Vinn A Koti 2018

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JESIT-184; No. of Pages 16 ARTICLE IN PRESS

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
ANN based control scheme for a three-level converter based unified

power quality conditioner
Sudheer Vinnakoti ∗ , Venkata Reddy Kota

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
Received 17 October 2016; received in revised form 4 August 2017; accepted 24 November 2017
Abstract
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) has been used convincingly to mitigate most of the electric power quality issues.
Conventional control schemes such as Synchronous Reference Fame (SRF) and P-Q theory based control involves abc to/from
dq/␣b transformations. Hence, they involve complex calculations and require DSPs/FPGAs which are costly. Employing Artificial
Intelligent control schemes helps to reduce the control system size and complexity of operation. This paper proposes an ANN
controller for UPQC for effective operation and control. The ANN controller reduces the cost and complexity of the system. The
controller performance is analysed under various conditions like supply voltage and load current harmonics, load unbalances, voltage
sag and swell. Results prove the superiority of the ANN controller over conventional controllers.
© 2018 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords: Multilevel Inverter UPQC (MLI-UPQC); Diode clamped converter (DCC); Power quality improvement; Total Harmonic Distortion
(THD); Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
1. Introduction
The present day world has huge penetration of electronic and non-linear devices into the power system. With
increase in such devices and loads, harmonics and many other power quality issues are on rise, which are demanding
novel mitigating devices with faster control schemes. Though passive filters has the ability to resolve harmonic, they
are bulky in size and expensive. In addition, improper design leads to resonance and increases the harmonics (Ansari
et al., 2015). Active Power filters solved harmonic related issues and also did not cause resonance without being bulky
or expensive. Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) — a more advanced device with shunt APF and series APF
∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: sudheer@kluniversity.in (S. Vinnakoti), dr.kvr@ieee.org (V.R. Kota).
Peer review under the responsibility of Electronics Research Institute (ERI).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2017.11.001
2314-7172/© 2018 Electronics Research Institute (ERI). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Vinnakoti, S., Kota, V.R., ANN based control scheme for a three-level converter based unified
power quality conditioner. J. Electr. Syst. Inform. Technol. (2017), https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesit.2017.11.001
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2 S. Vinnakoti, V.R. Kota / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx
connected back-to-back through a dc link capacitor solved most PQ issues (Khadkikar and Chandra, 2008; Sindhu
et al., 2015). If multi-level inverters (MLIs) are employed as APFs in UPQC much better performance can be delivered,
as MLIs gave more sinusoidal output with increasing levels, less distortion, low dv/dt, low switching losses due to low
switching frequency device operation compatibility and lower rating of power electronic switches.
Diode clamped converter type MLIs have found wide acceptance in utility power applications due to its compatibility
to back-to-back connection. But the dc link capacitor voltage imbalance in this topology causes malfunctioning or
under performance in UPQC application (Chennai and Benchouia, 2014). To avoid this imbalance, either an additional
hardware circuit for voltage balancing (Hatti et al., 2008) or proper switching control must be used (Saeedifard et al.,
2009; Pan et al., 2005). This increase complexity and cost of the system.
For maintaining constant dc link voltage, controllers like PI, PID, Fuzzy logic etc., were used but all require exact
linear mathematical models. Failing to develop the models, which are hard to design, causes unsatisfactory results under
load parameter variations (Kinhal et al., 2011). For generating estimated reference signals for compensation, pq-theory
was used and its performance was satisfactory with sinusoidal source. If the source had harmonics, performance of
any system will be degraded. SRF based control scheme could give better performance with or without harmonics
in source. Later pq-theory with harmonic extraction method could also give improved performance as SRF did when
source had harmonics and also these techniques are easy to implement. But both these schemes involved lengthy and
