Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Electrochemical corrosion and erosive wear behaviour of microwave

processed WC-10Co4Cr clad on SS-316
Paramjit Singh, Deepak Kumar Goyal, Amit Bansal ⇑
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inder Kumar Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: WC-10Co4Cr cladding over an austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) was fabricated by using a cost- effective
Received 31 August 2021 microwave technique. Cladding was performed with 1.20 kW power and a frequency of 2.45 GHz in an
Received in revised form 9 September 2021 industrial microwave oven. The XRD surveillance reveals a cluster of carbide phases adjunct to W-Cr-
Accepted 14 September 2021
Fe based hexagonal matrix. The SEM examination reveals a solid microstructure and a homogeneous
Available online xxxx
reinforced skeleton with porosity measures of less than 1% in the clad specimen. Tungsten (W) dis-
tributed equally in matrix and carbides, resulting in bulk hardness and matrix micro hardness increasing
Keywords:
gradually and reaching a peak at 750HV, respectively, which is significantly greater than the base metal
SS-316
Cladding
(SS-316) hardness (about 220HV). The clads erosive wear was measured at various impact angles (30°,
Microwave 60°, and 90°) by utilizing a solid particle erosion with alumina as the erodent. In addition, corrosion test-
Surface ing found that in the NaCl solution of 3.5 wt% the cladded specimen exhibited the less corrosion resis-
Erosion tance than that of the base metal.
Corrosion Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Functional Material, Manufacturing and Performances

1. Introduction cial benefits such as consistently heated, volumetric heating, better

A critical challenge in tribological evolution persisted in requir-
ing novel materials for usage in serially harsh conditions. Facet
deterioration occurs in engineering components used in aerospace,
power, and petrochemical industries, primarily due to erosion and
corrosion. Surface engineering is the way most typically used to
improve the quality and function of the surface of a material with-
out changing the inside prevailing properties [1]. The erosion and
corrosion resistance for ferrous alloys in oil and gas industries
(stainless steel, mild steel) are an important topic of research.
The surface properties of ferrous alloys can alter with example like
thermal treatment, PVDs, thermal spurts, epoxy coats, enamel
coatings, laser cladding and microwave cladding [2–7]. Metallic
powder coating and cladding provide exceptional resistance to
mechanical shocks, particularly in applications involving severe
erosive wear and chemical corrosion. Furthermore, slit initiation
tendency during the cladding process’s brisk melt pool and solidi-
fication phase [8–12] and at these slit origin locations; corrosion
(through fissures and pits) is frequently invented. Due to their spe-
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: amit.bansal978@gmail.com (A. Bansal).
mechanical qualities and microstructural characteristics, micro-
wave heating/ processing of materials is gaining popularity [12].
Microwave material processing causes thermal energy to be
reduced on the atomic level in the material and improves produc-
tivity. The volumetric temperature generated in the material by the
atomic level interaction in microwave is a unique phenomenon
which is different from the conductive mode of heat transfer in
the conventional surface heating technique. This unique phe-
nomenon reduces material thermal gradients and reduces the
residual stresses inside the microwave processed materials
[13,14]. Sharma et al., [15] structured a microwave heating patent
in the form of a microwave cladding for improving metal material
functionality. The authors used microwave heating (MH) approach
moralities to improve the tribological and mechanical capabilities
of microwave clads. Austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) is the most
common material that combines good mechanical qualities,
including erosion and resistance to corrosion. It is widely known
as ’marine grade stainless steel’ but is not resistant to warm
waters. Surface corrosion is noticeable as brown discoloration in
maritime conditions (SS-316), which is often associated with
fissures and a rough surface finish. The SS-3160 s outstanding
mechanical qualities ensure that the solid solution offered by the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.241
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Functional Material, Manufacturing and Performances

