~
0
;;::
. Max. Transverse Sec. Str.
.....
e>T for Unit Eccentricity
0
.,-! <li 0=- )( 100
0
'O+' M
p.,
~:8 Sections
~ m
~
0
u AB BA
AD BC
en
-ct0 6 0.920 0.92 1.75 0.58
<li
><
·ri
p...
p.,
7 0.660 0.75 1.50 0.42
Iii ::s 5.20
U) 8 2.150 1.83 0.66
'"
\JI
96
• End diaphragm
_ - In terior diaphragm
Web
Bo t tom f1ange
FIG. (1.1)
TYPICAL BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
97
• p F/2
1
- +
'r .," :' .:. . .~: ",'. ~~. J. ~ ~.:. c ~;' .. c I:,~..:. ,-i.': .t:~.~(.;
1.:;< .~~) L'-l:-' " :~
.. _......
~....
4-,
."
( ' -, )
-. --
,
,-",
- -
--;71
/ 1
2'
l
- - - _ -2,/1 '/
-
. '1""
....... '.....
.- ..:.. ... ,-
(1- - .""-1.\
-i
.'
1, .. , 1-
~ ~_.+
-'~. 4'
'}...
, ........
.,.., .".- ..--
. ,/
4 ... 1 3
- -
-. ~
...
...1.-
3
98
1·.
1
.",'
J..-- -
.",
""
,/
/ "
",/
./ "
/ '"
/-
FIG. (1.4)
LOADING ARRANGEr-lENT
q=t'.t
FIG. (2.1)
•
I--X~
~7 ==0=__=.:.====-:.?11
-r-=
1
L ---1
~/J1.
Gl
3.
s= .1
~
2. /
k
(3 = .2
f3 = .3
'{3 _ • h- 01
1.
l3=a/a+b
o. 1. 2.. j.. 4.
-p
x/(a+b)
FIG. (3.1)
THE RATE OF 'fWIST AT VARIOUS
DISTANCES FROM 'rHE RESTRAINED END •
• 3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
-1.0
l
2b
11
-2.0
J
\,x
-3.0
•
C\J
~
~
1
M
•
1.0
NU 0.0
C\J
-
.0
+ -1.0
Fig. (3.2)
Circumferen~ial distribution
- CIS
~I~ 1.0
of axial stress at the fixed
end.
2b
-1.0
/3 = 0.4
o.o~=- __ ~~~ ________ ~--
2a ---.+_-_ 2b
101
1\
_c..~
I\I~ 2.0
2fD
-
C\J ~
~
.c
+ 1.0
~
as
...... -
~1'----
0.0 {3- a
0.1 0.2 O.~. 0.5 - a+b
Fig. (3.3)
Maximum Axial stress at tne Corner for
Various Rectangular Thin-Walled Sections.
•
FIG. (3.4)
0
~0 COMPARISON BET\'JEEN THE TV/O APPROXIMATE THEORIES OF UNANSKY&PANOVKO
1.5
§
p..
0 1
+l
~
CIl
s:: 1.4 --
}=- - _+-M --
m 1
8
t:;) --Long beam -----1 1
4-1
0 1
1 r
CIl
CIl
1.3 J! . i 1
1
<1> -
1-4 !
+l ,
CIl 1
r-i i
m 1 i
-M 1
~
1
1.2
1
,
i 1
V
d 1
<1>
!
<1> 1
~
1
+l
Q)
1
..0
0
·ri
~
1.1 - - - - - -_.
1 1
m a
p:f . /' r
1.0
a/b
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0. 1-'
o
I\f
• •
2
bc;, • cç
- -
M
,,
1.'0
,, FIG. (3.5)
~ . COMPARISON FOR f.1AXTI-1UM AXIAL STRESS BETWEEN
\
\ Karman &
\ Christensen EXACT & APPROXIMATE THEORIES
\
0.8 \ . 1
! 1 1 1
\ 1
1 i
+=.
\
1
\ 1
\ , •• M
1
f\
l', ... ,. Infinit1y long • 1
0.6 !
1 ,, 1 1
,,
CJ
1
, i
.
f
b
Karma ~ & Chien ,1 i
l,
0.4 (~ ..... c ,) ./ ---.J..... '"
t+- a --.....
~.....
