Real Analysis 7

Murshalina Akhter
December 2021

Problem 5.1(3):
The objective is to show the function h is continuous on [a, c].
Consider apoint x = b so that a < b < c. Consider two functions with following
properties.
f is a continuous function on [a, b],
g is a continuous function on [b, c] and f (b) = g(b)
Define a(function h as follows:
f (x) a ≤ x ≤ b
h(x) = Lett∈ [a, c]
g(x) b ≤ x ≤ c
The objective is to show h(x) is continuous at t

case:1
If a < t < b, then there exists a neighborhood Vt = (t − ϵ, t + ϵ) of t with
ϵ = min{b = t, t − a} contained in(a, b) Since h(x) = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, so,
h(x) = f (x), x ∈ Vt
Note that f (x) is continuous function on the interval [a, b]
So, h is continuous at t ∈ (a, b)
Therefore, h is continuous on (a, b)
If t = a, It is clear that h is right continuous at t = a as f is right continuous
at t = a.

Case 2:
If b < t < c then there exists a neighborhood Vt of t contained in (b, c) and
h(x) = g(x), x ∈ Vt .
Note that, g is continuous on [b, c]
So, g is continuous at t
Hence, h(x) is continuous at t
Therefore, h(x) is continuous at t ∈ (b, c)
If t = c, it clear that h is left continuous at t = c as f is left continuous at t = c

Case:3
Let, t = b,
The function f (x) is left continuous at b, so by continuity criterion, for every
sequence (xn ) with different terms in [a, b] if xn → b, then lim f (xn ) = f (b)

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Since h(x) = f (x), a ≤ x ≤ b, so, lim h(xn ) = h(b) = f (b)
Therefore, h(x) is left continuous at x = b.
The function g(x) is right continuous at b, so by continuity criterion, for every
sequence (xn ) with different terms in [b, c] if xn → b, then lim g(xn ) = g(b)
Since h(x) = g(x), b ≤ x ≤ c, so, lim h(xn ) = h(b) = g(b)
Therefore, h(x) is right continuous at x = b.
Since, g(b)f (b), so, h(x) is continuous at x = b
Therefore, from case 1, 2 and 3; conclude that h(x) is continuous on [a, c]

Problem 5.1(6):

Let f be a function continuous at c ∈ A.

The objective is to show for any ϵ > 0, there exists a neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
such that if x, y ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c), then |f (x) − f (y)| < ϵ.
Let, ϵ > 0.
Since f is continuous at c ∈ A, so, there exists a δ−Neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
such that if x ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c), then
|f (x) − f (c)| < 2ϵ ......(1)
Consider an arbitary point y ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c)
Since, y ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c)
so from the equation (1)
|f (y) − f (c)| < 2ϵ .....(2)
Consider,
|f (x) − f (y)| = |f (x) − f (c) + f (c) − f (y)|
≤ |f (x) − f (c)| + |f (c) − f (y)|
≤ |f (x) − f (c)| + |f (y) − f (c)|
Therefore,
|f (x) − f (y)| ≤ |f (x) − f (c)| + |f (y) − f (c)|
If x, y ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c), then from the equations 1 and 2,
|f (x) − f (y)| ≤ |f (x) − f (c)| + |f (y) − f (c)|
< 2ϵ + 2ϵ
=ϵ
Therefore, conclude that x, y ∈ A ∩ Vδ (c), then |f (x) − f (y)| < ϵ.

Problem 5.1(13):

( that the function g : R → R is defined as:

Consider
2x if − x − is − rational
g(x) =
x + 3 if − x − is − irrational
T heobjectiveistof indallthepointsatwhichthef unctiongiscontinuous.
T hef unctiong(x)iscontinuousatapointaif lim g(x(n)) = g(a) for every sequence
x(n) → a
So, consider the point of intersection of the two branches of the function,
2x = x + 3
x=3

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At this point g(3) = 6, and any sequence a(n) converging to 3, will give
lim g(a(n)) = 6
There are no boundaries for rational and irrational numbers.
Between any two irrational numbers, there is rational number and between any
two rational numbers, there is an irrational number.
Therefore, g(x) is continuous at x = 3