Please cite this article as: P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal, Electrochemical corrosion and erosive wear behaviour of microwave processed WC-
10Co4Cr clad on SS-316, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.241
P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal
WC-10Co4Cr based clads is hardened. The erosive wear resistance
of WC–Co based materials is said to be dependent on numerous
aspects such as carbide particle size distribution, carbide phase
hardness, and carbide volume percentage. The addition of the Cr
matrix provides an excellent resistance to corrosion in an oxidising
environment, by forming a passive, oxide-placed structure on the
SS-316 surface, which protects the material against foster corro-
sion, with a highly hard tungsten (W) matrix, resulting in low sur-
face erosion of the steel substrate [15–19]. Microwave cladded
WC-10Co4Cr on stainless steel (SS-316) has never been docu-
mented for erosive wear and corrosion. In this study, the surface
characteristics of stainless steel were thus improved by the use
of the MH method based microwave cladding. In addition, a num-
ber of microstructural, mechanical and corrosion tests were used
to characterise the clad specimens.
1.1. Material & method
Due to its excellent hardness and corrosion resistance, the com-
mercially available WC-10CO4Cr powder was utilized as clad pow-
der. A typical SEM micrograph showing the WC-10Co4Cr powder
morphology along with its EDS spectrum is shown in Fig. 1. The
powder with a 40 ± 5 m diameter distribution, have a notably
spherical shape. The base material was stainless steel (SS- 316),
which is one of the most frequently used engineering materials,
and was 20  20  5 mm in size. The chemicals compositions
(wt. %) of the substrate (SS-316) and the powder WC-10Co4Cr as
measured by using optical emission spectrometer (OES) are pre-
sented in Table 1.
Before clad deposition, the SS-316 substrate was ultrasonically
cleaned in an ethanol bath. The WC-10CO4Cr clad powders have
been warmed to remove all potential moisture in a silting oven
for 8 h at 120 °C. The clad powder was manually applied to the
substrate with an average thickness of around 1 mm. In a multi-
mode industrial microwave, the prepared clad powder was melted
on the SS-316 substrate. Other sources [15,16] provide a more
accurate picture of the microwave cladding process. The clad pow-
ders were evenly spread on the top surface of the substrate with an
average thickness of around 1 mm. On the top of the pre-placed
powder was maintained an alumina plate (separator) with a thick-
ness of about 0.5 mm, and expedited powder (charcoal) susceptor
was placed on the alumina. Then, a microwave oven chamber was
installed and electromagnetic microwave radiation was exposed to
this entire unit. A series of experiments have revealed the appro-
priate process parameters. The various processing parameters
Fig. 1. (a) SEM image of clad powder, (d) EDS corresponding to point 1 of Fig. 1a.
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
employed for successful fabrication of clad on the SS-316 substrate
is shown in Table 2.
Fig. 2 shows the design of the experimental device used to fab-
ricate the clad specimen using an economical microwave method.
Clad particles have been efficiently deposited on the surface of the
substrate employing Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) technolo-
gies. As shown in Eq. (2), the susceptor powders (charcoal) have
a large loss tangent value during microwave exposure, and transfer
the heat to the clad powder through the conductivity mode
through the alumina plate (separator). The microwaving radiation
absorbed at room temperature can be explained on the basis of loss
tangent tand. The tand can be explained as ratio of e to e. where e0 is
permittivity, the loss factor that indicates microwave penetration
into the material, e is the capacity of the substance to store energy,
and tan d is the tangent of loss, i.e. it indicates the ability of mate-
rial to convert the store energy into heat energy.
2. Characterization tool
The clad specimen was sliced perpendicular to the clad direc-
tion by with a low speed diamond saw (make: Chennai Metco,
model: BAINCUT LSS). The mounted specimens were ground and
polished down to 2000 grit with emery sheets, then polished with
1 mm diamond paste on the canvas. A SEM/EDS (model: Gemini
Ultra Plus) was used to do microstructural characterization and
the elemental analysis of the WC-10CO4Cr clads. At 50 g load
and 10 s dwell time, the micro hardness of the WC-10CO4Cr clads
was evaluated using a Vickers’ micro hardness tester (make: Chen-
nai Metco, model: Economet VH1 MD). Starting from the acme of
the clad and working towards the substrate, indentations were
made with every 100 mm.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Microstructural analysis
The tribological properties of the clad specimens strongly
related to the microstructure developed in the clad region. The
1 mm thick microwave-induced clad exhibits has excellent metal-
lurgical bonding with the substrate. To analyse microstructural
characteristics, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to
examine the typical back scattered electron (BSE) images captured
along the cross sectional of the polished clad specimens as shown
in Fig. 3. The presence of tungsten carbide (W2C) and free tungsten
P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Chemical composition (wt.%) of SS 316 and clad powder.

