Assignment-2

Subject: Fundamentals of Computers and IT                                             Subject Code- BCA-105

Date     : 14-01-2022

Q1. How many types of computer software are there? Explain with examples.

1. System Software

 it helps the user as well as the hardware to function and even interact with
each other easily.

 it can be said that system software is essentially an intermediator or even a

middle layer between the user as well as the hardware.

 These software sanction an environment or platform for the other software to

easily work in.

 A system software essentially runs in the background, and it isn’t actually

utilized by the end-users

 the system software is also known popularly as “low-level software.Z

Few of the common system software examples are:

a. Operating System

it is essentially a collection of software which handles resources as well

as offers general services for various other application which actually run
over them. Some of the key examples of operating systems are as follows:

1. MS Windows
2. iOS
c. Firmware

It is essentially a set of instructions which are permanently stored onto to the

hardware device. Some of the examples of firmware are:

1. Computer Peripherals
2. Embedded Systems
d. Utility

These software are designed to assist in analysing, as well as optimizing, along

with configuring and maintaining a given computer system. Some of its examples
are:

1. Norton Antivirus
 2. McAfee Antivirus

2. Application Software 

They are actually used by the end-user as well as have specific functionality or
tasks which they are designed to perform.

These software are often developed through custom software development,

based on the requirements of the users.

There is a variety of application software. Some of them are:

a. Word Processors

Such applications are meant for documentation. Key examples of such software
are:

1. MS Word 
2. Google Docs 
b. Database Software

It is used to create as well as manage a database and also known as Database

Management System (). of the examples of DBMS are:

1. MS Access
2. MY SQL
c. Multimedia Software

This is a software create as well as record images, audio or even video files.
Some of the examples of such software are:

1. Adobe Photoshop
2. VLC Media Player
d. Web Browsers

These software are utilized to browse the internet. Some of the key examples of
them are:

1. Google Chrome
2. Mozilla Firefox
Q2. What is operating system and its types? Explain with examples.

 Operating System is system software. The communication between a user and

a system takes place with the help of an operating system.
o  It translates the instructions given by the user in a high-level language to machine
language, which a computer can understand. 

EXAMPLE-Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of operating systems

that enable the user to use programs like MS Office, Notepad, and games on the
computer or mobile phone.

Types of Operating Systems

 Batch OS
 Distributed OS
 Multitasking OS
 Network OS
 Mobile OS


Batch OS
Batch OS is the first operating system for second-generation computers. This OS does not
directly interact with the computer.

Distributed OS
A distributed operating system is a recent advancement in the field of computer
technology and is utilized all over the world that too with great pace.

Multitasking OS
The multitasking OS is also known as the time-sharing operating system as each task is
given some time so that all the tasks work efficiently.
 Network OS
Network operating systems are the systems that run on a server and manage all the
networking functions. 

Mobile OS
A mobile OS is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, and PDA’s. It is a platform
on which other applications can run on mobile devices.

Q3. How linker is different from loader?

Linker : 
A linker is special program that combines the object files, generated by
compiler/assembler, and other pieces of codes to originate an executable file
have. exe extension. 
3. Loader : 
The loader is special program that takes input of object code from
linker, loads it to main memory, and prepares this code for execution
by computer.
S.No.LINKER LOADER
Whereas main objective of
The main function of Linker is to Loader is to load executable
1 generate executable files. files to main memory.
And the loader takes input of
The linker takes input of object code executable files generated by
2 generated by compiler/assembler. linker.
Loading can be defined as
Linking can be defined as process of process of loading executable
combining various pieces of codes and codes to main memory for
3 source code to obtain executable code. further execution.
Loaders are of 4 types:
Linkers are of 2 types: Linkage Editor Absolute, Relocating, Direct
4 and Dynamic Linker. Linking, Bootstrap.
It helps in allocating the
Another use of linker is to combine all address to executable
5 object modules. codes/files.

Q4. What do you mean by a programming language? What are the main types of programming
languages? Discuss at least three languages in detail.
-To communicate with a person, we need a specific language, similarly to communicate
with computers, programmers also need a language is called Programming
language.

Types of programming languages

Functional Programming Language

Functional programming language typically uses stored data, frequently avoiding

loops in favor of recursive functions

The functional programing’s  primary focus is on the return values of functions, and
side effects and different suggests that storing state are powerfully discouraged.

Object-oriented Programming Language

This programming language  views the world as a group of objects that have internal
data and external accessing parts of that data.

One of the main principle of object oriented programming language  is

encapsulation that everything an object will need must be inside of the object.

Scripting Programming Language

These programming languages are often procedural and may comprise object-
oriented language elements

they fall into their own category as they are normally not full-fledged programming
languages with support for development of large systems.

Q5. What is the difference between compiler and interpreter?

1. Compiler: 
It is a translator which takes input i.e., High-Level Language, and produces
an output of low-level language i.e. machine or assembly language. 
  A compiler is more intelligent than an assembler it checks all kinds
of limits, ranges, errors, etc.
 But its program run time is more and occupies a larger part of
memory. It has slow speed because a compiler goes through the
entire program and then translates the entire program into machine
codes.

 Interpreter: 
An interpreter is a program that translates a programming language into a
comprehensible language. –  
 It translates only one statement of the program at a time.
 Interpreters, more often than not are smaller than compilers. 

Let’s see the difference between Compiler and Interpreter: 

S.No
. Compiler Interpreter

Compiler scans the whole program Translates program one statement at

1. in one go. a time.

As it scans the code in one go, the

errors (if any) are shown at the end Considering it scans code one line at
2. together. a time, errors are shown line by line.

Due to interpreters being slow in

Main advantage of compilers is it’s executing the object code, it is
3. execution time. preferred less.

It does not convert source code into

It converts the source code into object code instead it scans it line by
4. object code. line

It does not require source code for It requires source code for later
5 later execution. execution.

Python, Ruby, Perl, SNOBOL,

Eg. C, C++, C# etc. MATLAB,