THERELATI

ONSHI
PBETWEENWORKI
NGSTUDENTSANDACADEMICACHI
EVEMENT
AMONGSENI
ORHI
GHSTUDENTSINALUBI
JID

AQuant
it
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veResear
chPaper

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ubi
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he
Requi
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act
ical
Resear
ch2

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aSt
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s:
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ay
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Vil
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Ar
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Ni
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MannyAcost
a
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Sept
ember2021
 Chapt
er2
Rev
iewofRel
atedLi
ter
atur
e

Ti
memanagementasawor
kingst
udent
Wor
kingst
udent
sthi
sar
ethest
udent
swhoar
eat
tendi
ngschooland

ar
ewor
kingatt
hesamet
ime.Bei
ngawor
kingst
udenty
ouneedt
omakea

l
otef
for
tespeci
all
yont
hei
rwor
kandal
sooncompl
yi
ngont
hei
rwor
ksat

schoolt
oo.Bei
ngawor
kingst
udenti
sreal
l
yhar
dandexhaust
ingatt
he

samet
imesi
ncet
heyneedt
ocar
eful
l
ybal
ancet
hei
rti
meonwor
kingand

l
ear
ningatt
hesamet
ime.Managi
ngt
imeandbal
anci
ngl
i
fe,wor
k,and

educat
ioni
snev
ereasy
.Bal
anci
ngt
imecansomet
imesf
eeli
mpossi
blebut

i
fyout
ryhar
donmanagi
ngi
tyoucanmakei
t.That
’swhysomewor
king

st
udent
sreal
l
ydot
hei
rbestt
obeabl
etomanaget
hei
rti
mewel
land

bal
ancei
tsot
hatt
heywi
l
lav
oidbei
ngbehi
ndi
nthecl
asst
oo.Accor
dingt
o

Mer
canl
i
ogl
u(2010)st
udent
swhoar
enotempl
oyi
ngt
imemanagement

t
act
icshav
esi
gni
fi
cant
lyl
oweracademi
cscompar
edt
othosewhoappl
i
es

t
imemanagement
,theyhav
econsi
der
abl
yhi
ghacademi
cs.Pr
act
ici
ngt
ime

managementi
s pr
oven t
o be t
he t
op i
ndi
cat
ors on achi
evi
ng hi
gh

academi
cs.Wor
kingst
udent
sforexampl
eal
sohadahar
dti
medeal
i
ng

wi
tht
imemanagement
.Accor
dingt
o(Yi
l
maz,Yoncal
i
k,&Bekt
as,2006)
t
heysai
dthatmaj
ori
tyoft
hest
udent
shasmoder
atet
imemanagement

ski
l
ls,and onl
y smal
lpor
ti
on of st
udent
s has hi
gh l
evelof t
ime

managementski
l
ls.Manyempi
ri
calst
udi
esdonebypastr
esear
cher
sal
so

say
sthatt
ime managementpr
act
ices r
eal
l
y hav
e an i
mpacton t
he

st
udent
’sacademi
c.But
,accor
dingt
o(Sev
ari&Kandy
,2011)ev
eni
fthe

st
udent
sknow t
hatt
imemanagementhasagoodi
mpactonacademi
c

achi
evement
s,t
hisr
elat
ionshi
par
enotgi
veni
mpor
tancebyt
hest
udent
s.

Wor
kingwher
easf
indi
ngouti
sdr
ivenessent
ial
l
ybyf
undneed:t
ohi
deset
backs

i
nnumer
ous 
typesofunder
studybol
ster
;tohi
ghupear
ningst
opr
esentasuper
ior

under
studyunder
standi
ng,
ort
ohel
ptowar
dsf
utur
eobj
ect
ives.Fi
l
i nos
pi t
udent
sar
eabl
e

t
ofi
nancet
hemsel
vest
hrough wor
king howev
ert
heyhav
efi
nanci
alpr
obl
ems.As

r
epor
ted byetal
.(1981)i
n gaugi
ng st
udent
sin par
tti
mej
ob and ot
herwor
kis

pr
ogr
essi
vel
yacommonphenomenonev
ery
wher
e.Accor
dingt
oWat
tsandPi
cker
ing