complex mathematical calculations. Under extreme harmonic conditions the performance was not satisfactory. The new
generation control scheme wanted human like intelligence in machines and devices called artificial intelligence (AI).
Among AI techniques, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) attracted more applications in power electronics systems
due to its fast dynamic response without disturbing the stability of the system over a wide range of operation (Kinhal
et al., 2011; Langer et al., 2014; Kow et al., 2016; Jayachandran and Murali Sachithanandam, 2016).
In this paper, a three-level converter based UPQC for improving performance of electrical distribution system with
non-linear load under distorted supply voltage, sag and swell is proposed which uses multilayer feed forward ANN
for current control in shunt APF and for generation of the estimated reference signals of voltages and currents in
three-level converter based UPQC. The ANN model is trained using Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The simulations
using Matlab/Simulink software is carried out to evaluate the performance of the controller. Mitigation of harmonics,
voltage sag, voltage swell, active and reactive power flow, capacitor voltage balancing and %THD are to be analysed
in this work. Results of the proposed scheme are compared with SRF based control for performance comparison. This
paper is structured as Section 2—Three-level DCC based UPQC, Section 3—ANN controller, Section 4—Simulation
results and Section 5—Conclusion.
2. Three-level DCC based UPQC system
In actual distribution network, when no reactive power source is available to supply required reactive power to load,
it draws reactive power from source. When source supplies reactive power, source current carry harmonic component.
Distorted source current causes excessive heating throughout the system. When shunt APF is connected in the network,
the reactive power required by the load is supplied by it. Since source is relieved of suppling reactive power to load
source currents are now sinusoidal.
If supply voltage has harmonics and distortion, suppling this voltage to load can cause underperformance of load.
Connecting a series APF would supply the needed voltage to improve the wave shape to make it sinusoidal. Even
during voltage sag and voltage swell, series APF supplies and suppresses the source voltage such that always constant
sinusoidal voltage is applied to the load.
With both shunt and series APFs both voltage and current related problems in both load and source can be mitigated
and an efficient distribution system can be run. UPQC has a shunt and a series APF connected back-to-back through
a dc link capacitor. The schematic diagram of three-level DCC based UPQC system is shown in Fig. 1. For a three
level UPQC, two capacitors are required to provide dc link, where each capacitor is shared by two DCC units and
intermediate nodes p to n would be common for two DCC units. Coupling inductors are connected on ac side of each
DCC units. Dc link capacitor (Cdc ), voltage across these capacitors (Vdc ) and coupling inductors between converters
and AC network are important and must be chosen carefully for efficient and proper working of UPQC.
Designing of converter parameters plays a vital role for the effective operation of UPQC. Cdc , Vdc , Lse , Lsh and
Fsw are the essential parameters that should be taken care in the process of designing. The design details of two-level
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S. Vinnakoti, V.R. Kota / Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology xxx (2017) xxx–xxx 3
Fig. 1. UPQC with back-to-back three-level diode clamped converters.
converter parameters for UPQC application is given in Srinivas et al. (2013). Based on the following equations, the
parameters are chosen for the converters used in the work.
2.1. Selection of Cdc and Vdc
During transient period, the load kVA will vary. If a shunt converter which is capable of handling 0.5X kVA to
2X kVA is connected to an X kVA load of the system, then voltage across dc link capacitor (Vdc ) increases with
decrease in system kVA load and vice-versa. In general, for the given X kVA load of the system and 12.5% change in
Vdc , the value of DC link capacitor depends on its energy handling capacity which is given by
1
Ec = Cdc ((1 + P)Vdc )2 − ((1 − P)Vdc )2 (1)
2
where Ec is the change in energy across capacitor (Cdc ), Vdc is the voltage across Cdc and P is the percentage of
maximum and minimum allowable Vdc to perform the specific task.
Assuming the load is changed from 2X kVA to 0.5X kVA in n number of cycles for a transient period (T), then
change in system energy (Es ) is given by

