ADVANCED STATISTICS

MC MATH 15

QAYSER D. SIBLANTE, LPT

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 THE ONE SAMPLE TEST
MODULE 4

OVERVIEW
Welcome to the amazing world of statistics! You might be thinking that the topic is just about a bunch of charts,
graphs, and odd-looking formulas, but in fact, it is a fascinating and challenging field of study. In this course, we
will indeed study those charts and graphs, and yes, that array of complex formulas. But beyond those tools, we will
find an entire new way of thinking, a new way of approaching and understanding the world around us. We will learn
why taking aspirin helps lower the risk and severity of a heart attack; how researchers have determined that the more
friends you have on a social networking site, the more likely you are to have fewer friends in real life; and how
political pollsters almost always know the outcome of an election even before the polls open. This module
describes advanced statistical topics. This includes binomial test and one sample test.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Define binomial test.

 Enumerate the different one sample tests.

LEARNING EXPERIENCES & SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA)

Abstraction
The binomial test is useful to test hypotheses about the probability of success where is a user-defined value
between 0 and 1.
If in a sample of size there are successes, while we expect, the formula of the binomial distribution gives the probability
of finding this value:
If, we need to find the cumulative probability, if we need. The value of the test is then twice this value.
One common use of the binomial test is in the case where the null hypothesis is that two categories are equally
likely to occur (such as a coin toss), implying a null hypothesis. Tables are widely available to give the significance
observed numbers of observations in the categories for this case. However, as the example below shows, the binomial
test is not restricted to this case.
When there are more than two categories, and an exact test is required, the multinomial test, based on
the multinomial distribution, must be used instead of the binomial test.
For large samples such as the example below, the binomial distribution is well approximated by convenient
continuous distributions, and these are used as the basis for alternative tests that are much quicker to compute,
Pearson's chi-squared test and the G-test. However, for small samples these approximations break down, and there is
no alternative to the binomial test. The most usual (and easiest) approximation is through the standard normal
distribution, in which a z-test is performed of the test statistic, given by where is the number of successes observed

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 in a sample of size and is the probability of success according to the null hypothesis. An improvement on this
approximation is possible by introducing a continuity correction:
For very large, this continuity correction will be unimportant, but for intermediate values, where the exact binomial
test doesn't work, it will yield a substantially more accurate result.

Example:
Suppose we have a board game that depends on the roll of one die and attaches special importance to rolling a 6. In a
particular game, the die is rolled 235 times, and 6 comes up 51 times. If the die is fair, we would expect 6 to come up
times. We have now observed that the number of 6s is higher than what we would expect on average by pure chance
had the die been a fair one. But, is the number significantly high enough for us to conclude anything about the
fairness of the die? This question can be answered by the binomial test. Our null hypothesis would be that the die is
fair (probability of each number coming up on the die is 1/6).
To find an answer to this question using the binomial test, we use the binomial distribution with pmf.
As we have observed a value greater than the expected value, we could consider the probability of observing 51 6s
or higher under the null, which would constitute a one-tailed test (here we are basically testing whether this die is
biased towards generating more 6s than expected). In order to calculate the probability of 51 or more 6s in a sample
of 235 under the null hypothesis we add up the probabilities of getting exactly 51 6s, exactly 52 6s, and so on up to
probability of getting exactly 235 6s:
If we have a significance level of 5%, then this result (0.02654 < 5%) indicates that we have evidence that is
significant enough to reject the null hypothesis that the die is fair.
Normally, when we are testing for fairness of a die, we are also interested if the die is biased towards generating
fewer 6s than expected, and not only more 6s as we considered in the one-tailed test above. In order to consider both
the biases, we use a two-tailed test. Note that to do this we cannot simply double the one-tailed p-value unless the
probability of the event is 1/2. This is because the binomial distribution becomes asymmetric as that probability
deviates from 1/2. There are two methods to define the two-tailed p-value. One method is to sum the probability that
the total deviation in numbers of events in either direction from the expected value is either more than or less than
the expected value. The probability of that occurring in our example is 0.0437. The second method involves
computing the probability that the deviation from the expected value is as unlikely as or more unlikely than the
observed value, i.e. from a comparison of the probability density functions. This can create a subtle difference, but in
this example yields the same probability of 0.0437. In both cases, the two-tailed test reveals significance at the 5%
level, indicating that the number of 6s observed was significantly different for this die than the expected number at
the 5% level.
One Sample t Test
The One Sample t Test determines whether the sample mean is statistically different from a known or hypothesized
population mean. The One Sample t Test is a parametric test.
This test is also known as:
 Single Sample t Test
The variable used in this test is known as:
 Test variable
In a One Sample t Test, the test variable is compared against a "test value", which is a known or hypothesized value
of the mean in the population.

