KOHINOOR OF HERBS

VIJAYA | CANNABIS | BHANG GANJA

- HEMPVATI
 INDEX
PageNo Topic

1 Introduction

9 The Varieties

12 Medicinal Cannabis in World Religions

28 Different parts of the plant and its uses

40 Marijuana Taxation

45 Ayurvedic Herbal Cigarettes with Cannabis

49 Cannabis in Ayurveda

55 Studies and Roadblocks

57 Legal Perspective

65 Industry Position

66 Annexures
INTRODUCTION

BHARAT
Bharat also known as India is known to have the oldest & one of the most
richest cultures of the world. Bharat literally means light & the one with
knowledge & wisdom of the lights. Time and again earlier our Rishi’s like
Jamdangani Rishi, Rishi Vashisht , Rishi Prahas, Rishi Brighu, Rishi Manu
& more, Sages like Chakra & Vaghbatra along with scientists & researchers
like CV Raman, Homi J, Srinivasa Ramanujan, Satyendra Nath Bose, Anna
Mani, Charusita Chakravarty have proved this Right!
Bharat has given the
world great
scriptures like
Ramayan, Bhagwad
Gita, Puran along
with information &
technology raced
doctrine like Vedas
& Surya Siddhanta.
With time the world
has accepted the
metal of Ayurveda
Medical system
which is described in
depth with multiple

volume/commentaries Ayurveda is found within Veda in the subjects of

human body mind & soul along with food, Medicine etc. The same text sings
glory of a now banned herb which is very important. Also called Vijaya,
commonly known as Ganja, Bhang, Cannabis and Hemp. Its many parts are
then sold for various uses. Ayurveda describes Ganja as sleep giver, stress
reliever, pain absorber and even refers to it as God’s food.

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But then what happened in the past century that the God’s food is not just
banned but its uses are punished for the same. It all started in the year 1890
when the British wanted to introduce the English liquor and allopathy
medicines in the country. Then did an extensive research and hence realized
that until Ayurveda and Ganja remains in the market they cannot do
anything, This extensive report is called British Hemp Commission report
which comprises of hundreds of interviews through thousands of pages done
across the length and breadth of the country. But this was in standard
qualitative research without backing. Yet they only came to a conclusion of it
not being harmful unless abused which let me clarify never happened or at
least was never documented. Almost 150 years and Britishers have been able
to successfully place their plans in action in the country of Vijaya. Today
around the world countries are moving not only towards medical but even
recreational, it researches in the field of environment, medicine/health, fuel,
paper, plastic, cloth & more; still the Indian masses fail to see the glory of
this plant. In the 1960’s – 70’s India lost the freedom of using this herb and
completely banned it (or so we presumed) unless in the case of religious
sacrament in few places like Ujjain, Banaras, Jodhpur etc, where one can
find Bhang or leaf extract balls to mix with cold milkshake. Ayurvedic and
Siddha medicines aren’t booming in the country of its origin, because of the
limitations one has in the usage of the herbs to be used in the same.
Who gave the rights to decide for us and our ancient wisdom to invaders.
They are the very people who are minting money of it.
India’s constitution is equally funny as of USA and similar countries, hence a
mass Central Law cannot come in effect unless the state of emergency really.
The States hold the decision to implement such laws which has worked
against Cannabis until now in India. Cannabis known as Bhang (Cannabis
Leaves) in some parts of the country is legal in Banaras, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer,
Ujjain and more. The common connection these places have is
Shivaism/Jyotirling & Bhang in an important component of his Puja /rituals.
At these places one can legally buy bhang from Government Authorized
shops & enjoy the treat usually mixed in milk, dry fruits and cream which is
also known as Thandai.
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Shiva is known as God’s God, first yogi, creator, Shivaism and imitate of
Saptrishi and much more.
There are many folklores attached to the plant and Shiva out of which two
are my favorite.
During the enduring of the ocean when the halahal was taken by Shiva & the
nectar by God’s, even humans demanded for their share as the earth was
their land and nectar came out of it. It is then Shiva told them about the
potency of the nectar being too high for humans to digest and hence they let
a drop of nectar fall on earth for it to become a seed, then a plant. But as it
was made from the nectar it stood out. It had a male & female just like
humans and only female could have ‘babies’ or buds. This plant became very
dear to Shiva, although he is known as the destroyer but for a change he
created something which even today is associated highly with God’s God.
Even twice a year many sweet shops across the country irrespective of a
legal bhang shop sells on holi and Shivratri, due to right to religion is
acceptable? Imagine living in your country being dictated to utilize the
multi-billion dollar, miracle herb only twice a year because our masters of
the era wanted to stop us from ‘elevating’ but ‘drown’ in miseries created
and sold by them.
Yet there are states like UP, MP & RJ keeping the ancient religious and
medical culture alive. In places like Jaisalmer, Dr Bhang have gone one step
further and got bhang edibles to India almost 2 decades back & continue to
give a new twist to the ages old drink of the Sanatanis. This place is opposite
Jaisalmer fort and brought the ‘Amsterdam’ feel to Rajasthan even before the
millennial were born.
Places like Banaras
and Vrindavan are
more traditional with
numbered shops
licensed to sell
Bhang (Dried leaves,
drink & paste) for
usage.