X
Es = 2X − n·T (2)
2
From Eqs. (1) and (2), the DC link capacitor is derived as
X
2(2X − 2 )nT
Cdc = (3)
((1 + P)Vdc )2 − ((1 − P)Vdc )2
where X is kVA load of the system, n is the number of cycles and T is the time period for a cycle. Here, Vdc = 700 V,
X = 9 kVA, n = 1 and T = 0.02 s. On substitution, the value of Cdc is found to be 2200 ␮F.
The voltage across dc link capacitor is given as Z times of peak value of the supply voltage (Vm ), where Z varies
between 1.2 and 2 and is given in Eq. (4). %THD is verified for various values of shunt coupling inductor and dc link
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voltage. For switching frequency variation is approximately from 7.5 kHz to 10 kHz, the value of Z is 2 where the
%THD is minimized. Therefore the voltage across dc link capacitor is given in Eq. (5).
Z= 1 (4)
F

1− sw min
Fsw max
Vdc = 2 × Vm (5)
where Fsw min is the minimum switching frequency and Fsw max is the maximum switching frequency of the converter.
The dc link voltage (V*dc ) to be applied for m-level converter is evaluated using expression (Chaves et al., 2010),
Vdc
V∗dc = (6)
(m − 1)
2.2. Coupling inductor for series and shunt converters
Series and shunt converters are coupled with source and load through inductor referred as coupling inductors. These
inductors limit both di/dt and magnitude of maximum current that can flow in to the system. Assuming rated ripple
currents to be 10%, maximum peak to peak ripple currents (ILmax ) occurs, considering converter is being controlled
by SPWM (Ramteke and Patil, 2014). At output terminal, the maximum peak to peak ripple current and the value of
series coupling inductor are given as
IL max = 0.1 ∗ Imax (7)
Vdc
Lse = (8)
6 ∗ fsw ∗ IL max
Testing the system performance empirically, with various values of m, shunt coupling inductor and dc link voltage
have the lowest %THD. It was observed that at m = 2, dc link voltage of 700 V and shunt coupling inductor of 15mH,
%THD was lowest. From Srinivas et al. (2013), the value of shunt coupling inductor is expressed as given in Eq. (9).
Vdc
Lsh = (9)
4 · h. · Fsw max
where, h is the hysteresis band limit which is 5%–10% of its rated currents.
3. Artificial Neural Network controller
For a stable and quality functioning of any system, the disturbing forces causing unstable or disturbing conditions
must be detected at the earliest and compensated to nullify them. As they often say “practice makes a man perfect”, more
a system has experience under various conditions, more will be the detection, care and protection against disturbances
taken, improving the stability and performance of the system. Unfortunately machines and devices are not intelligent and
no learning takes place in them but they carry out quickly the operation or function sequentially as they are programmed.
If along with their fast sequential operation, if they can learn from their working experience, system performance can
be greatly improved both in terms of quality of performance and speed of operation. Artificial intelligence (AI) is all
about providing the system with this ability.
ANN is one of the AI techniques which find very appropriate application to power electronic system control.
Recent study indicates controllers designed based on ANN provides faster dynamic response and improved stability
of converter systems over wide range of operating conditions. ANN benefits include massive parallelism, learning
ability, generalisation ability, adaptivity, contextual information processing, Fault tolerance, low energy consumption,
tracking ability, quick convergence and robustness. Basic ANN architecture has 3 layers and is shown in Fig. 2.
1. Input layer — stores input data and also inputs to be given to the system are provided through this layer.
2. Hidden layer — inputs provided by input layer are processed in this layer depending on weights of connection
between layers, bias if any and activation function.
3. Output layer — results of the computations are stored.
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Fig. 2. Basic ANN structure.
Fig. 3. ANN structure for capacitor voltage balancing.
Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation (LMBP) (Ming et al., 2006; Yu and Wilamowski, 2011; Liu, 2010; More,
1977), is one of the ANN training technique which gives faster convergence specifically when performance function is
mean square error. Though it is a feed forward multilayer network like famous error back propagation, still is different
because it uses resulting derivatives for updating weights. Input layer inputs are supplied to hidden layers through
weights individually allotted to each link. The total strength of input to a node is verified with the activation function
and depending on the results the hidden layer nodes fire their inputs to the output layers. The output compares the
result with targets and if an error exists the weights of the links are changed from backward in such a way that for next
iteration of the inputs, the outputs are the desired ones. This process continues until convergence.
3.1. The design of ANN controller using Matlab/Simulink
1. To open Neural Network training tool, command “nftool” is used in workspace of Matlab.
2. To develop network which will control the operation of the APFs, first the input and target data should be given to the
ANN Trainer tool. The desired data of targets and inputs are stored in workspace and are imported for development