--- -.
1
~
1
v..umanSkY
/,.- .
~
~
-.1--- --
V·/ ------ _--_ ..
0.2
...
~.
. - "-
1-'
0.0 a/b ~
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.
104
• -.-e
Gü)
GO"<. L
2.0
,e;
... L
J ;;),.
.1
1"
te i
b . - l-
i.
1.0 .....-aj ~
-1.Q ~ ______ ~ __ ~
FIG.(3.6)
__________________________-,
-Ar) ) :) :;, ) :) ) )A
~. e
;;u L .. L '1
0.75~--~--~-----,--~~
f
b - _.
i
0.50~------+-------~~--__~__~
0.25r---~~+-------~-------r__~~~~_____ 1
a/L=0.1
0.0 b/a
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
•
FIG.(3.7)
• 0.8
l
1c=i.
p p
0.2
0.0 X/L
0.2 O. 0.8 1.0
FIG. (3.8)
EFFECT OF DIAPHRAGH LOCAl'IO:r ON "i a~d CS;
cr:
GBu ' 0.6
(;""'L
-
Jo-X1
l
a..--- L -..
l
PW -
(;""'L
GEc
:=::::.......--........ s--,r...rGB'c
_______ 4. "_ •• . _.. . ____ Y: ~ . -~ . -
. F .(Fixed } nds)
. . .
"~ ut
0.2 GEu \
S (Si:nply Supported E:ids)
\
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 o. L~
FIG. (3.9)
EFFEc'r OF LOADltrG AND EHD CO:lDITIO~\!S ON ~1AX.
LO,!GI'rUDL!AL Sl'RESS 6"'L
106
•
e>T, 0.8
- 6"'T
ôi3u rGï3u
~T
S
GEc
F
0.6
.Y - S=SiC!lply
O.O~------~------~________________~________ x/L
0.1 0.2 0.5
FIG. (3.10)
Bearn
Rigid Joints Hembers
Triangular Plane
stress Elements
e.
x~
Vi
"e x
VI ! z
e~
z
FIG. (4.1)
IDEALIZArrON OF A BOX GI~DE:::! BRIDGE B1 EQUIVALE:;T
GR ID~JOJK MW PLA::E STRESS TRIA;~GULA] ELEME~'irrS
108
FIG. (4.2)
IDEALIZA'rIm~ OF A BOX GIRDER B~IDGE BY EQUIVALE1~T
OR'riIO~'ROPIC TRIANGULA.:< ELE:-LE1!TS
.. ..
VI '..
!e
z
}"
{Jo>.
'
[
z
VI
t z
FIG. (4.3)
ORTHOfROPIC PLATE ELE·!EIH
109
"V·E E
(1-'V )
FIG. (4.4>"
STHESSES 1:1 AN ORrHOTROPIC ELEHE::T DUE TO unIT AXIAL
81'RAli{ Iil 'l'HE X-DIRECTION
~dX
FIG. (4.5)
STHESSES I~~ A:~ ORrHOTrtOPIC ELEi'IEi'H DUE ro U:HT AXIAL
srrRAIi{ I;·j r;IE Y-DIRECrIO:1
110
r(:ïl
~
FIG. (4.6)
SI'RESSES IN A;I OR'rHOrROPIC ELL:~Eî·;f DUE 'TO UNIT
IN-PLA~Œ Si-IEAR s'r~A:i:N
f
'))·(7"e y ). E
(1-"»2)
f
"li. (rey). E
FIG. (4.7)
(1-lI2)
S'fRISSES IN Ai; OI~THOTROPIC ELEi-iEI'IT DUE '1'0 UNIT
CU~VA'rURE IiI THE Y-DEŒCl'IO~'r
III
•
)1. (fe x ) ·E
(1-)12)
f
v· (Z-e x ) ·E
(1-)'2)
FIG. (4.8)
STRESSES Ii~ A~: ORrHOTROPIC ELE:·1EJT DUE TO UNIT
CURVATURE I:~ THE X-DLiEC'rIOîf
• STRESSES IN AI!
FIG. (4.9)
ORTHOù~OPIC ELE;·iE:rr DUE 'ro UHIr
TO~~SIo:rAL STRAIN
• ft
B .-t - - 0
H? n2 B?/n?