(
2000)
,wor
kingandpar
t-
ti
mest
udy
ingf
ull
-t
imehasagoodposi
ti
ver
esul
t,r
espondent
s

gener
all
yvi
ewedpar
t-
ti
meempl
oymentasanecessi
tyt
osur
viv
ewi
thi
ntheupt
odat
e

i
nst
ruct
ionspher
e.Accor
ding t
o El
i
sabet
hHov
dhaugen(
2015)
,Tel
l
sthatt
her
ear
e

manypossi
blef
act
orswhysome st
udent
sdr
opouti
na 
uni
ver
sit
ybef
orehav
ingt
he

degr
eeofcompl
eti
on,andonei
nal
lthef
oremostusual
l
yci
tedi
sbei
ng.
Accor
dingt
o

t
he Resear
chconduct
edbyCommi
ssi
ononHi
gherEducat
ion(
CHED)I
nourcount
ry

ar
ound216,
000st
udent
smi
srepr
esent
ingschoolandwor
kandt
hisf
igur
eisabout
 8%

oft
het
otalnumberofcol
l
egest
udent
sint
hecount
ry.I
nthest
udyofFj
ort
o(1995)
,

r
epor
tedt
hat
 "t
hest
udentwhopr
ior
it
izemor
eti
met
oempl
oyment
,thel
essheorshe
hasf
orei
theracademi
corsoci
al act
ivi
ti
es

St
udent
'smot
ivat
ionandexper
ienceofwor
kingwhi
lest
udy
ing

Thest
udybySt
einber
getal
.(1981)i
mpl
i
est
hatst
udent
sthatengagedi
npar
t-

t
imeandf
ull
-t
imeempl
oymentar
erampanti
nthi
sgener
ati
on.I
nthepasty
ear
s,mor
e

st
udi
esf
oundt
hatt
eam cooper
ati
on,cust
omercar
e,communi
cat
ion,andpr
act
ical

ski
l
lscanbeeasi
l
ydev
elopbywor
kingst
udent
s (
Lucas&Lammont
,1998;Cur
ti
s&

Lucas,
2001)
.Abenoj
aetal
.(2019)appr
ovest
hatt
hemot
ivat
ionofwor
kingst
udent
sis

t
osuppor
tsel
ffi
nanci
all
y,t
oimpr
oveasani
ndi
vi
dualandot
hermot
ivat
ionsuchas

f
ami
l
y. Thest
udycl
ari
fyt
hatf
inanci
alsuppor
tist
henumberonedr
ivi
ngf
orceof

st
udent
s.Mostoft
her
easonwhyst
udenti
nsi
stt
owor
kisbecauseoft
hemoney
.

Seeki
ng f
orr
eal
-wor
ldj
ob exper
ience f
ort
he f
utur
eis anot
hermot
ivat
ion behi
nd

st
udent
s’i
ndependentact
ions(
Tumi
n&Fai
zuddi
n,2017)
.

St
udent
scaneasi
l
ydev
elopi
ntel
l
ect
ualcapaci
tyandi
nter
estbecauseoft
he

exper
iencet
hest
udenthav
einwor
king(
Cur
ti
s&Shani
,2002;Cur
ti
s&Wi
l
li
ams,2002)
.