of network.
3. From the provided inputs and targets data, 70%, 15% and 15% of data is used for training, validating and testing
the network respectively.
4. The ANN tool will develop the ANN network with specified number of hidden layers.
5. Now the train command (trainlm) will train the network for the given input and target data using
Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation. It validates and tests the network with given data.
6. After completion of the training, the Simulink network is generated by the tool itself on command.
3.2. ANN based shunt controller
In shunt controller, similar procedure discussed in Section 3.1 is followed to train the network for maintaining the
dc link capacitor voltage constant and for generating reference signals. For maintaining capacitor voltage balancing,
reference voltage (700 V) is compared with actual voltage Vdc and its corresponding error is considered as the input
data and the estimated output i.e., loss component of current (I∗ dc ) from ANN is given as the target data to the network.
The size of the network is adjusted with 100 hidden layers and the trained network using Levenberg–Marquardt
backpropagation algorithm as depicted in Fig. 3.
For generating the reference currents, the load currents (ILa , ILb and ILc ) and the loss component of current (I∗ dc ) are
considered as input data and the estimated reference currents are considered as target data to the network. The size of
the network is adjusted with 200 hidden layers and the trained network using Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation
algorithm is depicted in Fig. 4. The complete Matlab/Simulink model for capacitor voltage balancing and for reference
current generation using ANN is given in Fig. 5.
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Fig. 4. ANN structure for reference current generation.
Fig. 5. Matlab/Simulink model for capacitor voltage balancing and reference current generation.
Fig. 6. Hysteresis current controller for three-level shunt converter.
The reference shunt injecting currents are derived from the reference currents generated using ANN controller and
are compared with actual shunt injecting currents in a fixed hysteresis band of ±2.5% and ±5% to generate proper
switching pulses to a three level shunt converter as depicted in Fig. 6. The switching pattern of the three-level diode
clamped converter using hysteresis current controller is as follows,
a. If Iact > (IRef + I), then all Lower Switches are ON, resulting +Vdc .
b. If Iact < (IRef − I), then all Upper Switches are ON, resulting −Vdc .
c. If (IRef − I) ≤ Iact ≤ (IRef + I), then one inner most Upper Switches and one inner most Lower Switches are
ON, resulting into zero state.
3.3. ANN based series controller
For generating the reference voltages, the supply voltages (VSa , VSb and VSc ) are considered as input data and the
estimated reference currents are considered as target data to the network. The size of the network is adjusted with 200
hidden layers. The complete Matlab/Simulink model for reference voltage generation using ANN is given in Fig. 7
and its trained network using Levenberg–Marquardt backpropagation algorithm as depicted is shown in Fig. 8. The
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Fig. 7. Matlab/Simulink model for reference voltage generation.
Fig. 8. Architecture of backpropagation network for reference voltage generation.
reference voltages generated using ANN controller is compared with actual supply voltages. Using its corresponding
error signal, gating pulses for series converter will be generated with SPWM.
4. Simulation results
The three-level converter based UPQC with three-phase four wire system shown in Fig. 1 is simulated using ANN
based control in Matlab/Simulink software and the simulation diagram is depicted in Fig. 9. The rating of supply
voltage, frequency, load parameters, coupling inductors, series transformer and kVA rating of the converters are given
in Table 1. With the proposed UPQC topology and controller, the aim of simulation study is as follows,
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Fig. 9. Matlab/Simulink model of a three-level DCC topology based UPQC.
Table 1
Parameters of a three-phase four wire UPQC system.
Parameters Value
Source Voltage (phase–phase) 415 Vrms
Frequency 50 Hz
Load Three phase PLa = 3 kW, QLa = 9 kVAR,
unbalanced linear load PLb = 4 kW, QLb = 10 kVAR &
PLc = 4 kW, QLc = 10 kVAR
Three phase nonlinear load P = 3 kW and QL = 0.5 kVAR
Capacitors Four series capacitors C = 2200 ␮F
Series coupling inductor Lseabc = 6mH
Shunt coupling inductor Lshabc = 15 mH
Three series transformer 3 kVA
1. To evaluate the performance of the system during normal working conditions and during voltage sag/swell condi-
tions.
2. To validate active and reactive power flow in the system.
3. To demonstrate the performance of dc link capacitor voltage balancing.
Case studies: The performance of the proposed three-level DCC based UPQC with ANN controller is tested and
performance is observed in various aspects mentioned below:
1. Operation during normal operation with polluted supply voltage and nonlinear unbalanced load
2. Operation during voltage sag with same supply and load
3. Operation during voltage swell with same supply and load
4. Active and reactive power flow in the system
5. DC link capacitor voltage balancing
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Supply Voltage with Harmonics