Problem 5.2(3):
Let f be a function defined by
f (0) = 1, and f (x) = 0 if x ̸= 0.
Let g be a function defined by
g(0) = 0, and g(x) = 1 if x ̸= 0.
Therefore, we obtain that f and g are not continuous at x = 0
Note taht f (0) + g(0) = 1, and f (x) + g(x) = 1 if x ̸= 0.
Therefore we obtain,
(f + g)(x) = 1 for x ∈ R
It follows taht f + g is continuous at 0
note that f (0)g(0) = 0 and f (x)g(x) = 0 if x ̸= 0
Therefore, we obtain
(f g)(x) = 0 for x ∈ R
It follows that f g is continuous at 0.

Problem 5.2(12):
Let t ∈ R, we need to show that,
lim f (x) = f (t)
Let, (xn ) be a sequence such that lim(xn ) = t.
By the assumption that f is continuous at some point x0 , we obtain
limx→x0 f (x) = f (x0 )
Note that,
lim(xn − t + x0 ) = t − t + x0
= x0
by the sequential criterion
lim(f (xn − t + x0 )) = f (x0 )
By the definition of additive function, we obtain
f (xn − t + x0 ) = f (xn ) − f (t) + f (x0 )
Therefore,
lim(f (xn )) = lim(f (xn − t + x0 )) + f (t) − f (x0 )
= f (x0 ) + f (t) − f (x0 )
= f (t)

Problem 5.3(4):

The objective is to show that every polynomial of odd degree with real co-
efficients has at least one real root.

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Let f be a polynomial of odd degree with real coefficients.
The objective is to show that there exists at least one real root of f
Let the function be f (x) = a2k+1 x2k+1 + a2k x2k + ... + a0 where a2k+1 > 0
P2k
If x > | i=0 ai | + 1 then a2k+1 x2k+1 > |a2k x2k + ... + a0 |
It can be written as , f (x) > 0
P2k
If x < −| i=0 ai | − 1 then a2k+1 x2k+1 < −|a2k x2k + ... + a0 |
It can be written as , f (x) < 0
Recollect that if f (a) < 0 < f (b) then there exists a number c ∈ (a, b), such
that f (c) = 0.
Therefore, there exists at least one real root of f

Problem 5.3(6):

The function f is continuous on the interval [0, 1] → R anf f (0) = f (1)

The objective is to prove that there exists a point c in [0, 21 ], such that f (c) =
f (c + 12 )
Let, g(x) = f (x) − f (x + 12 ) Let, t = f (0) = f (1)
Consider the expressions,
g(0) = f (0) − f ( 12 )
= (t − f ( 12 ))
g( 2 ) = f (1) − f ( 12 )
1

= (f ( 12 ) − t)
The product of functional value is,
g(0)g( 12 ) = (t − f ( 12 ))(f ( 12 ) − t)
= −(f ( 12 ) − t)2 ≤ 0 since every square is positive.
g(x) is continuous on [0, 12 ], because f is continuous on [0, 1]
Recollect that if f (a) < 0 < f (b) then there exists a numver c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0
So, there exists at least one root of g(x) on [0, 21 ]. That is there exists c ∈ [0, 12 ]
such that g(c)0
That is f (c) = f (c + 12
Therefore, there exists a point c in [0, 12 ] such that f (c)) = f (c + 12 )

Problem 5.3(17):
Let f : [0, 1] → R is continuous and has only rational values.
verify whether the function f is a constant or not.
Suppose, f (x) is not a constant.
Then f (a1 ) ̸= f (a2 ) where f (a1 ) ∈ Q
use dense property of rational numbers:
If x.y are real numbers with x < y, then there exists irrational number z such
that x < z < y.
So, there exists t ∈ [f (a1 ), f (a2 )] such that t ∈
/Q
Apply the result of Bolzano intermediate value theorem,
if a, b ∈ I and k ∈ Rsatisfies f (a) < k < f (b) then there exists a point c between

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a, b such that f (c) = k
There exists a ∈ [a1 , a2 ] such that f (a) = t
This is f (a) ∈ Q. This contradicts the fact that f (a) ∈
/Q
Therefore, the function f (x) is a constant.