Accor
dingt
othest
udyconduct
edbyWat
tsandPi
cker
ing(
2000)
,wor
kingpar
t-
ti
meand

st
udy
ingf
ull
-t
imehaspl
ent
yofbenef
ici
alout
comes;st
udent
sgener
all
yvi
ewedpar
t-

t
imeempl
oymentasanessent
ialengagementt
osur
viv
eint
hef
iel
dofeducat
ion.Fr
om

t
her
esear
chofMant
heiandGi
l
mor
e(2005)
,st
udent
sthatwor
kpar
t-
ti
medon’
thav
ean

ampl
eti
mef
orst
udy
ing.Al
so,Jogar
atnam andBuchanan(
2004)speci
fi
edt
hatnew

st
udent
swhochooset
odoapar
t-
ti
mej
obwhi
l
ehav
ingf
ull
-t
imeacademi
cloadwas

mostl
i
kel
y 
tosuf
ferf
rom st
ressandsl
eepdepr
ivat
ion.
Ef
fect
sofWor
ktot
hebehav
iorofst
udent
s

Abenoj
aetal
.,
(2019)
,st
atest
hatcommi
tment
,di
sci
pli
ne,
andt
imemanagement

ar
eessent
ialwhenwor
kingwhi
l
est
udy
ing.St
udent
sal
sogetal
otofexper
iencesand

i
deaswhi
l
ewor
kingwhi
chcanhel
pthem i
mpr
ovet
hei
rper
sonall
i
feandenr
icht
hei
r

pr
obl
em-
sol
vi
ngski
l
ls.Wor
kingal
ongsi
dest
udy
ingal
sohel
pst
hest
udent
stoknowt
he

posi
ti
veandnegat
ivei
mpactofwor
kingwhi
l
est
udy
ing,how t
osur
passt
hepr
obl
ems

t
heyencount
erandr
eal
i
zehowhar
diti
stogai
nmoney
.Inot
herst
udi
est
heysoughtt
o

exami
net
heef
fect
sofwor
konacademi
cper
for
manceandobser
vedhowst
udent
swho

dev
otedt
hei
rti
me.Resul
tsobser
vedt
hatwor
king20hour
sandmor
ehadaposi
ti
ve

ef
fectonst
udent
s’psy
chol
ogi
calwel
l
-bei
ng,
andst
udent
swhowor
kedof
fcampusal
so

t
rendedposi
ti
vel
yonl
eader
shi
pski
l
ls(
Pascar
ell
aandPadget
tinLeder
man2009)
.

I
mpact
sofwor
kingonst
udent
’sacademi
cachi
evement

Uni
ver
sit
yteacher
s and st
udent
s ar
e mor
eint
erest
ed i
n under
standi
ng t
he

causes,pr
obl
ems,andot
herf
act
orst
hataf
fectwor
kingst
udentst
udypat
ter
nsand

academi
csuccess.Wor
king st
udent
shav
elesst
imet
o st
udyduet
othei
rhect
ic

schedul
es,
whi
chaf
fect
sthei
racademi
cper
for
mance.Wor
kingwhi
l
est
udy
inghasbeen

shownt
oimpr
ovehappi
ness(
Bongoetal
.2020)
.Thi
sisbecausewor
kingpar
t-
ti
mecan

hel
pcol
l
egest
udent
spaybasi
cex
penses,
reducef
inanci
alst
rai
nont
hei
rpar
ent
s,boost

empl
oyabi
l
ityaf
tergr
aduat
ion,
prov
ideoppor
tuni
tyt
olear
npr
act
icalski
l
ls,
andpr
omot
e

net
wor
kingwi
thsuper
visor
s,cowor
ker
s,andpr
ofessor
s.(
Cal
l
ender
,2008;
Pint
o,Par
ent
e,

&Pal
mer
,2001;
Wangetal
.,
2010)
.
 I
t’
sal
sopossi
blet
hatst
udentempl
oymenthasadet
ri
ment
ali
mpactonst
udent

sat
isf
act
ion.Thi
sisbecause,accor
dingt
oCol
eman’
s(1961)zer
o-sum model
,st
udent

empl
oymentort
imespentear
ningmayr
esul
tinl
esst
imespentonst
udy
ing,school

act
ivi
ti
es,
andsoci
algat
her
ingswi
thf
ami
l
yandf
ri
ends.