400
Voltage (sec)
200
-200
-400
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Time (sec)
(a)
Phase A
400
Voltage (Volts)
200
-200
-400
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
Phase B
400
Voltage (Volts)
200
-200
-400
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
Phase C
Voltage (Volts)
400
200
-200
-400
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
Time (sec)
(b)
Load Voltage
400
300
200
Volatge (volts)
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Time (sec)
(c)
Load Current
40
30
Current (amps)
20
10
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Time (sec)
(d)
Fig. 10. Compensation with proposed UPQC (a) supply voltages (b) series injected voltages (c) load voltages (d) load currents (e) shunt injected
currents (f) supply currents.
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Phase A
40
Current (Amps)
20
-20
-40
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
Phase B
40
Current (Amps)
20
-20
-40
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
Phase C
40
Current (Amps)
20
-20
-40
0.4 0.42 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.6
(e)
Supply Current
100
Current (amps)
50
-50
-100
0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Time (sec)
(f)
Fig. 10. (Continued)
4.1. During normal operating conditions
Initially, the proposed UPQC topology with the ANN controller is tested with distorted supply voltage and nonlinear
and unbalanced load. The severity of voltage harmonic is considered to be 20% of 5th and 10% of 7th order harmonics
and is shown in Fig. 10(a). From the time t = 0.2 s, the UPQC connected to distribution network, plays an active role
in isolating voltage and current harmonics through series and shunt converters. To compensate these supply voltage
harmonics, the series converter of UPQC injects voltages as shown in Fig. 10(b) and makes the load voltage sinusoidal.
The harmonic free load voltages are shown in Fig. 10(c). The nonlinear unbalanced load currents are depicted in
Fig. 10(d). These currents are making the supply currents nonlinear if the UPQC is not connected. When the UPQC is
connected to the system, the shunt converter is injecting harmonics currents as shown in Fig. 10(e) into the line at point
of common coupling and making the supply currents free from harmonics and unbalance. This can be clearly observed
from Fig. 10(f). At the instant shunt converter starts compensating the supply currents, heavy inrush of currents (i.e.
3–5 times the rated currents) are observed to be flowing in the system. This is due to prompt capacitor voltage charging.
The capacitor reaches 50% of its nominal voltage within 0.01 s, thereby making voltage compensation to start from
0.21 s and actual current compensation starts from 0.213 s, as it takes 0.003 s to suppress the heavy starting currents.
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Supply Voltage during sag

