Origin of the

Universe
SIR LENARD J. VILLAMOR LPT
 “Universe”
is a word from the Latin term
“universum” that was first
used by Cicero. Then, the
Roman authors used the term
to refer to the world, space,
and cosmos. This includes Earth,
its
Moon, the known-planets that
time which are Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and
the
Sun. From the Greek word
“kosmos” the word “cosmos”
is used to refer to the universe.
 “Universe”
At present, the term Universe is
used to refer to everything that is
known to exist such as the
planetary systems (e.g. Solar
System), the galaxies (e.g. Milky
Way), nebulae, and other
superstructures. In astronomy,
modern science, and astrophysics,
it is referred to as “spacetime”
which includes all forms of energy
and laws that bind them.
 Origin of the Universe
• Creationist View
According to the theist point of view,
the universe was created by God, as
well as the physical and spiritual forces
that drive the processes that cause
creation of planets, and life.
This is termed to as the “theistic
evolution”.
Some claims that the universe and the
everything in it is young, perhaps 6,000
to 10,000 years old.
 Steady-state Theory
• This theory says that the
universe is continuously
expanding and keeps an
average density. It also holds
that the universe has no
beginning and has no ending.
• This means that the stars,
planets, planetary systems,
and galaxies that exist today
has existed billions of years
ago and will continue to exist
billions of years from now.
 Big Bang Theory
The currently accepted theory on how the universe
began is the Big Bang Theory. This holds that the
universe started with an infinitesimally tiny, hot, and
dense point called singularity about 13.8 billion years
ago.
As of the moment, the Big Bang Theory is able to
explain the origin of all known matter, the
laws of physics, and the large scale structure of the
Universe. It also accounts for the expansion
of the Universe, the existence of the Cosmic Microwave
Background, and a broad range of other
phenomena.
 Big Bang Theory
As of the moment, the Big Bang
Theory is able to explain the
origin of all known matter, the
laws of physics, and the large
scale structure of the Universe.
It also accounts for the
expansion
of the Universe, the existence of
the Cosmic Microwave
Background, and a broad range
of other
phenomena.
 Steps of the Big Bang Theory
Singularity -the Cosmic
Microwave
Background
(CMB) provides the
evidence that the
universe started with
this tiny, hot, and
dense point.
 Inflation
From singularity, all the
energy and heat
rapidly expanded in a
quick hundredth of a
billionth of a trillionth
of a second.
Space is where all of
the heat and
energy traveled.
 Primordial Soup
called the superheated
phase of the
universe when the
subatomic particles -proton,
electron, and neutron
joined to form an atom.
The particles of light called
photons are continuously
bouncing this time to cause
the constant glow of the
universe.
 Recombination
380,000 years after the
Big Bang, matter
cooled enough for
charged electrons and
protons first became
bound to form
electrically neutral
hydrogen
atoms and helium.
 Dark Ages
During this time, clumps
of gas collapsed
enough to form the very
first stars and galaxies.
The emitted ultraviolet
light from these
energetic events cleared
out and destroyed most
of the surrounding
neutral hydrogen gas.
Birth of Stars and Galaxies
Gravity amplifies slight
irregularities in the density
of the primordial gas.
Even as the universe
continues to expand rapidly,
pockets of gas become more
and denser. Stars ignite
within these pockets, and
groups of stars become the
earliest galaxies.
This point is still perhaps 12 to
15 billion years before the
present.
 The Milky Way
Milky Way Galaxy is a spiral
system of billions of stars,
planetary systems, and
planets, as well as nebulae.
This is the home galaxy of
the Sun and the planet Earth.
To study the Milky Way,
astronomers use radio and
infrared telescopes which
detect and use radiation to
penetrate
hindering matter.
Components of the Galaxy
Star clusters and stellar associations
The components of a galaxy is divided
into three: globular clusters, open
clusters, and stellar associations.
They differ primarily in age and in the
number of member stars.
 Globular clusters
Globular cluster are the largest and most
massive star clusters.
The Galaxy contains more than 150
globular clusters. They are arranged in a
nearly spherical halo around the Milky
Way, with relatively few toward the
galactic plane but a heavy concentration
toward the centre.
The radial distribution, when plotted as a
function of
distance from the galactic centre, fits a
mathematical expression of a form
identical to the one describing the star
distribution in
elliptical galaxies.
 Open clusters
Open clusters are smaller
and less massive than the
globular clusters are
found in the plane of the
Galaxy intermixed with
the majority of the
system’s stars, including
the Sun.
Since they are more
open, loose appearance
than typical globular
clusters that is why they
are called open cluster.
 Stellar associations
Stellar associations are very
loose groupings of young stars
that share a common place and
time of origin but that are not
generally tied closely enough
together gravitationally to form
a stable cluster.
Stellar associations are limited
strictly to the plane of the
Galaxy and appear
only in regions of the system
where star formation is
occurring, notably in the spiral
arms.
 Where are we in the Milky Way?
The Milky Way Galaxy is
approximately 100,000 light-years
across and the Solar System, where
Earth is, is about 25,000 light-years
from the center of the galaxy.
That is in the local spiral arm is
sometimes
Orion Arm, or sometimes the Orion
Spur, between the Sagittarius and
Perseus Arms of the Milky Way.