Material Cr Co W Ni Mn C Fe Mo Si
(SS-316) 17.8 – – 13.8 2.1 0.08 72 2.9 0.023
WC-10CO4Cr powder 4.28 11.62 65.67 – – 8.43 – – –

Table 2 bution of the elements like W and C seems to be uniform as shown

Microwave processing parameters utilized for performing cladding.
Parameters Values
Powder size 40 ± 5
Powder pre heat temperature 120
Microwave power 1.2
Frequency 2.45
Time of exposure 600
in the indicates that the successful development of cladding using
microwave energy.
Alloying elements in the substrate and WC-10CO4Cr powder
particles were equally dispersed along the clad region, indicating
that the substrate and clad elements were completely diluted. Dur-
ing microwave heating, it is noticed that probable breakdown of
WC form beginning powder into free W & W2C occurs at high tem-
peratures, as shown in Eqs. (2) & (3).
WC þ W ! W2 C
This free carbon may react to CO by atmospheric oxygen, which
then escapes during solidification and results to a free cladding and
decreased porosity. Further reactions with cobalt binders and
tungsten free (W) to generate complex carbides are residual free
carbon. Metal carbides are produced in combination with powder
and substrate such as Co2, Cr2C6, and Co3W9C4, as shown in Eq.
(3) & (4).
9W þ 3CO þ 4C ! CO3W9C4
6Fe ðSubstrateÞ þ 6W þ C ! Fe6 W6 C
WC10CO4Cr microstructure covered, similar to that of the
enhanced skeleton-structured composite, as shown in Fig. 3 i.e.
increase in the metal matrix of W& Fe binary carbides. The distri-
in Fig. 3. W and C were found to be the most prevalent elements at
Units metallic carbides with Fe, Co, and Cr making up the binder matrix.
mm
°C 3.2. Erosive wear analysis
KW
GHz
Sec. The erosive wear behaviour of the microwave clad WC-10Co4Cr
was evaluated using an air jet erosion (AJE) test apparatus of solid
particulate erosion (make: Ducom, model: TR). The erosive wear
test was carried out at three different impact angles (30°, 60°,
and 90°), as shown in Fig. 4. The cumulative weight loss and ero-
sion rate has been calculated using the mean value of weight loss
per unit erosion (mg/min.) of the unclad and WC-10CO4Cr covered
specimen illustrated in Table 3 observations. The erosion coeffi-
cient was identified as part of the volume loss ratio between the
specimen and the erodent discharge rate as mentioned in Table 4.
At a 30° impingement angle, weight loss (0.052) in plain SS-316 is
clearly more than weight loss (0.002) in WC-10Co4Cr cladded
specimens. Less erosion is caused by the wear resistance and high
ð2Þ hardness of the WC-10C04Cr cladded surface. The magnitude of
the erosion coefficient, determined from cumulative weight loss,
is 8.6775x10-3, which is likewise higher at a 30° impingement
angle in un-cladded specimen, as shown in Fig. 4.
From Fig. 5, it is clear that the substrates are subjected to more
erosive wear at all impact angles (30°, 60°, & 90°) than the clad
specimen used in the present investigations. The base metal was
eroded through mainly micro-cutting matrix. Whereas the clad
specimen was eroded through fragmentation of hard particles, car-
bide pull outs, embedded lip formation and micro-cutting of the
ð3Þ
particles. Particles of the incident stream have an impact like some
of these effects can arise when one particular particle collides with
another, such as fragmentation and embedding. The cladding
ð4Þ
shows better erosive defiance at an impact angle of 60° & 90° com-
pared with 30°, which is related to the pinning and shielding effect
of the alumina particle. The major erosion wear mechanisms of
WC-10Co4Cr cladding were micro-cutting, micro-ploughing, splat

Fig. 2. Microwave oven cavity.