400
Voltage (volts)
200
-200
-400
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Time (sec)
(a)
Load Voltage during sag
400
Voltage (volts)
200
-200
-400
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.5
Time (sec)
(b)
Supply currents during sag
40
Current (amps)
20
-20
-40
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Time (sec)
(c)
Load Current during sag
40
Current (amps)
20
-20
-40
0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55
Time (sec)
(d)
Fig. 11. Compensation with proposed UPQC during voltage sag (a) supply voltage (b) load voltage (c) supply current (d) load current.
4.2. Under voltage sag conditions
In this case, the proposed UPQC topology with the ANN controller is tested under 30% of voltage sag during the
period t = 0.4 s to t = 0.5 s. During voltage sag, the phase voltage is dropped from 338.8 V to 237.16 V as shown in
Fig. 11(a). It is observed from Fig. 11(b) that, the proposed UPQC successfully compensates the reduced voltage due
to sag and load voltage harmonics through series converter there by maintaining sinusoidal load voltage with constant
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magnitude. Shunt converter supplies all the active power required by series converter to compensate voltage issues. In
this process, it draws current from the supply and fed to series converter via dc link thereby increasing supply currents.
On the other hand it compensates reactive currents by injecting currents in phase opposition to line currents as shown
in Fig. 11(c). Load currents given in Fig. 11(d) are not affected by voltage sag and seen to be same as load currents
shown in Fig. 10(d).
4.3. Under voltage swell conditions
In the case, the three-level converter based UPQC topology with the proposed ANN controller is also tested under
30% of voltage swell applied during the period t = 0.6 s to t = 0.7 s. During voltage swell, the phase voltage is increased
to 440.44 V from 338.8 V as shown in Fig. 12(a). It is observed from Fig. 12(b) that, the proposed UPQC successfully
compensates the additional voltage and load voltage harmonics through series converter there by maintaining sinusoidal
load voltage with constant magnitude. On the other hand shunt converter compensates reactive currents by injecting
currents in phase opposition to line currents. Since some of the currents are feeding by series converter, current drawn
by shunt converter from supply mains decreases slightly as shown in Fig. 12(c). Load currents given in Fig. 12(d) may
not be affected by voltage swell and seen to be same as load currents shown in Fig. 11(d).
4.4. Active and reactive power flow
Before compensation (i.e. before t = 0.2 s), active and reactive power demanded by load and supplied by source is
observed to be 8.7 kW and 9 kVAR. After compensation, due to reduced harmonics in load voltages and supply currents,
load active and reactive power increases to 8.9 kW and 9.2 kVAR. Here the proposed three-level shunt converter is
observed to be supplying the required reactive power to the load even under voltage sag and voltage swell, by consuming
5.1 kW of active power from supply. This increases active power to 14 kW and completely eliminates the burden of
reactive power at supply. Active and reactive power flow at supply, load, three-level shunt converter and three-level
series converter are shown in Figs. 13 and 14 respectively. It is also observed that even during voltage sag period, active
power at load is maintained constant at 8.9 kW and reduced to 11 kW at supply. On the other hand reactive power
becomes 0 kVAR at supply whereas it is 9.2 kVAR near load. Similarly active power at supply during voltage swell is
increased to 17 kW and reactive power is observed to be 0 kVAR. The active and reactive power at load are observed
to be as same as in the case of voltage sag.
4.5. Capacitor voltage balancing
Capacitor voltages between two-level and three-level based UPQC are depicted in Fig. 15. It can be observed that
in three-level converter based UPQC, capacitor voltage has faster raise time compared to two-level UPQC. Due to its
fast raise time and settling time, the transient response of supply currents is lower than two-level. It is observed that,
steady state in supply currents due to two level converter starts at t = 0.28 s, whereas with three-level converter starts
at t = 0.24 s. it is also observed that though the transient response of two-level and three-level converters are different,
their magnitudes in currents at the time of starting are observed to be same.
4.6. Total Harmonic Distortion
%THDs of two-level and the proposed UPQC using SRF based control and ANN controller are analysed in Mat-
lab/Simulink software. It is observed that %THD of supply voltages and load voltages before compensation is 22.36%
per phase and load currents and supply currents are 23.50%, 21.17% and 25.59%. After compensation with the pro-
posed UPQC, the %THD in load voltages are reduced to 3.37%, 3.27% and 3.36% in Phase A, Phase B and Phase
C respectively. The %THD in supply currents are also reduced to 4.72%, 4.45% and 4.86%. These %THDs are in
acceptable limits as per IEEE standards. Comparison of %THD in load voltage and supply currents with two level and
three level UPQC topologies using ANN controller is tabulated in Table 2. It is observed that (a) in view of converters,
%THD in voltages and currents are reduced as the level of converter increases. It is to be observed that three-level con-
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Supply Voltage during s well