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Bhang Thandai making at these locations are a treat to watch as they involve
mantra chanting, precise movement of hands and a lot of blessings.
This showcases the affection, love and faith gone in making the drink and
hence the intentions. The one in taking it has usually had uplifting or happy
trips where the only thing they are violent with is food after which a long
peaceful sleep if followed. No cases of violence or brutality is ever recorded
due to Cannabis intake unlike its counterparts showing in media like Alcohol
or Synthetic drugs
which is knows to give
extreme adrenaline rush
in minimum time. This
has massive withdrawal
symptoms.
Cannabis is a herb, an
Aushadhi which was
even used by the most
peaceful saints to Sufis.

Sai Baba of Shirdi is known to love his chillums and they still remain in the
museum at Shirdi.
Apart from him, another very well known saint of Maharashtra Gajanan
Maharaj of Shegaon is someone often still depicted with a chillum & his
original temple does arti with one. Both the saints are followed by people
from all faiths even today and was alive to be witnessed by the modern era
has a very deep connection with the herb just like many more thousands of
Sadhus who use it at times to relieve themselves of pain, suffering, diseases,
hunger and more whenever needed.
There is an illegal world running around cannabis in and outside the country
which needs to be addressed as well.
This is the world of recreational cannabis often mixed with the drug
epidemic which is a big issue. Yet many authors, doctors, scientists, actors,
leaders prefer Ganja over chemical pharmaceuticals.

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Drug is a synthetic substance made of chemicals wherein cannabis is a plant
grown on earth and used as first paper, cloth, ritual component & medicine.
The lack of basic knowledge on the same has increased the numbers of
people behind bars for using a herb and not the ones doing crimes. Places
like Malana in Himachal Pradesh, Idduki in Kerala, Mysore in Karnataka,
Tawang in Arunachal, Pilibhit in Uttar Pradesh are famous for it amazing
cannabis strains or better known as Maal.
One can easily get cannabis and hash of high quality at these places which
surprisingly also gets illegally exported in high quantity wherein the growers
of the same are often put behind the bars whilst the middle man earns the
benefits without getting the burn.
Is this a problem only of the government or also of the society?

The society too shows double face on the subject of wanting to go abroad in
countries like Canada, Mexico, USA, Netherlands, Israel where its legal for
medicinal or recreational purposes, give tourism and revenue then come
back but not voice out when asked to help legalize, educate or create
awareness.
This is the same society going to US and Canada for expensive health
treatments wherein those countries are moving to ancient remedies even for
Palliative care diseases like Cancer, Tumor , HIV & more. These countries
earn billion from such tourism while India is losing on the same money, lives
and citizens to such a law.
Its time for the country to unite for a plant which they called as their God’s
food and now cannot even name it (ban on the word of Ganja). The ban
uplifting nationally would mean saving people from suffering, during of
painful diseases, helping with environment conservation & building a
sustainable tomorrow. 2015 I was completely cured from Tuberculosis with
the help of Cannabis & since then my fight has been strong. The fight has
reached its realization phase and hopefully more people will join hands with
us and become Hempvatis. The one with the knowledge of Cannabis and
educating their networks.

Lets Talk Cannabis / Ganja!

Lets Talk Development
Lets talk Cure
Lets Talk Economy &
Finally it will bring Peace.
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This holy plant also known as our beloved God Shiva’s prasad has been a
part of our planet even before humans existed.
This is a plant which grows out of the Mother Earth (Can’t believe I have to
write this as this is the basic difference between “drugs” and this “plant”) In
2017 over 14 countries have legalised this plant on the basis of its medicinal
properties but India, the land which is known to use this from the beginning
of its civilisation (read VEDAS- Ayurveda) and also offer it to its Gods. But
has prohibited it because of a proven psychopath in the world
history-NIXON A US President infamous for many of his actions.