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 Common Uses
The One Sample t Test is commonly used to test the following:
 Statistical difference between a sample mean and a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the
population.
 Statistical difference between the sample mean and the sample midpoint of the test variable.
 Statistical difference between the sample mean of the test variable and chance.
 This approach involves first calculating the chance level on the test variable. The chance level is
then used as the test value against which the sample mean of the test variable is compared.
 Statistical difference between a change score and zero.
 This approach involves creating a change score from two variables, and then comparing the mean
change score to zero, which will indicate whether any change occurred between the two time points
for the original measures. If the mean change score is not significantly different from zero, no
significant change occurred.
Note: The One Sample t Test can only compare a single sample mean to a specified constant. It can not compare
sample means between two or more groups. If you wish to compare the means of multiple groups to each other, you
will likely want to run an Independent Samples t Test (to compare the means of two groups) or a One-Way ANOVA
(to compare the means of two or more groups).
Data Requirements
Your data must meet the following requirements:
1. Test variable that is continuous (i.e., interval or ratio level)
2. Scores on the test variable are independent (i.e., independence of observations)
 There is no relationship between scores on the test variable
 Violation of this assumption will yield an inaccurate p value
3. Random sample of data from the population
4. Normal distribution (approximately) of the sample and population on the test variable
 Non-normal population distributions, especially those that are thick-tailed or heavily skewed,
considerably reduce the power of the test
 Among moderate or large samples, a violation of normality may still yield accurate p values
5. Homogeneity of variances (i.e., variances approximately equal in both the sample and population)
6. No outliers
Hypotheses
The null hypothesis (H0) and (two-tailed) alternative hypothesis (H1) of the one sample T test can be expressed as:
H0: µ = x ("the sample mean is equal to the [proposed] population mean")
H1: µ ≠ x ("the sample mean is not equal to the [proposed] population mean")

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 where µ is a constant proposed for the population mean and x is the sample mean.
Test Statistic
The test statistic for a One Sample t Test is denoted t, which is calculated using the following formula:
t=x¯¯¯−μsx¯¯¯t=x¯−μsx¯
where
sx¯¯¯=sn−−√sx¯=sn
where
μμ = Proposed constant for the population mean
x¯x¯ = Sample mean
nn = Sample size (i.e., number of observations)
ss = Sample standard deviation
sx¯sx¯ = Estimated standard error of the mean (s/sqrt(n))
The calculated t value is then compared to the critical t value from the t distribution table with degrees of
freedom df = n - 1 and chosen confidence level. If the calculated t value > critical t value, then we reject the null
hypothesis.
Data Set-Up
Your data should include one continuous, numeric variable (represented in a column) that will be used in the
analysis. The variable's measurement level should be defined as Scale in the Variable View window.
Run a One Sample t Test
To run a One Sample t Test in SPSS, click Analyze > Compare Means > One-Sample T Test.
The One-Sample T Test window opens where you will specify the variables to be used in the analysis. All of the
variables in your dataset appear in the list on the left side. Move variables to the Test Variable(s) area by selecting
them in the list and clicking the arrow button.

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 A Test Variable(s): The variable whose mean will be compared to the hypothesized population mean (i.e., Test
Value). You may run multiple One Sample t Tests simultaneously by selecting more than one test variable. Each
variable will be compared to the same Test Value.
B Test Value: The hypothesized population mean against which your test variable(s) will be compared.
C Options: Clicking Options will open a window where you can specify the Confidence Interval Percentage and how
the analysis will address Missing Values (i.e., Exclude cases analysis by analysis or Exclude cases listwise).
Click Continue when you are finished making specifications.

Click OK to run the One Sample t Test.