500
400
Voltage (volts)
300
200
100
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Time (sec )
(a)
Load Voltage during swell
400
200
Voltage (volts)
-200
-400
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Time (sec)
(b)
Supply currents during swell
30
Current (amps)
20
10
-10
-20
-30
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Time (sec)
(c)
Load Current during swell
40
Current (amps)
20
-20
-40
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
Time (sec)
(d)
Fig. 12. Compensation with proposed UPQC during swell (a) supply voltage (b) load voltage (c) supply current (d) load current.
verter based UPQC has low harmonic distortion. (b) In view of controllers, ANN controller has improved performance
compared to SRF control and the same can be observed from Table 2.
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4 Active Power at supply

x 10
Active power 4
(Watt)
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
4
Reactive Power at supply
Reactive power
x 10
5
(VAR)
-5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Active Power at load

10000
Active power
(Watt)
5000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Reactive Power at load
Reactive power
10000
(VAR)
5000
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)
Fig. 13. Active and reactive power flow at supply and load.
Table 2
Comparison between conventional UPQC and proposed UPQC using SRF and ANN based controls.
Nonlinear unbalanced load with 0.72 P.F SRF controller ANN controller
Fundamental component %THD Fundamental component %THD
Before After Before After Before After Before After
Two level UPQC Load voltage VLa 338.8 V 343.3 V 22.36% 4.45% 338.8 V 334.4 V 22.36% 4.03%
VLb 338.8 V 342.3 V 22.36% 4.76% 338.8 V 341.4 V 22.36% 3.86%
VLc 338.8 V 329.1 V 22.36% 4.99% 338.8 V 337.8 V 22.36% 4.04%
Supply current ISa 24.04 A 21.21 A 23.50% 5.47% 24.04 A 20.74 A 23.50% 5.42%
ISb 26.61 A 21.26 A 21.17% 6.07% 26.61 A 21.48 A 21.17% 5.43%
ISb 21.97 A 20.42 A 25.59% 5.95% 21.97 A 21.42 A 25.59% 5.61%
Three level UPQC Load voltage VLa 338.8 V 346.7 V 22.36% 4.22% 338.8 V 338 V 22.36% 3.37%
VLb 338.8 V 338.9 V 22.36% 4.24% 338.8 V 337.8 V 22.36% 3.27%
VLc 338.8 V 328.6 V 22.36% 4.43% 338.8 V 338.1 V 22.36% 3.36%
Supply current ISa 24.04 A 24.2 A 23.50% 5.55% 24.04 A 23.62 A 23.50% 4.72%
ISb 26.61 A 23.66 A 21.17% 6.06% 26.61 A 23.67 A 21.17% 4.45%
ISb 21.97 A 22.9 A 25.59% 4.94% 21.97 A 23.62 A 25.59% 4.86%
+Model
4
x 10 Active Power at shunt converter
Active power 2
(Watt)
1
-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
4
x 10 Reactive Power at shunt converter
Reactive power
2
(VAR)
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
4
x 10 Active Power at series converter
1
Active power
(Watt)
-1
-2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Reactive power
Active Power at series converter

5000
(VAR)
-5000
-10000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)
Fig. 14. Active and reactive power flow at series and shunt converters.
CapacItor Voltage
700
600
500 Three-level
Voltage (Volts)
400 Two-level
300
200
100
-100
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)
Fig. 15. Capacitor voltage in two-level and three-level converter based UPQC configurations.
+Model
5. Conclusion
The performance of the proposed three-level diode clamped unified power quality conditioner using ANN con-
troller is tested with polluted supply and nonlinear and unbalanced load. In this work, reference voltages for series
converter and reference currents for shunt converter are generated using ANN controller. Voltage balancing between the
capacitors is also maintained using ANN controller. It is clearly observed that three-level converter based UPQC with
the proposed ANN controller successfully mitigates power quality problems related to voltages and currents thereby
improving system power factor. Active and reactive power flow is also verified in this study and it is observed that after
compensation, three-level converter based UPQC with the proposed ANN controller supplies required reactive power
to the load causing sinusoidal supply currents. Hysteresis current controller and SPWM for three-level shunt and series
converters effectively compensate current harmonics, unbalanced currents at supply and voltage harmonics, voltage
sag and voltage swell at load. ANN controller reduces mathematical operations and usage of DSPs and FPGAs, thereby
reducing the cost and complexity of the system. The ANN controller can be implemented in microcontroller due to its
low memory size. Finally it is concluded that, in view of converters, three-level diode clamped UPQC has least %THD
in voltage and current. In view of controllers, ANN controller has superior performance over SRF controller.
References
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Trans. Ind. Appl. 44 (July/August (4)), 1268–1276.
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JESIT-184; No. of Pages 16 ARTICLE IN PRESS

ANN based control scheme for a three-level converter based unified

Sudheer Vinnakoti ∗ , Venkata Reddy Kota

2. Three-level DCC based UPQC system

Fig. 1. UPQC with back-to-back three-level diode clamped converters.

2.1. Selection of Cdc and Vdc

2.2. Coupling inductor for series and shunt converters

3. Artificial Neural Network controller

Fig. 2. Basic ANN structure.

Fig. 3. ANN structure for capacitor voltage balancing.

3.1. The design of ANN controller using Matlab/Simulink

3.2. ANN based shunt controller

Fig. 4. ANN structure for reference current generation.

Fig. 6. Hysteresis current controller for three-level shunt converter.

3.3. ANN based series controller

Fig. 7. Matlab/Simulink model for reference voltage generation.

Fig. 8. Architecture of backpropagation network for reference voltage generation.

Fig. 9. Matlab/Simulink model of a three-level DCC topology based UPQC.

Supply Voltage with Harmonics

0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3

Fig. 10. (Continued)

4.1. During normal operating conditions

Supply Voltage during sag

4.2. Under voltage sag conditions

4.3. Under voltage swell conditions

4.4. Active and reactive power flow

4.5. Capacitor voltage balancing

4.6. Total Harmonic Distortion

Supply Voltage during s well

4 Active Power at supply

Active Power at load

Fundamental component %THD Fundamental component %THD

Before After Before After Before After Before After

Active Power at series converter

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