3
P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Typical BSE images along the cross-sectional thickness of WC10CO4Cr clad specimen.

Fig. 4. Specimens after conducting erosive wear tests at 30°, 60°, & 90° impingement angles: (1–3) SS-316, (4–6) clad specimens.

Table 3
Cumulative weight loss calculations from observed values.

Material Impact Weight (gm’s.) change/loss after 05 min

angle (deg)
Initial weight 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min 25 min 30 min Final weight Weight loss
SS-316 30 19.183 19.148 19.130 19.149 19.134 19.131 19.131 19.131 0.052
60 24.495 24.502 24.503 24.497 24.494 24.493 24.493 24.493 0.002
90 24.134 24.135 24.134 24.128 24.133 24.132 24.132 24.132 0.002
SS-316 (WC-10CO4Cr cladded) 30 17.475 17.477 17.475 17.473 17.474 17.473 17.473 17.473 0.002
60 21.359 21.361 21.350 21.359 21.358 21.357 21.357 21.357 0.002
90 21.535 21.537 21.536 21.535 21.534 21.533 21.533 21.533 0.002

Table 4
Calculation for cumulative volume loss and average erosion value.

Calculation’s for measuring Average erosion value

Material Impact Initial Final wt. Weight Volume loss=Wt. loss / Volume loss Erodent consumed=Feed rate  time Avg. erosion
angle wt. (mg.) (mg.) loss (mg.) Density of specimen material Erodent consumed=2.530 value (mm3/gm)
(deg)
SS-316 30 0.019183 0.019131 0.000052 0.000052 / 0.00799 0.006508135 75 gm 8.67751  103
60 0.024495 0.024493 0.000002 0.000002 / 0.00799 0.000250313 75 gm 3.33751  106
90 0.024134 0.024132 0.000002 0.000002 / 0.00799 0.000250313 75 gm 3.33751 106
Clad 30 0.017475 0.017473 0.000002 0.000002 / 0.00799 0.000250313 75 gm 3.33751  106
60 0.021359 0.021357 0.000002 0.000002 / 0.00799 0.000250313 75 gm 3.33751  106
90 0.021535 0.021533 0.000002 0.000002 / 0.00799 0.000250313 75 gm 3.33751  106