---"B?2.* -- .tl2 n2 "B2/ n?
0_ - -
B··t' - - -
RI nI BlinI
-~). --
-- /"
'\>'\. LI ml . Ll/m l
--- /- - - L m2 L 2/rn
2 2
1'2 m l'21m2
'\>'2, 2
j:QIN
--/""- -
~ t- \>'\. LI ~ LI/ml
~IC\I
1 -*- / : -- .....
r-- A/2 --r- A/2 -+1 .....
1\)
L
r~
A
'"1
113
FIG. (4.11)
~.-J-.---L
,
FIG. (4.12)
•
114
b ..,
c
FIG. (4.13) FIG. (4.14)
ISOTROPIC BOX GIRDER HODEL DISTORrrONAL DEFOR:1ATIŒiS
OF fHE HODEL CROSS
SEC'fIOi'TS
1.d-------------------------~------~------__,
o Finite Element
-Theory of Bjtsrklund
-'-Theory of Wlas~ow
----i'lotie1 ExperL.'1ent ., ., ...
O.~--------~------_+----~~+_~~--~--------,
O·W-------~--~~~1_------~--------~--------1
O·o-~-----O~.-1------O~.-2-------0~.j-7------0~.-4------0~.5 XIL
FIG. (4.15)
VARIATIO;1 OF DISTO.HIOIlAL DEFOm!A'fIOi~ ( ~y) ALONG
-1- l'HE SPAN
115
c 0.8
Oz C:) Finite Element
~ ________~________~________~______________________ x/L
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5
FIG. (4.16)
0.6 -
0 Finite Element
- l
- .. -- ---
... ... ... - - --
t- 0
---- Hoae ExperimenL. 0
, ,
0
0.2 ., ., (!)
., .... "'0'"
0.0
... .,. -t:;)-
--0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5
XI L
FIG. (4.17)
• CSYb
1.2~------------------------~--------~-------
e Finite Element
___ îheory of Bjtlrklund
.~.---.
0.4~-------+--~L---+_------~~------_+--------~
O.OK-______~------~--------~------~------~x/L
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5
FIG. (4.18)
VARIATIon OF rHE TRAi'{SVERSE BEimI:-JG S'rRESS ~b
Be ~b ALOnG t 'rHE SPA;.i
1.0
/J
a-;. 0 Finite Element
0.8 1 - - i.'heory of Bjtsrklund , ~~
0;- _.- l'heory of ',','lassow ~
~
, ~
/,~
,~
0.4 ,-'
"r.\
~'
0.2
........è
, ....
,"
p ~
- -........
.. --'" -- ------ .~ ~
' -~ oJ'
0.0
~
~ -'CJ'
-""0.. ...
... ~
-- -- , .......
-0.2
......
...
0
...
-- --- e
-
e....
-0.4
0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2
FIG. (4.19)
VARIATION ALO:rG i- THE SPAf; OF l'HE LOi-IGIrUDI:~AL SrRES.sES AT
'l'OP, HIDDLE AND BOTTŒ-1 OF l'HE PLAI'E
117
in .005
FIG. (4.20)
ORTHOTROPIC PLAi'E ';/ITH 1-KIP
A'r THE CE:nER
.002
.001
.000
FIG. (4.21)
L:FLUE::CE SURFACE FOH T:Œ VLUICAL DEFLECfIŒI
118
100
50
lb/in2 200
150
100
FIG. (4.23)
50
IHFLUEHCE SURFACE FOR THE
S'rRESS ~ AT TOP OF 'rHE o
DECK PLAI'E
119 .
r. ~;
12 - - ,
1
.
1
TYPE (A) TYPE(B)
~ .
24 0
-1
c B
===$=:::::::.=-=-=--=:;:.==-=-=--==::::'=-=--=-::::=::::. .-
D l A
FIG. (5.1)
DETAILED CROSS - SEC'l'ION OF THE BRIDGl!:S IN EXAHPLES
(1) AND (6)
,
- -12 o'
... ~, 10" •
2 - 1-- $TlffI:MU\ ~fi ~
G> 6'
D
L. -
,,Yi F
FIG. (5.2)
.
li.
c r
24' .. 1
0 .. - - - - - - - - - - - -
D
FIG. (5.3)
DETAlLED CROSS-SEC'fION OF THE BHIDGE IN EXA11PLE (3)
, ..
