Ch03 - Zinke3e - v2

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Physics for the
Life Sciences
Adapted for the

Third Edition by
Philip Backman
University of
New Brunswick
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Forces
Chapter 3
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Contents
1 -5. Forces
6. Fundamental Forces
7. Non-Fundamental Forces
8. Free Body Diagram
9. Equilibrium
10. Muscle as Origin of Forces
11. Can our bodies detect Forces?
What Is a Force?
A force is a push or a pull exerted on an object,

resulting from the interaction between two
objects.
Forces are categorized as either contact forces,

such as friction, or contact-free forces, such
as gravity.
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-4

Since the interaction is between two objects,
there are two forces, one on each object.

All Forces Are Placed in Two Broad Categories
• Contact forces require physical contact between

two interacting objects.
• Contact-free forces do not require contact
between two interacting objects and act over
a distance.
 These may be long-range forces.
 These are also called field forces.

KEY POINT
The general properties of all forces may be

outlined as follows:
•Force is a pull or a push.

•Force acts on a material object.
•Force is exerted by a material object.
•Force is either a contact force or a contact-free
force.

• Force is a vector, having both magnitude and
direction.
• Forces are paired. Two interacting objects

exert a force on each other simultaneously.
• Force is additive. The effect of two

simultaneous forces on the same object is
the same as that of a single force equal to
the addition of the forces. The addition is
vector addition and the resultant force is
called the net force.

Concept Question
Velocity is a vector.
(a) Can a force change the magnitude of velocity?

(b) Can it change the direction of velocity?
(c) Can it change both the magnitude and the
direction of a velocity?

Measuring Forces
The unit of force is called the Newton (N).
The Newton is a derived (SI) unit.
m
1N 1kg 2
s
Fundamental Forces
The four fundamental forces are:
• gravitational force
• electromagnetic force
• strong nuclear force
• weak nuclear force

Gravitational Force (Gravity)
The force that the Earth exerts on

an object, pulling it down toward
Earth, is called gravitational force,
or gravity.
This is an example of a contact-

free force.

Any two objects, large or small, exert
gravitational force on each other. Gravitational
force is responsible for keeping the Earth and
planets orbiting the Sun.
Concept Question
(a) What effect does the Moon’s gravitational

force have on Earth’s oceans?
(b) Does the Sun’s gravitational force have any

effect on Earth’s oceans?

KEY POINT
There exists an attractive force between two

objects that is proportional to the product of
their masses, and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
This is known as Newton’s law of universal

gravitation.

The magnitude of the attractive force of gravity
one object exerts on another is given as
m1m2
F1 by 2  F2 by 1  G 2
r
The force is directed along the straight line
joining the centre of the two objects.
G is called the universal gravitational constant

and is equal to
2
11 m
G  6.674  10 N 2
kg
Example
Coccal bacteria are spherical shape with mass of

approximately 9.5 x 10-13 g and radius of
approximately 0.5 mm. Estimate the magnitude of
the force of gravity between two coccal bacteria
that make diplococcal bacteria.

Example (continued)
m1m2
F G 2
r
16 16
11 m (9.5  10 kg )(9.5  10 kg )
2
 6.67  10 N 2
kg (2  0.5  10 6 m) 2
29
 6.0 10 N

Weight
M Earth m  M Earth 
w  Fg  G 2  m G 2   mg
REarth  REarth 
M Earth
g G 2
REarth
For an object on the Earth’s surface, g,

free fall acceleration, is approximately
constant everywhere on the planet.

Gravitational Acceleration
2
11 m
(6.67 10 N 2 )(5.98 10 kg)
24
M Earth kg
g G 2 
REarth (6.37 106 m) 2
g  9.80 m / s 2
Free fall acceleration at Earth’s surface

Example
Calculate the weight of a 20 kg sphere at Earth’s

surface.
m m kg
w  g m  (9.8 2 )( 20 kg)  196 2  196 N
s s

Concept Question
What is the ratio of the gravitational force

between two ordinary persons to the weight of
one of them?
How do you interpret the result?
𝑚1 𝑚2 −11
70 × 70 −7
𝐹𝑔 = 𝐺 2
= 6.67 × 10 2
= 3.27 × 10 𝑁
𝑟 1
𝑊 = 𝑚1 𝑔 = 70 × 9.8 = 686 𝑁
𝐹𝑔 3.27 × 10−7
= = 5 × 10−10
𝑊 686
Example
The weight of an astronaut on the Earth is 833 N.

What is the astronaut’s weight on Mars if Mars
has a mass of 6.42 x 1023 kg and a radius of
3.40 x 106 m?

Example (continued)
wE 833 N
m   85 kg
g E 9 .8 m
s2
 MM 
wM  m G 2   mgM
 RM 
11 m 2
(6.42  10 23
kg)
wM  m  (6.67 10 N 2 )
kg (3.40 10 m)6 2

Example (continued)
wM  m (3.70 m/s )  (85 kg)(3.70 m/s )  315 N

2 2
Note:
wM 315 N
  0.378
wE 833 N

Floating impacts the astronaut’s body, since the
human body is raised under the influence of
gravity.
Concept Question
A planet has twice the mass and half the radius

of Earth. Its acceleration of gravity with respect
to the gravitational acceleration of Earth, g, is
(a) 1/8 g
(b) 1/2 g
(c) 2 g
(d) 8 g
(e) 16 g

Electromagnetic Force
The force that holds electrons to nuclei, forming

atoms, and binds atoms together in molecules is
the electromagnetic force.

