SCHOOL OF LAW (University of Karachi)

Assessment Cover Sheet for Submission of Assignments

STUDENT/S:

Name Seat/ Enrolment

Course title: LOGIC AND
No.
1. IZHAR ALI JUNEJO H2064053 REASONING
2. Course code:
3.
Class: BA/LLB (5 YEARS)
4.
Assignment no: 01
Submission date: 17 /01/2022
Word count:
Due date: 17/01/2022
Name of course SIR SAAD SHAKEEL
PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION
instructor
Plagiarism: using another person’s ideas, designs, words or works
without appropriate acknowledgement.

Collusion: another person assisting in the production of an assessment submission without the express
requirement, or consent or knowledge of the assessor.

CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION

The penalties associated with plagiarism and collusion are designed to impose sanctions on offenders that
reflect the seriousness of the School of Law’s commitment to academic integrity. Penalties may include:
the requirement to revise and resubmit assessment work, receiving a result of zero for the assessment
work, failing the course, or receiving a financial penalty.

I declare that all material in this assessment is my own work except where there is clear
acknowledgement and reference to the work of others. I give permission for my assessment work to
be reproduced and submitted to other academic staff for the purposes of assessment and to be copied,
submitted to and retained by the University's plagiarism detection software provider for the purposes
of electronic checking of plagiarism.

Signed………………………………………………. Date ……………………………………………

Teacher’s Feedback: For details, refer to the marking rubric. Additional

Comments:
 LOGICAL FALLACIES

What is logical fallacy?

A fallacy is simply an error in reasoning: an argument that, for one reason or
another, has no logical strength. In general, an argument without logical strength
can be ignored. It is very important to avoid using logical fallacies in your own
argumentation, because honesty is an essential quality of effective persuasion.

Some examples of fallacies

1) Appeal to nature
Claiming that something must be good or true because it’s NATURAL, or that
something must be bad or untrue because it’s UNNATURAL.

Example ;
Agent smith is arguing that because humans go against what is natural that they
are inherently malicious. This is an ERROR in logic , however, because not all that
goes against the flow of nature is evil as smith would insinuate.

Reference ;
Movie MATRIX (1999) from You tube channel (HENRY HEIMLICH).
https://youtu.be/w3qmfInxfcY

2) False Dilemma
The false dilemma fallacy occurs when a limited number of choices , outcomes or
views are presented as the only options when, in fact , more options exist.

Example ;
Dean believes that he has two options . he can either continue as normal , where a
bunch of people would get hurt , or he and his brother have to die.

Dean knows that he is dangerous and can hurt a lot of people, which is the exact
opposite of his and his brother’s mission. He uses that fact to try and convince his
brother that there is no other option.
The message Dean is trying to argue is: there are only two options that he has
based his argument on

Reference ;
Logical fallacies in supernatural (ENGL 13) A SHORT VIDEO from a you tube
channel (GRACE CLINTON).
https://youtu.be/t9YBFHVEfZ8

3) Loaded Question
A question containing an implicit assumption that is unverified or controversial.

Example ;
The guy was asked by both girls and the other guy the question( Sino siya, Bago
mo?) with this question there is now a presumption that the guy cheated.

Reference ;
Fallacies in commercials a video from youtube channel ( LANSEL).
https://youtu.be/pnXa2V3STgE

4) Accident fallacy
A fallacy in which applying a general rule to a situation where the rule does not
really apply.

Example ;
Cutting people with knives is crime.
Surgeons cut people with knives.
Surgeons are criminals.
In this case, it would be illogical to argue that surgery is wrong in which people are
cut with knives. Surgery is an obvious exception, and almost all of us know that.

Reference ;
ADP( Accident fallacy) Critical thinking and reasoning book video from a youtube
channel (BINI SHEIKH).
https://youtu.be/9YYnubFz-Ys
5) Fallacy of division
This logical fallacy occurs when someone argues that something which is true of the
whole, must also be true of each part of the whole.

Example ;
The second graders at my school buy the seasonal fruit at recess. Your brother is in
second grade at my school, so he must like to buy seasonal fruit.

In the above example what is true of the whole can’t be true of the each part of
the whole.

Reference ;
ADP (fallacy of division) Critical Thinking and Reasoning book video from youtube
channel (BINE SHEIKH).
https://youtu.be/8f3GLuc9bPI