12 .. 0
-~n-I----
0"
~,ffENÇIl\
fÎI "
D A
FIG. (5.4)
DETAILED CROSS-SECTION OF 'rHE BRIDGE IN EXAHPLE (5)
\ "
12 0 •i
C B
FIG. (5.5)
.DETAILED CROSS-SEC'fION OF 'l'HE BRIDGES m EXM1PLES (4) AND (8)
Il
.5!:: x \oC)
co;-
28 <;-Lm
c;--"Ls
lC
c
------ - - - - - - -----
-lC
)r
_v
• 05 . 10 . 15 . 20 . 25 • 30 . 35 . 40 f-J
Vt~
FIG. (5.6)
VAHIATlœl OF' Sl'HES~ E~ ALO:'JGHE SPArI IN EXAHPLE (1)
Al' Sl:.C.L'IOIJ AD
8 -
:r-
".100
:;;;-
'-x
r~
-.1
-- - -- - -- ---- -
• 5 • _0 . . 0
.-..
J . 5 • 0 5 • 0 1\)
1\)
FIG. (5.7) X/L
VA.:nATIO;~ OF S;rRESSES AL03G 'l'HI: SPAN IN EXAHPLE (1)
AT ~.>EcrrIOi-; AB
• •
E:xllOO
~
401 l, / ~ / "
-- -.----- - ....
........
....
. . . . J,
...---X - - t
/
/
/
,,
/
/
/ ""
/
/
301 l ' ~<
l '
,,
1
/
,,
1
1 ,
201 1 ,,' l ',,, 1 / d
"
ICI J 1
1
lITS
l
\ G
~
Tm
'
"",
"
/
1
1 Gifp
1
1
1
FIG. (5.8)
10. .....~ .... "" _ VArtIATIOa OF STRESSES.
ALONG THE SPAN Dl
EX.Ai1PLE (1) AT SEC'rION .....
1\)
BA \}.I
~ol .b5 _110 115- --:tzü -12 5 . ·130 -p5 -&0 .,45 IX/L
--
• e
;. IdOO
c
1Jif
o
1't
,cL,----~----+-~------_1L---------_r----------r D• 24ft--- ~
#//
le:
GTs
-_· · i'l/
.,..v
/
z
/
~Tm~ :r
'/
rk----~~~~---
..
"'l~---'--
' _ _ ,_ _ _
-----+- f---- -1_-
_!
• _ _ _ _ :LI _ - --- -
-
~~,
..
~s
~
"-
"
.. , , ,
"'- .... ....
--
/
01 --
VL.rn
orp 1~
c
1 1
1
-
- .
cr- x100
~ I+-x-t
f ))))))))))l I~t
2b
C1
D
•
L • • 24ft-lA
l )
~r--- -- - --
- t::::::---
- ---~
---
~
...
."
.., ;..- .
~~~ ... ,~
...
- --- - ...
~
..~~
1
~-- --
'"...; L- ~ -~-:t- - - _
:--
/
--- -
~- ~ ~ I---~--~~r- 1-------
,
--- -- - ---,...'~ r-- -- - -
/ W~
~m
Lp .
~m
Tp
-l )~ /,
1
-
2
~/
/L
-
V'
:; ..~
,
.P5 . 10 .15 .20 .~5 .150 • ~5 .140 • fi5
......
N
\.ri
1·"'IG. (5.10) X/L
VA..qIATIO~I OF S'l'RESSES ALO:'IG THE SPAN IN EXA1\iPLE (6)
Ar SEC1'IOl'; AD
---
, "{."
',.> .,: ".'-.. ~ -',. .'-~':.J:' _•.. ,.' r.Î'::' .
:!::
a;-
1)(100 ~X~
201~--------4---------+---------+---------~--------~ ~)))))))))f
L •
l0r---JG~~----i---~~~~~~~~*---~----~---J
o ---- -------- ------
.~- ------
~Cr_----r~~~~-t----+---~------~------~--~------~~
~
CI
~/
/
c' .,05 .,10 .,15 .120 .,25 .BO .,35 .,40 .~~5
f-'
1\>
{j\
FIG. (5.11) X/L
VARIATION OF STRES.sES ALOj~G THE SPAN IN EXAHPLE (6)
A'r SEC i'IO;~ AB
-
;: 1~100
o
,01. k- X -t
l)))))))))l
L
CI
D _
t
24ft~1 ft
---r-----,
201 \.~ 1
,. ,."