It is really sad to see the mankind( read- pharmaceuticals/ MNCs, etc.) is so

busy minting money by selling and injecting us with slow poison that
anything that harms their existence needs to be seized and label ashazardous
where in it’s the other way round.
For ages they have mixed real chemicals and drugs in our food, water,
clothes and every other material and yet they call that one simple plant a
threat to humanity !
The truth is- this is the only plant that can save the planet Earth and its
earthlings from being destroyed and becoming extinct!
The prohibition of something that existed even before we were placed on this
planet itself is a joke on various levels.
Now to become specific to our country where Ganja is used by millions of
sadhu, sages and holy men directly makes them all CRIMINALS. Yes you
heard me right! The people most Indians are scared to rub on the wrong side
as they are said to be the catalysts of higher energies, as per Government’s
eyes due to this law are labelled criminals because this holy plant falls under
schedule 1 drug even now !!
To make it clear- Schedule 1 drug basically stands for substances which have
no medicinal values and only damages your system.

There you go- have a good laugh and then continue reading this Book.

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Cannabis before the prohibition which basically started from US was used as
one of the primary “ medicine” for everything from fever, labour pains to
surgery.
Coming back to 2017- We have enough data, researches and patients from
around the world who were/ are suffering from VARIOUS
DISEASES/AILMENTS like cancer, seizures, epilepsy, tuberculosis ,leprosy
to name a few and have not just benefited but also been cured in thousands
and lakhs of cases.
Being diagnosed with one of the above a few years back I got a first hand
experience of what these pharmaceuticals are exactly doing to us.
1 month of failed allopathy, immense pain and unable to move my neck due
to the particles being in my lymph node (swelling increased a bit every week
INSPITE OF MY MEDICATIONS) I already gave up on life thinking if they
too can’t treat me/ heal me I am definitely going to die!
This made me go back to a habit I had controlled for sometime of smoking
cannabis for recreational purposes. I vaguely remembered how it used to
ease my body pain during such smoking sessions before I was diagnosed
with anything, mainly during my menstrual cycle or for random body aches
etc as it used to relaxes my muscles and eased the pain out. Though honestly
I never went researching back then, why does this happen.
And as my allopathic medication was not doing anything to ease it either I
resorted back to cannabis.
To my amazement within a week of smoking it I saw a visible reduction in
my pain and a slight movement in my neck, I continued my medication for
another 2 weeks along with cannabis smoking and I could see the difference
already. But I also noticed I was still dull, slow, still unable to have a proper
conversation without stammering and forgetting (something which had
started post my medication and not the disease itself )
As an experiment on myself I stopped my medications completely and
switched to cannabis for a month, smoking 3-5 joints a day to see what it
does without the medication inside my system.
That was the last time I also had those disastrous medications (it was
suppose to be a year long course)
Within a few days my swelling started to reduce and my body started to feel
normal. I was able to not just move my neck but also felt better, ate, and
finally could process conversations like earlier instead of not being able to

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understand half of it!
2 years and am healthier than ever, all of this by smoking the food of our
Gods.
Due to financial difficulties I could not afford flying to a country where the
oil was legal and unfortunately in our country I did not have access to people
who could help me here (let me again remind you - because it is
prohibited!!)
Now as per my own observation I could have died of something which was
EASILY CURABLE BY THIS PLANT but I had no access to it because the
government has still not updated their research logs.
I am just a single drop of water in the ocean of the treated & healed patients
of this magical plant ! But let me tell you this plant can do a lot more than
just saving lives by medicating- this is also the best alternate for plastic,
gasoline,cement,cotton and is a super nutritional food (for a country where
kids are dying every hour due to malnutrition), fibre (to create cloth and
cover the bodies of us mortals), cement (hemp cement is more strong and
leaves no carbon footprints), WAIT FOR THE BEST ONE - bio fuel !
With every passing day the prices of fuel is going higher and it’s emission
into our atmosphere is making the entire planet not just sick but also leading
us towards global warming which would finally mean the end of us all. It’s
yet not late to turn to our scriptures for answers which have mentioned the
powers of this “herb”.
India is known to be a county of multiple climate zones, and guess what it is
also apt to grow different strains of cannabis from Kashmir to Kozikode and
Nagaland to Maharashtra.
“Kohinoor of herbs” will not only save the patients and decrease their
suffering but also revamp the country’s economy giving it the much needed
boost and upper hand in creating its own hemp industry and generating
employment for the unemployed, increasing the hospitality tourism (today
most prefer cannabis treatment over allopathy for diseases due to the
benefits-THEY KNOW!), lesser to no carbon footprints, own self sufficient
bio-fuel industry and a conscious effort of leaving the planet better and
greener for the next generations.

