John Lennon: A Musician for All Time

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a)

b)

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d)
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f)
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h)
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i)

j)

k)

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Sentence Types

1. Simple Sentences

2. Compound Sentences

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4. Compound-Complex Sentences

3. Complex Sentences

Sentence Structure Quiz

What are independent and dependent

clauses?

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2) Relative Clauses

Types of complex sentence

1) Adverbial Clauses

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3) Noun Clauses

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That- Clauses

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Sequence of Tenses

INTRODUCTORY CLAUSE VERBS

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Subjunctive Noun Clauses

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PRACTICE 1 

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PRACTICE2

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 IF/WHETHER-CLAUSES

Purpose Clauses – To show the purpose of doing

something
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Concession Clauses – To show contrast between
Types of Adverbial Clause two statements, or surprise.
Time Clauses – In reference to a period of time 
or another event
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 Place – To talk about location of position
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Rules for Adverbial Clauses
Conditional Clauses – Expressing a hypothesis
or condition, real or imagined
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 1) Switching the Clauses
Reason Clauses – To explain why
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2) Commas

Examples in Context

3) Meanings

A Common Mistake

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Adverbial Clause Practice Exercise

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Preparing a Presentation The Place

The Objective

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The Subject
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The Time
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The Audience

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Length of Talk 

Decide Whether to Illustrate

Organize the Presentation Material

Select Your Main Points

Introduction and Conclusion

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Writing your Presentation

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 Editing Your Content

Harnessing the Power of Three

What, Why, How?

Deciding your Presentation Method

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Full Text

Working with Visual Aids

Cue Cards

Whiteboards and Interactive Whiteboards

Keywords on Cue Cards

Mind Maps
Flip Charts

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 Handouts

Coping with Presentation Nerves

Video

PowerPoint

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 Pause

Slow Down

Coping with Nerves

Move Around

Stop Thinking About Yourself

Relaxation Exercises
Practice Deep Breathing

Drink Water

Smile
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Use Visualization Techniques

Self-Massage

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Dealing with Questions

Interest & Establishing a Relationship

with the Audience

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Answering Questions
o

Rhetorical questions

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Emphasizing/highlighting
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o o
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o o
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o o

 Negative body language

o 

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Voice & Pronunciation

o

Body Language

What is pronunciation?

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Positive body language

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o
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Voice

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General explaining

1. In order to

2. In other words

3. To put it another way

4. That is to say

5. To that end

Adding additional information to support a point

6. Moreover

7. Furthermore

8. What’s more

9. Likewise

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10. Similarly

11. Another key thing to remember

12. As well as

13. Not only… but also

14. Coupled with

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

17. However

18. On the other hand

19. Having said that

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20. By contrast/in comparison

21. Then again

22. That said

23. Yet

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

24. Despite this

25. With this in mind

26. Provided that

27. In view of/in light of

28. Nonetheless

29. Nevertheless

30. Notwithstanding

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Giving examples

31. For instance

32. To give an illustration

Signifying importance

33. Significantly

34. Notably

35. Importantly

Summarizing

36. In conclusion

37. Above all

38. Persuasive

39. Compelling

40. All things considered

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Introduction phrases
Establishing the importance of the topic:
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Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given):

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Highlighting a problem in the field of study:

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Highlighting a controversy in the field of study:

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Focus, aim, argument:
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Outline of structure:
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Explaining Keywords
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Concluding sentences

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Conclusion Phrases
Summarizing the content
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Summarizing the findings (research)
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Suggesting implications
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Limitations of the current study (research)
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Recommendations for further work (research)
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Implications/recommendations for practice or policy

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Formal phrases

Try to avoid:
Contractions

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informal adjectives

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idioms

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No Personal pronouns
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Use Passive constructions
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Use Gerunds
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Noun phrases
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Use Academic Word list

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Use fixed academic phrases..
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Colloquial / informal words expressions

Phrasal Verbs / two word verb forms

Informal Verbs

Being Cautious

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Devices that distance the author from a proposition
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Being cautious when giving explanations or hypothesizing
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Being cautious when explaining results
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Being cautious when discussing implications or recommendations
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Devices for avoiding over-generalization
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Advising cautious interpretation of findings (Refer to Discussing Findings)
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Classifying and Listing

General classifications

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Specific classifications

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Commenting on a system of classification

Introducing lists
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Referring to other people’s lists
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Compare and Contrast

Introductory Sentences: Differences

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Introductory Sentences: Similarities

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Comparison within one sentence

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Comparison within one sentence (comparative forms)

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Indicating difference across two sentences

Indicating similarity across two sentences

Defining Terms

Introductory phrases
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Simple three-part definitions

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General meanings or application of meanings
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Indicating varying definitions
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Indicating difficulties in defining a term

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Specifying terms that are used in an essay or thesis
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Referring to people’s definitions: author prominent

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Referring to people’s definitions: author non-prominent

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Commenting on a definition

Describing Trends

Describing trends

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Describing high and low points in figures
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Projecting trends

Describing Quantities

Describing ratios and proportions

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Describing fractions
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Describing percentages
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Describing averages
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Describing ranges
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Explaining Causality

Verbs indicating causality

Nouns indicating causality

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Prepositional phrases indicating causality

Sentence connectors indicating causality

Adverbial elements indicating causality

Other examples
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Possible cause and effect relationships expressed tentatively

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Giving Examples

Examples as the main information in a sentence

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Examples as additional information in a sentence

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Reporting cases as support
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Signaling Transition

Previewing sections of text

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Introducing a new topic or aspect of a topic

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Reintroducing a topic
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Moving from one section to the next
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Moving from one section to the next whilst indicating addition, contrast or opposition
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Summarizing a section or chapter

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Previewing a following chapter

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Writing about the Past

Time phrases associated with the use of the simple past tense: specific times or periods of time in the past,
completed

Time phrases associated with the use of the present perfect tense: past and present connected
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The present perfect tense may also be used to describe research or scholarly activity that has taken place
recently
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For reference to single investigations or publications in the past, the simple past tense is used
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