Professional Documents
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PLANTS
REPRODUCTION &
DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Norliana Mohd Rosli
FOCUS:
Physiology of plant reproduction and Development
The flowering plant life cycle.
Parts of flower.
Development of female and gametophyte.
Fertilization.
Embryonic development.
Seed and fruit development.
Dispersal of seeds and fruits.
Seed germination.
4. The Reproduction Stage
The bud that later opens into a flower is protected by the sepals. Once the sepals open, they the little flower inside blossoms into a mature flower. The flower has
reproductive parts. To aid the process of reproduction, the flower has very attractive petals that are not only brightly colored but also scented to attract the
pollinators. This is a very important stage of a plant’s life.
The female reproductive part of a flower is known as the pistil. It is made up of four parts namely the ovules, the ovary, the style and the stigma. Its male
counterpart is known as the stamen and has is made up of the anther – where the pollen is made- and the filament, a long string through which the pollen pass
through from the anthers.
At the heart of the flower is a long slender tube that is referred to as style. It opens up into a funnel like opening that is known as the stigma. Its role is to collect the
pollen grains. The stigma is sticky and hairy to enhance its capability to collect pollen grains.
In order to aid the process of pollination, sometimes the pistil will be surrounded by several stamens. The pollen grains collected on the stamen travel down the
style into the ovary where the ovules will be waiting for fertilization. The fertilized egg becomes the seed and the flower withers to give way to the growth of ovary
into a fruit.
Sometimes, flowers get fertilized with pollen grains from other flowers in a process called cross-pollination. The process results in stronger plants. It is
the bright petals and sweet smell of nectar that attract the pollinators. The flowers are genetically coded to adapt to specific pollinators. A good
example is the dead flower that smells like rotting flesh to draw in the flies that get pollen stuck on their legs and wings as they move from flower to
flower and thereby aiding cross-pollination as they also get food. Animals and humans also help transport pollens from flower to flower when the grains
stick to the animal furs and human clothes.
6. Seed Dispersal
The final stage of the plant life cycle is the seed dispersal. Some seeds – such as the dandelion seeds – are spread by dispersal agents such as the
wind. Others rely on the wind and animal furs to take them to new locations. Water lilies seeds are transported to new locations by water. Most
importantly, humans deliberately plant seeds as one of the most important agents of seed dispersal.
a plants life cycle starts when the seed is first put into the soil and breaths some oxygen and then watered all the way to withering. The essentials of starting a life of
a plant include warmth, oxygen and water.
As the plants germinates, it will start requiring other essentials such as fertile soils, sunlight for photosynthesis and of course water.
The moment a seed falls on the ground, life starts. In nature, there are many types of plant life. However, the most advanced of the plant life is seen in the
angiosperms (flowering plants). They have alluring flowers that help them attract pollinators and thus spread their seeds. The major stages of a plant life cycle
include;
1. Seed
Seed All plant lifecycles start off with a seed. Note that
Germination all seeds have small plants inside their embryo.
Growth
Plant life cycle
Reproduction
Pollination
There are two major categories of seeds. These
are the dicots and the monocots. Dicots, in addition
to having an embryo, have two cotyledons. A good
Seed Dispersal example of a dicot is a bean seed. Note that the
cotyledons is where the seed stores its food. The
cotyledons also happen to be the first leaves of the
plant as it emerges from the ground during
germination. Contrastingly, monocots have only
3. The Growth Process
one cotyledon. A great example is he corn seed.
The growth process is largely
dependent on a process
Both types of seeds have a miniature root system.
known as photosynthesis. It
They also feature a hard coat on the outside to
is the process by which
protect the embryo. Some seeds can keep their
plants make their own food in
germination properties for a long time as long as
the leaves using chlorophyll,
they are kept in a dry and cool place.
sunlight, water, and carbon
dioxide.
2. Germination Process
For a seed to start to germinate, it will need warmth,
The food made by the leaves
water and oxygen. Some seeds need light. Note that the
is stored in form of sugars in
dicots need the moisture more because they have a very
the stem and the root system.
strong outer membrane that needs some softening to
The root is also important for
develop their root system.
anchoring the plant as well as
absorbing nutrients and water
After a seed is dropped into the ground, its outer
from the soil. The nutrients
membrane soaks in water until the seed splits. Monocots
(starches and sugars) are
(such as the corn seed) do not split however. They just
then converted into energy,
open on one end.
thus helping the plant grow at
the top of the stem
The process of germination will then commence when
(meristem).
the stem (hypocotyl) pushes through the soil with the
seed leaves. The process is also referred to as
After a period of growth
sprouting. While the step is pushing upwards, the tiny
(sometimes months and
roots push downwards into the soil looking for water,
sometimes years in some
nutrients and providing support to the growing stem.
plants), a flower bud will
develop and this will signify
For the seed to germinate, it have to be planted at the
that the plant has reached
right place and at the right time. For example, the prairie
maturity and is ready for
grass seed has to pass through fire to sprout. Others
reproduction.
have to go into an animal stomach to get scraping in
order to soften it for germination.
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Sporophyte is
dominant
Slide 7
Flowers typically
have fours kinds of
foliar appendages
usually arranged in a
series of whorls:
sepals,
petals,
stamens,
carpels,
arranged in this order
from the bottom to
the top of the floral
axis.
Monocot
Parts of flower
p1
s2
s1
p2
Monocots: 3 and multiple of 3 flower parts
p3
Eudicots: 4/5 & m multiple of 4/5 flower parts
s3
Can have single/multiple carpels
Not all flowers have sepals, petals, stamens & carpels
(incomplete)
Eudicot
Complete and Incomplete flower
COMPLETE INCOMPLETE
Stamens and Carpels
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HP21hIVJhWI&list=PLbFB5sH0rXBpXgWSg
LHremcc1QdjzTBYF&t=3s&index=28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUjVHUf4d1I
Development of male gametophyte
Lilium microsporangium
with cells undergoing
the first division of
meiosis.
Second division in
microsporocytes of a
Lilium microsporangium
Microspore tetrads in
Lilium anther
Microspore tetrads in Lilium anther
a
b
c d
e
(ii) Microgametogenesis
Egg Synergid
cells
Development of embryo sac from megaspore
Ovule with embryo sac
Microsporogenesis vs megasporogenesis
tetrahedral
linear
Microgametogenesis vs megagametogenesis
Pollination
Generative cell
Pathway of pollen development (anther development,
microsporogenesis & microgametogenesis)
Schematic diagram illustrating pollen development
Double Fertilization
The pollen tube delivers two sperm to the egg to carry out double
fertilization.
The sperm are involved in 2 fusion events.
One sperm fuses with an egg to form a diploid zygote (2n).
One sperm fuses with 2 other ovule cells to form the triploid endosperm (3n).
suspens
or basal
cell
Dicot and
monocot seed
Endosperm cell divides to
produce endosperm tissue
basal
Pre-globular stage cell
Globular stage
Embryo is a ball of cells
Root-shoot axis of embryo is already
suspensor
established, embryonic cells near
suspensor become root, the other end basal
cell
become shoot.
Torpedo stage
Embryo continue to enlarge & elongate
Root & shoot tip are distinguishable
Shoot apical meristem: aboveground
growth
Root apical meristem: underground
growth
As the torpedo stage of an embryo develops, the protoderm, procambium
and ground meristem differentiate
protoderm :
future epidermis
procambium :
which produces primary xylem and phloem
ground meristem :
which produces thin-walled parenchyma cells
Hypocotyl
Epicotyl
Radicle