",,""
_ ~_
-- .... ....
"
,." "' .... .....
.......
.....
.... ....
Ts .... ....
~m-
GTp
OLs
lC~I ________~________~ u-
Lm
_
- -
"L p
24 La 1
.v5 • • 1_0 5 .~O ,0 1-'
ru
~
FIG. (5.12) X/L
VARIATION OF STRESSES ALOnG THE SPAN IN EXANPLE (6)
Ar SEC l'ION BA
;... :_-,
~i) e
~1~~l=O~O
G;'"
"-
1)))))))))l CI Ipft
2rK, L • D_24ft _ _"A
......
....
~
....
......
....
/
lei J
o ~'
,--
...
--
" -- - - -- -- ------ ----
~T~==)7~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;;~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~-~-~-~-~-~.-
°Tm
G"":::
Tp --
~ 1
1-
~c
------------~-------- .............
129
100'1- ur;
cs;-
6.0 /.
V .S. Supports
+ F. Supports
+ K- l • l
2.0 --;.z (L/b)2/3
V
0.0 ~0 8 0
FIG. (6.1)
12 0 161.0 K
,
RELAl'IŒI BETWEEN THE PARAHE"rER "K" Atm THE PE~CE~'rTAGE RATIO
OF G"'"'L/<Ç OBTAI~lED FROH THE EXA;·IPLES SrUDIED
,
10~"L
cs;-
20.0~------4--------r-------T--~--~
10.0'~------4-------~----~~ïï~~~
20.~----~--r-------+-------+------~
10.0 l
-:2=20
A
l
~=10
O.O~A______~______~______~______~
Orthotropic properties
pro gram
* Read data
* Calculation of ortho-
tropic properties for
the plane and bending
stress parts of the
program.
Calculation of geo-
* metric Subroutine CORD
factors used in
the modification of * Read data
stress and strain
matrices. * Subdivision of the
structure.
* Print out the results. * Calculation of nodal
r-
____ L ___ , point numbers and
Idealization Ero~ram co-ordinates.
1 Call CORD
1_
1 1
1 t
~
Print out of nodal 1
numbers and co- Subroutine NODAL
ordinates. 1
~ 1 * Read data
1 Call NODAL 1 1 * Numbering the elements
1
•
Print out of element
1
1
* Calculation of the ele-
ment nodal numbers
(l, J, K) and material
numbers. (l, J, K),
and matérial property number.
1
property number.
1- - - - - -- - -1 t
•
Feed in the interpretation
pro gram
(see next page)
132
Interpretation program
o
'n
~ .6J-----~------J_-----j~~~j_----~----~~~
~
.Q
+>
~ .51-------ir-----"7I'c---==--'''7+'''''''----_t_---_t_---+_-~
::
Q)
>
j .41---~~~~-·~-----+----_t_----_t_---+_--~
o
Q)
Ct-4
Ct-4
~
.3~----~~----~------~-----~-------------~--~
.08 .16 .24 .40
LARGE STIFFE:TERS
.0
~ e 7 1-------1:.-----+----+-----t-----:::;...r""~--~----i
o
'n .6~----~------~---.~~----~--~~~~--~~
+>
a1
~
.Q
~ .51-----~--~~--~~-+------t-----~----+---4
'n
~
Q)
~ .4~~~~------4_----~r_----_r------T_----_;---.
+>
o
Q)
Ct-4
~ .3~--~---~----~---~---~---+--~
.08 .16 .24 .32 .40 .48
St1.~LL S'I'IFFE~;E.RS
• •
APj'EUDIX "c"
DESIGN PROCEDURE
CA) DESIGN OF THE DECK: The procedure and notations given by AISC manual (Ref. 41) are applwd here.