Coulomb’s law
q1 q2
F1by2  F2by1  k 2
r
k  8.99  10 Nm /C 9 2 2

Concept Question
(a) What kind of fundamental interaction is in

charge of a muscle force on a tendon?
(b) On a sailing boat, what kind of fundamental

interaction is in charge of a wind force on
the sail?

Convenience Forces
All non-fundamental (convenience) forces are
contact forces. The contact forces are, at the
microscopic level, electromagnetic force in
nature. They are the result of the interaction
between the charged particles that are
contained in atoms and molecules, which
make molecular bonds between them.
35
Copyright © 2013 Nelson Education Limited
Strong Nuclear Forces
The nuclear force holds protons and neutrons

together in the nucleus.
It is the strongest of the fundamental forces and

has a short range: 10-15 m.

Weak Nuclear Forces
Weak nuclear force has a role in the disintegration of

certain radioactive nuclei.
The emission of a beta particle (electron in nature)

involves the weak nuclear force.
It has a very short range: 10-17 m.

Normal Forces
Normal force is a contact force that the surface of

an object exerts perpendicularly on an object
that is pressing against the surface.
Normal forces always act perpendicular (normal)

to the contact surfaces of two interacting objects.

Force of Friction
The component of surface force that is parallel to the

contact surface is the force of friction.
The force of friction acts between two objects while

their surfaces are in contact, opposing the motion of
one object slipping along the other.

Concept Question
What happens if there is no friction between you

and the ground, such as walking on ice with
slippery shoes?

Static Friction f
Static friction is the force that prevent objects
from moving with respect to a contacting surface,
and allows them to maintain their stationary
status.
f s, Max  ms N
In which mS is the coefficient of static friction,
and N is the normal force.
Concept Question
The maximum force of friction between two

surfaces is
(a) independent of the contact area.

(b) proportional to the normal force.
(c) both (a) and (b).
(d) none of the above.

If the boy is at rest on the slide what are the
other forces acting on the boy? Draw the free
body diagram –FBD (show all the forces acting
on the object) for the child.

Kinetic Friction
f k  mk N
Where mS is the coefficient of kinetic friction
m k  ms

Concept Question
A car is parked on a ramp that makes an

angle qwith the ground.
(a) What forces act on the car?

(b) What force keeps it stationary on the ramp?

Tension
An object can pull on another through the use of

a string, cord, rope, chain, wire, tendon, cable or
other such object.
Spring Force
Fs  kx
x is the change in length of
spring from its unstretched
(or uncompressed) length.
k is the spring constant.

Concept Question
A spring balance with a linear scale can be used

to measure mass because.
(a) Springs are strong.
(b) Metal springs can be considered weightless.
(c) A spring force is linear in spring constant due

to its strength.
(d) The spring force is linear in displacement

through Hooke’s law.
(e) None of the above.

Example
Draw a free body diagram of a book at rest

on a table.

Example (continued)

Equilibrium
If the net force that acts on an object is zero, the

object stays at rest or moves without changing
its velocity.
 
Fnet   Fi  0
i

Equilibrium
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑥 = ෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝐹Ԧ𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ෍ 𝐹Ԧ = 0 →
𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑦 = ෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
56
…example y
N x
Fg = mg
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑁 − 𝐹𝑔 = 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
N = mg
57
…example
N
Fg = mg
q
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑁 − 𝐹𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 = 0
N = mg cos q
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐹𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 0
f = mg sin q
58
…example
A block is pushed along a rough horizontal surface with a force F

as shown in the figure. The block does not move. Find the static
friction force fs
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝐹 cos 𝜃 − 𝑓𝑠 = 0 → 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑁 + 𝐹 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
→ 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 sin 𝜃
59
…example
mg
෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑇1 sin 45 + 𝑇1 sin 45 − 𝑚 𝑔 = 2 𝑇1 sin 45 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
60
Muscles as Origin of Forces

Detection of the Direction of Gravity

Detecting the Weight of an Object

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PowerPoint

Adapted for the

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

A force is a push or a pull exerted on an object,

Forces are categorized as either contact forces,

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-4

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-5

• Contact forces require physical contact between

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-6

The general properties of all forces may be

•Force is a pull or a push.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-7

• Forces are paired. Two interacting objects

• Force is additive. The effect of two

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-8

(a) Can a force change the magnitude of velocity?

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-9

The unit of force is called the Newton (N).

The Newton is a derived (SI) unit.

The four fundamental forces are:

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-11

The force that the Earth exerts on

This is an example of a contact-

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-12

(a) What effect does the Moon’s gravitational

(b) Does the Sun’s gravitational force have any

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-14

There exists an attractive force between two

This is known as Newton’s law of universal

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-15

G is called the universal gravitational constant

Coccal bacteria are spherical shape with mass of

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-19

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-20

For an object on the Earth’s surface, g,

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-21

Free fall acceleration at Earth’s surface

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-22

Calculate the weight of a 20 kg sphere at Earth’s

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-23

What is the ratio of the gravitational force

The weight of an astronaut on the Earth is 833 N.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-25

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-26

wM  m (3.70 m/s )  (85 kg)(3.70 m/s )  315 N

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-27

A planet has twice the mass and half the radius

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-29

The force that holds electrons to nuclei, forming

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-30

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-32

(a) What kind of fundamental interaction is in

(b) On a sailing boat, what kind of fundamental

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-34

The nuclear force holds protons and neutrons

It is the strongest of the fundamental forces and

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-36

Weak nuclear force has a role in the disintegration of

The emission of a beta particle (electron in nature)

It has a very short range: 10-17 m.

Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd. 3-37

Normal force is a contact force that the surface of