4
P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal
Fig. 5. BSE images of erosion impressions (1–3) plain SS-316 specimen & (4–6) WC10Co4Cr clad specimen.
Table 5
Potentiostat readings for corrosion rate of WC-10Co4Cr cladded specimen and SS-316.
Corrosion parameters Ecorr Icorr Corrosion rate
Clad specimen 638.0 mV 32.60mA 19.07 mpy
Substrate material 592.0 mV 18.90mA 11.02mpy
removal and detachment of hard carbide particles as reported by
earlier study also [20]. Further, the subsurface damage as a result
of many strikes is another key effect. To assess meaningful erosion
rates, numerous particle erosion exposures are clearly required.
3.3. Electro-chemical corrosion analysis
The corrosion potential, corrosion current, and corrosion rate
are the important parameters used for determining the corrosion
behaviour of the specimen. The corrosion current density (Icorr)
parameter is important for the corrosion rate calculation. The
interaction between the metal substrate (SS-316), the covered
WC-10Co4Cr specimen, and an electrolyte solution causes electro-
chemical corrosion i.e. once the electrolyte entered the SS-316
specimen via micro and macro-cracks, galvanic pair was developed
among the cladding and the SS-316 specimen, resulting in the
accelerated corrosion and finally leading to the degradation of
the cladding. The results agree with earlier findings also [21]. A
thin film of humidity on a metal surface is an electrolyte for corro-
Fig. 6. Plain (SS-316) vs. WC-10Co4Cr clad specimen hardness comparison.
5
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
sion. Dominance of tungsten particles as shown in Fig. 3 due to for-
mation of metallic carbides reacted with sodium chloride result in
tungsten particles and metallic carbides pull-out from cladded
region and hence pits and cavities formed. Formed cavities in
cladded area is rich in iron (Fe) particles leads to formation of num-
bered electrochemical cells resulting in more corrosion when
exposure to aqueous solutions. The corrosion parameters like cor-
rosion rate, corrosion current density, and corrosion potential of
WC-10Co4Cr cladded specimen and base metal SS-316 is shown
in Table 5.
It is observed from Table 5 corrosion rate of WC-10Co4Cr
cladded specimen is 19.07 mills per year (mpy) and for steel it is
11.02 mpy. So corrosion rate and corrosion density of un-cladded
specimen is less than that of the WC-10Co4Cr cladded specimen.
Hence cladding of WC-10Co4Cr metallic powder has no benefit in
improving the corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel
SS-316.
3.4. Microhardness analysis
A Vickers microhardness tester for the un-cladded and WC-
10Co4Cr coated sample of 50 g of load, 0,025Kgf of force and 10 s
dwell time (model: Economet VH1 MD) was used to measure the
microhardness. Indentations made at 100 mm intervals starting
from the top of the substrate and progressing to the clad. Micro-
hardness values of WC-10Co4Cr clad from substrate to clad region
may vary. Less value of micro hardness is due to the metallic
P. Singh, D. Kumar Goyal and A. Bansal
matrix of tough metals like (Co & Fe). As the authors have mea-
sured the microhardness from substrate region to clad region size
of indents changes from large to small is an indication of hardness
variation and corresponding values of hardness can have assessed.
Microhardness of WC-10Co4Cr cladded region in more than the
substrate SS-316 region because of uniform distributed particles
of substrate and clad as depicts in Fig. 3(1 & 2). Presence of metallic
carbides, no intermetallic cracks, better partial dilution of clad and
substrate can lead to more micro hardness ranges from 400 to 750
HV in comparison with micro hardness of austenitic stainless steel
(SS-316) un-cladded specimen clearly seen as shown in Fig. 6.
4. Conclusions
Microwave cladding has been proven as a unique processing
approach for developing cladding on metallic substrates. A sche-
matic model has been used to describe the mechanics of clad gen-
eration. WC-10Co4Cr cladding on austenitic stainless steel (SS-
316) was produced in this study, and microstructural characterisa-
tion, erosive wear behaviour, and electrochemical corrosion tests
were performed. The following are some of the work’s major
conclusions:
Hybrid microwave heating can succeed in developing metal-
based clads on metal substrate.
A schematic model might explain the physics of clad formation.
Microwave heating is vital for heating and eventual melting of
materials. The powder particles are initially heated by conven-
tional heat, which ensures that the coalescent metal substratum
is connected between the microwave and pre-set powder.
A partial reciprocal distribution of the components and grain
development from the diluting substratum into the generated
cladding connect the developed cladding metallurgically.
Without transition from cells to dendrites, the developed clad
microstructure is devoid of intermetallic fracture morphs, and
has structured the carbide skeleton.
The produced cover shows partial diffusion from the substra-