2~ 22
= = 1.83
a 12
Using chart (2) case 1 1· S=5: 0
a• Sec. (x-x)
EfÎective rib spacing = a o• O
= ( a ) • a = 17.6"
a·
17.6 0.42
Intering chart (1) with S 0 = = the eÎÎective width oÎ the deck acting
1 42
with the rib 0.8 '" 17.6 = 14.0" \1
The values of IR ar.d SR are recalculated for the computation of the effect of floor
4 3 3
The corresponding values are IR = 70.7 in SRT = 31.5 in SRB = 10.7 in
sa = 60"
60"
Consider the cross section shown in (Fig. C.2) r
y' = 3.94"
Moment of inertia 4
IF = 1620 in
1-'
\.N
(j\
• CD
1 4 .I _ (24X12)4 70.7
't = R
= 1.19
a.S .v 4·1
3 - 12(60)3",..4. 1620
F
t
3 S 4
\ -...E.._~ 2 (0.375)3 (0.81 X 60)4
~ = 10.92 IR a 3 ,.4 10.92 .. 72 (12)3. 1f 4
= 0.0024
Since ~\ is less than 0.006 no correction of the effect of deck plate rigiuity is needed in
the calculation of bending moment.
t
R 0.5 _ l
h = 8.5 - 17
K = 1.0 (See the mnnua1, Appendix II, II.1.3.1.1)
1
fi = Ideal buckling stress = (26,200)( (1.0 )(1 7)2 = 90.7 ksi
Since f.
1
>f Y the critical buckling stress can be found by entering Ourve l, Fig. II.2
......
\.N
-....J
• e
.. fc Ify = 0.96 ~
cr
= 0.96 l( 36 34.6 ksi with ~actor of sa~ety 1.5
The actual max. comp. stress = 17.03 ksi (see Table C.l) O·K
,/II.....
(X>
• ft
Ribs
~ = 47.1 PIf
Floor Beams
lia Il
1
A M
RC = 1.00 K.ft I~ Total moment increment is for loading (a+h)
AM
RC = 4.62 K.ft
\1
"h" CI. M = 2.70 K.ft
RC
6 M = 2.15 K.ft
RS
to be A ~ 210 K.ft
J-I
-'o='"
• e
(A.6) STRESSES IN THE nECK WHEN CONSlnEREn AS THE FLMlGE OF THE MAIN GIRDER
D = 96 in and assuming compressive bending stress -= 16.0 ksi, the web thickness
t tin.
The bottom flange thickness is assumed i lt
_
(B.l) LOADIHG
.....
+-
.....
• fi
~-- ~
2" asphalt 480 plf -
-·
\1
107 42.55
web stiffeners J" = " Floot- beam
r
(cz) 5' 0
Total D.L = 2250 plf
8
\
UI
c.a. - stifF. li; 5 ~:r'
il @ t
l UI~·
Ik 5395
. SecA-B~~
(B.2) 11AXIMUM LENDI NG I·~OMEHTS D
1 Se<-A-D A
Fig. (C.3)
The max. B.f.l. is at midspan
2
2.25 X {200}
= 11250 K.ft
(a) D.M. due LO D.L.:
~·L = 8
50 50
(b) H.M. due to L.L.: Impact factor =L + 125 = 200 + 125 + 1-00 = 1.155
From ASSHO Page 299, For L = 200 and using impact factor = 1.155 the bending moment
~
(See Fig. C.3)
Distance from bottom f1ange ta C.G. of section = 53.95 in
1-'
~
• ft
20750xl2x42.55
Stress at top of deck plate = = - 12.70 KSI
839300
20750d2x34.125
Stress at bottom of deck plate = = - .!.2.!.QQ KSI
839300
207501(12)(53.95
Stress at bottom flange = + 839300 = + .!&.!1.Q. KSI
The results obtained in Section A and B are listed in the following Table. It can be
~
+-
+-
., Ct
TABLE C.l
CT)
.c (4) Total (2) + (3) 4.67 31.5 10.70 - 1.78 5.20
Ti
0::
~
.,J:-
~
• e
215000
The avarage shear stress ~
v = 96XO.5 = 4450 psi
The dimensions of' the transverse stif:feners are chosen 5.0" X 0.5" and spaced every 7. o.
t-J
.J:-
CT\
~~SR~ga~m.œaa.......
147
• lOden, J.T.
REFEHENCES
•
Be1iebiger Querschnittsform"
Stah1bau, 1962, No. 4, P. 128.
148