Example
PROBLEM STATEMENT
According to the CDC, the mean height of adults ages 20 and older is about 66.5 inches (69.3 inches for males, 63.8
inches for females). Let's test if the mean height of our sample data is significantly different than 66.5 inches using a
one-sample t test. The null and alternative hypotheses of this test will be:
H0: 66.5 = µHeight ("the mean height of the sample is equal to 66.5")
H1: 66.5 ≠ µHeight ("the mean height of the sample is not equal to 66.5")
where 66.5 is the CDC's estimate of average height for adults, and xHeight is the mean height of the sample.
BEFORE THE TEST
In the sample data, we will use the variable Height, which a continuous variable representing each respondent’s
height in inches. The heights exhibit a range of values from 55.00 to 88.41
(Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Descriptives).
Let's create a histogram of the data to get an idea of the distribution, and to see if our hypothesized mean is near our
sample mean. Click Graphs > Legacy Dialogs > Histogram. Move variable Height to the Variable box, then
click OK.

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 To add vertical reference lines at the mean (or another location), double-click on the plot to open the Chart Editor,
then click Options > X Axis Reference Line. In the Properties window, you can enter a specific location on the x-
axis for the vertical line, or you can choose to have the reference line at the mean or median of the sample data
(using the sample data). Click Apply to make sure your new line is added to the chart. Here, we have added two
reference lines: one at the sample mean (the solid black line), and the other at 66.5 (the dashed red line).
From the histogram, we can see that height is relatively symmetrically distributed about the mean, though there is a
slightly longer right tail. The reference lines indicate that sample mean is slightly greater than the hypothesized
mean, but not by a huge amount. It's possible that our test result could come back significant.
RUNNING THE TEST
To run the One Sample t Test, click Analyze > Compare Means > One-Sample T Test. Move the variable Height to
the Test Variable(s) area. In the Test Value field, enter 66.5, which is the CDC's estimation of the average height of
adults over 20.

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 Click OK to run the One Sample t Test.
Syntax
T-TEST
/TESTVAL=66.5
/MISSING=ANALYSIS
/VARIABLES=Height
/CRITERIA=CI(.95).
OUTPUT
Tables
Two sections (boxes) appear in the output: One-Sample Statistics and One-Sample Test. The first section, One-
Sample Statistics, provides basic information about the selected variable, Height, including the valid (non-missing)
sample size (n), mean, standard deviation, and standard error. In this example, the mean height of the sample is
68.03 inches, which is based on 408 non-missing observations.

The second section, One-Sample Test, displays the results most relevant to the One Sample t Test.

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 A Test Value: The number we entered as the test value in the One-Sample T Test window.
B t Statistic: The test statistic of the one-sample t test, denoted t. In this example, t = 5.810. Note that t is calculated
by dividing the mean difference (E) by the standard error mean (from the One-Sample Statistics box).
C df: The degrees of freedom for the test. For a one-sample t test, df = n - 1; so here, df = 408 - 1 = 407.
D Sig. (2-tailed): The two-tailed p-value corresponding to the test statistic.
E Mean Difference: The difference between the "observed" sample mean (from the One Sample Statistics box) and
the "expected" mean (the specified test value (A)). The sign of the mean difference corresponds to the sign of
the t value (B). The positive t value in this example indicates that the mean height of the sample is greater than the
hypothesized value (66.5).
F Confidence Interval for the Difference: The confidence interval for the difference between the specified test value
and the sample mean.
DECISION AND CONCLUSIONS
Since p < 0.001, we reject the null hypothesis that the sample mean is equal to the hypothesized population mean
and conclude that the mean height of the sample is significantly different than the average height of the overall adult
population.
Based on the results, we can state the following:
 There is a significant difference in mean height between the sample and the overall adult population (p <
.001).
 The average height of the sample is about 1.5 inches taller than the overall adult population average.

KEY POINTS
 The binomial test is useful to test hypotheses about the probability of success where is a user-defined
value between 0 and 1.
 The One Sample t Test determines whether the sample mean is statistically different from a known or
hypothesized population mean. The One Sample t Test is a parametric test.

END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT

Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see
how far you have improved. On every module’s “End of Module Assessment” (this part), write your answers on
separate sheet/s provided. (See separate sheets for the questions.)

LOOKING AHEAD

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 Congratulations for making it till the end of this module! If you aced the assessments, I am happy for you. If you
have not reached your desired level of competence, just keep going! Remember that an expert was once a beginner.
The next topic will deal on the Case of Two Related Samples! Happy learning!