tum to the cover of chromium and iron.
In cells nickel is uniformly separated, whereas chromium and
tungsten (in carbide form) are separated at the cell limits. Around
the cell borders, the segregated chromium and tungsten interacts
with carbon, forming metallic carbides.
There are no apparent pores or micro fissures in the microwave
clad, which indicates that the clad microstructure is more stable.
The developed clad exhibit good erosive wear resistance prop-
erty owing to the high hardness due to presence of metallic car-
bides i.e. WC &W2C, Cr2C6 etc.
Average erosion value of austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) sub-
strate was approximately 61% more than WC-10Co4Cr cladded
steel substrate.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Acknowledgement
The author would like to evince gratefulness to Science and
Engineering Research Board (SERB), India for financing this work
with project no. SRG/2019/001182.
References
[1] E.T. Thostenson, T.-W. Chou, Microwave processing: fundamentals and
applications, Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 30 (9) (1999) 1055–1071.
[2] W.H. Sutton, Microwave processing of ceramic materials, American Ceramic
Society Bull. 68 (2) (1989) 376–386.
[3] S. Das, A.K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Datta, G.C. Das, D. Basu, Prospectus of
microwave processing: an overview, Mater. Sci. 32 (2007) 1–13.
[4] A.K. Sharma, R.R. Mishra, Role of particle size in microwave processing of
metallic material systems, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 34 (2) (2018) 123–137.
[5] D. Gupta, A.K. Sharma, Development and microstructural characterization of
microwave cladding on austenitic stainless steel, Surf. Coat. Technol. 205 (21-
22) (2011) 5147–5155.
[6] D. Gupta, A.K. Sharma, Microstructural characterization of cermet cladding
developed through microwave irradiation, J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 21 (10)
(2012) 2165–2172.
[7] S. Zafar, A.K. Sharma, On friction and war behaviour of WC-12Co microwave
clad, Tribol. Trans. 28 (2014) 584–591.
[8] S. Kaushal, V. Sirohi, D. Gupta, H. Bhowmick, S. Singh, Processing and
characterization of composite cladding through microwave heating on
martensitic steel, Proc I MechE Part L: J. Materials: Design and Applications
232 (1) (2018) 80–86.
[9] S. Zafar, A.K. Sharma, Abrasive and erosive wear behaviour of nano metric WC–
12Co microwave clads, Wear 346-347 (2016) 29–45.
[10] S. Zafar, A.K. Sharma, Prediction of tribological behaviour of WC-12CO
nanostructured microwave clad through ANN, Tribology Online 11 (2)
(2016) 333–340.
[11] A. Gaonkar, A.M. Hebbale, S.M. Srinath, Microwave cladding and
characterization of WC-12Co on nickel based superalloy, IJERMCE (2016)
2456–11290.
[12] H. Vasudev, G. Singh, A. Bansal, S. Vardhan, L. Thakur, Microwave heating and
its applications in surface engineering: a review, Mater. Res. Express 6 (10)
(2019) 102001, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab3674.
[13] S. Kaushal, D. Gupta, H. Bhowmick, On microstructure and wear behaviour of
microwave processed composite clad, J. Tribol. 139 (2016) 061602–061608.
[14] R.R. Mishra, A.K. Sharma, Microwave-material interaction phenomena:
heating mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in material processing,
Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 81 (2016) 78–97.
[15] Sutton, W.H., 1992. Microwave processing of ceramics—an overview, In:
Beatty RL, Iskander MF, Sutton WH, editors. Microwave processing of materials
III, Materials Research Society Proceedings. Pittsburgh: Materials Research
Society, pp2-3.
[16] A. Bansal, A.K. Sharma, P. Kumar, S. Das, Investigation on microstructure and
mechanical properties of the dissimilar weld between mild steel and stainless
steel-316 formed using microwave energy, Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf.
230 (3) (2016) 439–448.
[17] J. Mago, S. Bansal, D. Gupta, V. Jain, Influence of microwave heating on
metallurgical and mechanical properties of Ni-40Cr3C2 composite clads in the
context of cavitation erosion resistance characteristics, Metallurgical Mater.
Trans. 235 (7) (2021) 1258–1276.
[18] A.M. Hebbale, R.I. Badiger, M.S. Srinath, G.M. Naik, An experimental
investigation of microwave developed nickel-based clads for slurry erosion
wear performance using taguchi approach, Metallography Microstruct.
Analysis 9 (3) (2020) 293–304.
[19] D.E. Clark, W.H. Sutton, Microwave processing of materials, Annual Rev Mater
Sci 26 (1) (1996) 299–331.
[20] G. Prashar, H. Vasudev, High temperature erosion behavior of plasma sprayed
Al2O3 coating on AISI-304 stainless steel, World J. Eng. 18 (5) (2021) 760–766,
https://doi.org/10.1108/WJE-10-2020-0476.
[21] H. Vasudev, G. Prashar, L. Thakur, A. Bansal, Electrochemical corrosion
behavior and microstructural characterization of HVOF sprayed Inconel-718
coating on gray cast iron, J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 21 (1) (2021) 250–260, https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11668-020-01057-8.