Asar
esul
t,pupi
l
s’at
ti
tudesabouti
ndi
vi
dual
swhowor
kar
eli
kel
ytosuf
fer
.To

puti
tanot
herway
,sev
eralschol
arshav
epr
esent
edexpl
anat
ionsf
orhowwor
kingwhi
l
e

i
ncol
l
egemi
ghtcont
ri
but
etodecr
easedt
imespentst
udy
ing,mi
ssi
ngcour
ses,bei
ng

l
atef
orcl
asses,andhav
ingdi
ff
icul
tyl
ear
ning.Hav
ingdi
ff
icul
tyconcent
rat
ingi
ncl
ass,

accessi
nguni
ver
sit
yser
vicessuchasl
i
ttl
eli
brar
iesandcomput
erl
abor
ator
iesl
ess

f
requent
ly,
andf
eel
i
ngt
ir
ed(
Cur
ti
s,2007;
Mor
eau&Leat
hwood,
2006)
.

I
nsummar
y,wor
kingst
udent
s’l
i
fei
spr
opor
ti
ont
oti
me.St
udent
swi
thpr
oper

t
imemanagement
,per
for
mswel
li
nschool
.Ot
her
wise,
awor
kingst
udentwi
thpoort
ime

managementpr
oducesnegat
iveout
comesonacademi
cachi
evement
.Somest
udi
es

sayt
hatwor
king whi
l
e st
udy
ing doesn’
taf
fectt
he academi
c achi
evementoft
he

st
udent
s.Somest
udi
esal
sosayt
hati
tdependsont
hewor
kst
atusoft
hest
udent
sthat

af
fect
sacademi
cachi
evement
.

Mostoft
hest
udent
sdr
ivi
ngf
orcet
hatwor
kingwhi
l
est
udy
ingi
samusti
sabout

t
he f
inanci
alpr
obl
ems.A st
udyal
so say
sthatt
hrough wor
king st
udent
sdev
elop

essent
ialski
l
lsuchast
eam cooper
ati
on,cust
omercar
e,communi
cat
ion,andpr
act
ical

ski
l
ls.The exper
ience ofst
udent
s whi
l
e wor
king enhance and i
mpr
ove academi
c

knowl
edge.Wor
kingst
udent
svi
ewedwor
kasanecessar
ypar
tforl
i
feandeducat
ion.

Somest
udent
sal
soexper
iencesst
ressandsl
eepdepr
ivat
ionbecauseoft
hest
udent
s
combi
ningwor
kandst
udi
es.Ot
herst
udi
essay
sthatwor
kingwhi
l
est
udy
ingi
mpr
oves

happi
nessoft
hest
udent
s.I
tisbecauseofaf
ulf
il
lmentt
hatst
udent
scanpayper
sonal

expensesanddoesn’
tneedt
orel
yonpar
ent
s.Thr
oughwor
kthest
udent
scanbemol
d

i
ntoapr
act
ical
per
soni
nthef
utur
eandl
ear
nhowt
obudgetmoneyorev
ent
ime.
Concept
ualFr
amewor
k

I
ndependent Dependent

Academi
cAchi
evement

Par
ti
cipat
ioni
nCl
ass

Wor
kingSt
udent
s

Ti
meManagement

Behav
ior
Hy
pot
hesi
s:
1.H0:
Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencei
ntheacademi
cst
andi
ngandasawor
king

st
udent
.

H1:
Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencei
ntheacademi
cst
andi
ngandasawor
king

st
udent
.

2.H0:
Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
hewor
kingst
udentandmot
ivat
ion.

H1:
Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantdi
ff
erencebet
weent
hewor
kingst
udentandmot
ivat
ion.

3.H0:
Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenwor
kingst
udent
sandt
ime

management
.

H1:
Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenwor
kingst
udent
sandt
ime

management
.

4.H0:
Ther
eisnosi
gni
fi
cantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hewor
kofst
udentandacademi
c

achei
vement
.

H1:
Ther
eisasi
gni
fi
cantr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hewor
kofst
udentandacademi
c

achi
evement
.