SELF AND MODULE EVALUATION

This part requires you to rate the quality of the module to help you continuously improve the development
of this learning module. This also asks you to rate your learning experience for each of the modules.
Rate the module using the following:
1- Strongly disagree
2- Disagree
3- Agree
4- Strongly agree

The learning module: 1 2 3 4

Please check appropriate column

was engaging /
allowed for self-checking (SAAs) /
developed in gradual, manageable steps /
provided independent, self-paced learning /
contained relevant information I needed /

SELF-EVALUATION
Rate the extent of your learning in this module using the scale blow. Check the column corresponding to
your rating in the space provided. Do not hesitate to contact me if you need further assistance.
4- I’m an expert. I understand and can teach a friend about it.
3-I’m a Practioner. I understand and can cite examples on the topics given.
2- I’m an apprentice. I understand if I get help or look at more examples.
1- I’m a novice. I do not understand the topic.

My learning: 1 2 3 4
I can now

Please check appropriate column

 Define binomial test. /
 Enumerate the different one sample tests. /

REFERENCES

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  https://www.google.com/search?bih=657&biw=1366&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk03VpJyaCo4BsZQtEdH
S-
YNQbdstxw%3A1597131303203&ei=J0oyX4HvC5iIr7wP7fyAgAQ&q=what+is+a+research+design
&oq=what
+is+a+res&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgUIABCRAjIFCAAQkQIyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgII
ADICCAAyAg
gAMgIIADoECAAQRzoECCMQJzoECAAQQzoCCC46BwgjEOoCECc6BQgAELEDOggIABCxAxC
DAToLCC4QsQM
QxwEQowJQ3c8CWKv4AmCOhQNoAXACeAOAAdECiAHcGJIBCTE5LjEwLjAuMZgBAKABAaoB
B2d3cy13aXqw AQrAAQE&sclient=psy-ab
 https://www.google.com/search?q=nonparametric+statistics&source=lmns&bih=657&biw=1366&hl
=en&s a=X&ved=2ahUKEwipgdehzJLrAhUL15QKHTSCA6oQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
 https://www.nhcc.edu/student-resources/library/doinglibraryresearch/basic-steps-in-the-research-
process
 https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=225&printable=1
 https://learn.saylor.org/course/K12MATH014

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 END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT (AnSwer Sheet)
(Please do not forget to provide information on this part)
Name: DE LA CRUZ, JEREMIAS LAGUARDIA Course& Year: BSED- Math- 3rd Year
Module Number and Title: Module 4 – The One Sample Test
Contact number & email (if any): 09515696620 / jeremiasdelacruz238@gmail.com
Date accomplished: October 17, 2020

Now that you have finished the review of the various concepts outlined above, it is now time for an assessment to see
how far you have improved. Write your answers on the blank space provided for each question.

Direction: TRUE or FALSE. Analyse the following statements. Write TRUE if the statement is false and write
FALSE if the statement is true
FALSE 1. The binomial test is useful to test hypotheses about the probability of success where
is a user-defined value between 0 and 1.
FALSE 2. The binomial distribution is well approximated by convenient continuous
distributions,
FALSE 3. The One Sample t Test is a parametric test.
FALSE 4. In a One Sample t Test, the test variable is compared against a "test value", which is
a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population.
FALSE 5. The One Sample t Test can only compare a single sample mean to a specified
constant.
FALSE 6. The One Sample t Test is commonly used to test the statistical difference between a
sample mean and a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population.
FALSE 7. Tables are widely available to give the significance observed numbers of
observations in the categories for this case.
FALSE 8. When there are more than two categories, and an exact test is required, the
multinomial test, based on the multinomial distribution, must be used instead of the binomial test.
FALSE 9. The One Sample t Test cannot compare sample means between two or more groups.
FALSE 10. Statistical difference between the sample mean of the test variable and chance.
FALSE 11. In a One Sample t Test, the test variable is compared against a "test value", which
is a known or hypothesized value of the mean in the population.
FALSE 12. The null hypothesis (H0) and (two-tailed) alternative hypothesis (H1) of the one
sample T test can be expressed as:
H0: µ = x ("the sample mean is equal to the [proposed] population mean")
H1: µ ≠ x ("the sample mean is not equal to the [proposed] population mean")

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