Regards, Priya M.

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THE VARIETIES
THERE ARE 2 VARIETIES OF THE PLANT
Industrial Hemp - Medical Cannabis

INDUSTRIAL HEMP

There are many different varieties of the cannabis plant. Hemp — also
called industrial hemp — refers to the non-psychoactive (less than 1% THC)
varieties of C annabis sativa L. Both hemp and Cannabis come from the
same cannabis species, but are genetically distinct and are further
distinguished by use, chemical makeup, and cultivation methods.
Hemp can be grown as a renewable source for raw materials that can be
incorporated into thousands of products including food, clothes, cement,
bio-fuel,etc. Its seeds and flowers are used in health foods, organic body
care, and other nutraceuticals.

MEDICAL CANNABIS
The Cannabis plant has a history of medicinal use dating back thousands of
years across many cultures

ANCIENT

Cannabis, called má (meaning “hemp; cannabis; numbness”) or dàmá (with

“big; great”) in Chinese, was used in Taiwan for fiber starting about 10,000
years ago.The botanist Hui-lin Li wrote that in China, “The use of Cannabis
in medicine was probably a very early development. Since ancient humans
used hemp seed as food, it was quite natural for them to also discover the
medicinal properties of the plant. “Emperor Shen-Nung, who was also a
pharmacologist, wrote a book on treatment methods in 2737 BCE that
included the medical benefits of cannabis.

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Cannabis is one of the 50 “fundamental” herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. The
Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BCE) from Ancient Egypt describes medical cannabis.The
ancient Egyptians used hemp (cannabis) in suppositories for relieving the pain of
hemorrhoids.
Surviving texts from ancient India confirm that cannabis’ psychoactive properties
were recognized, and doctors used it for treating a variety of illnesses and ailments,
including insomnia, headaches, gastrointestinal disorders, and pain, including during
childbirth.
The Ancient Greeks used cannabis to dress wounds and sores on their horses, and in
humans, dried leaves of cannabis were used to treat nose bleeds, and cannabis seeds
were used to expel tapeworms. In the medieval Islamic world, Arabic physicians
made use of the diuretic, antiemetic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and
antipyretic properties of Cannabis sativa, and used it extensively as medication from
the 8th to 18th centuries.

AYURVEDA SAYS- EVERYTHING

THAT EXISTS CAN BE MEDICINE.
Cannabis is no exception. It is considered the least problematic of the
‘intoxicant’ substances; a poison which can be used to great benefit by
humans. It is in the tradition of the great texts of Ayurveda to approach
complex and appealing substances first with pages of glowing praise
followed by so many
warnings and restrictions that only the most intrepid would not be daunted.
This is the pattern I will follow in this article.

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VIJAYA: THE CONQUERO
Sanskrit synonyms for cannabis imply its potency for transformation:
• Soother of grief
• The sky flyer
• The poor man’s heaven
• Vijaya or victory in conquest, and a dozen other glowing euphemisms.
C annabis Sativa is indigenous to India; the earliest known cultivation dated
900BC.

The positive qualities of Cannabis facilitate conversation, encourage social

relationships, support physical awareness, highlight a deep enjoyment of
life,and elevate social contact, art, and pleasure above other (perhaps less
important) pursuits. These characteristics allows cannabis to be very
effective where depression and isolation are primary concerns. As is testified
to by the prevalence of cannabis in poorer communities all over the world,
cannabis proffers grace to living in adverse circumstancres.

Today in India cannabis is used in spiritual practice and rituals, taken as a

sacrament on specific holidays, for use on an ascetic path, as a training aid to
wrestlers, and until the last century, quite broadly used medically and recre-
ationally by various levels of society.

Cannabis is found in over 80 traditional Ayurvedic formulas, several of

which are available in pharmacies in India today.
It is effective for:
• Pain
• Digestive disorders
• Dysentery
• Sexual prowess, and a dozen other medical uses known to ancient
Ayurveda.

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MEDICINAL CANNABIS IN
WORLD RELIGIONS

AYURVEDA
The earliest written reference to cannabis in India may occur in the
Atharvaveda, dating to about 1500 BCE : “We tell of the five kingdoms of
herbs headed by Soma; may it, and kusa grass, and bhanga and barley, and
the herb saha, release us from anxiety.”

• In the Sushruta Samhita (meaning the verses of Sushruta), perhaps dating

from the third to the eighth centuries BCE, cannabis was recommended for
phlegm, catarrh and diarrhea

• Dwarakanath has maintained that cannabis was employed in Indian folk

medicine in aphrodisiacs and treatments for pain in the same era , while
Sanyal observed that “They also used the fumes of burning Indian Hemp
(Canabis Indica) as an anaesthetic from ancient time.

ORIGINS OF THE PLANT

• Cannabis was given by India /Tibet zone (please understand Tibet was
formed much later in the history and Bharat was there since thousands of
years even as per proven written records)
• Did churning of the ocean, Amrit Manthan give birth to Cannabis. As per
our records it happened close to Haridwar which is trans Himalayan range
and the same tectonic plates
• The mystery regarding the origin of marijuana has finally been solved and
as it turns out it originated 28 million years back on the Tibetan plateau
• Researches have been aware of the fact that cannabis originated
somewhere in Central Asia but its exact origins have been hard to figure out
given that the leaves of the plant don’t leave very strong print fossils

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• Researchers led by the University of Vermont went through 155 existing
fossil pollen studies from Asia for examination and from the cannabis pollen
analysis found that growth of the plants dated back to 28 million years ago in
the area of Qinghai lake on the Tibetan plateau.

A BACKGROUND ON VIJAYA IN INDIA

In the Sharangadhara Samhita, fresh extracts of bhang were employed
medicinally, and it was linked to opium: “Drugs which act very quickly in
the body first by spreading all over and undergoing change later are vyavayi;
for example, bhanga, ahiphena” . Additionally, cannabis was cited as an
intoxicant and employed as the primary ingredient in a therapeutic mixture
of herbs: “This recipe known as jatiphaladi churna if taken in doses of one
karpa, with honey, relieves quickly grahani (sprue [chronic diarrhea]), kasa
(cough), swasa (dyspnoea), aruchi (anorexia), kshaya (consumption) and
pratishyaya [nasal congestion] due to vata kapha (rhinitis)”. Inter-
relationships of Tantra and Ayurveda in this work were explored by Sharma.

• The 15th-century Rajavallabha, written by Sutradhar Mandan for Rana

Kumhha of Mewar, attributed several additional qualities to cannabis [18]:
“Indra’s food (i.e., ganja) is acid, produces infatuation, and destroys leprosy.
It creates vital energy, the mental powers and internal heat, corrects
irregularities of the phlegmatic humour, and is an elixir vitae. It was
originally produced, like nectar from the ocean by the churning with Mount
Mandara, and inasmuch as it gives victory in the three worlds, it, the delight
of the king of the gods, is called vijaya, the victorious. This desire-fulfilling
drug was obtained by men on the earth, through desire for the welfare of all
people. To those who regularly use it, it begets joy and destroys every
anxiety.”

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 NAMES FOR CANNABIS IN
SANSKRIT AND HINDI
• AJAYA - the unconquered, invincible
• ANANDA - the joyful, joyous, laughter moving, bliss
• BAHUVADINI - causing excessive garrulousness
• BHANG, BHANGA - hemp, mature cannabis leaves
• BHANGINI - breaks three kinds of misery
• BHARITA - the green one
• CAPALA - agile, capricious, mischievous, scatter- brained
• CAPTA - light-hearted
• CHAPALA - the light-hearted, causer of reeling gait, causer of vacillation
• CHARAS - cannabis resin (hashish), either hand- rubbed or sifted
• CIDALHADA - gives happiness to mind
• DIVYAKA - gives pleasure, lustre, intoxication, beauty
• DNAYANA VARDHANI - knowledge promoter
• GANJA - unfertilized female cannabis flowers
• GANJAKINI - the noisy, vibrator
• GATRA-BHANGA - body disintegrator
• HARSHANI - joy-giver
• HARSHINI - the exciter of sexual desire, the rejoicer, delight-giver, causer of elation
• HURSINI - the exciter of sexual desire • Indrasana - Indra’s food
• JAYA - victorious, the conquering
• KALAGHNI - helps to overcome death
• MADHUDRAVA - helps excrete nectar
• MADINI - the intoxicator, sex intoxicator
• MANONMANA - accomplishes the objects of the mind
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• MATULANI - wife of the datura
• MATKUNARI - an enemy of bugs
• MOHINI - fascinating
• PASUPASAVINAINI - liberates creatures from earthly bonds
• RANJIKA - causer of excitement
• SAKRASANA - the worthy food of Indra
• SAMVIDA MANJARI - flower causes garrulousness
• SIDDHI - success giver
• SIDDHIDI - which endows siddhi on others
• SIDHDI - emancipation, beatitude, fruit of worship
• SUKNIDHAN - fountain of pleasures
• TANDRAKRIT - causer of drowsiness
• TRAILOKYA VIJAYA - victorious in the three worlds, conqueror of the three
regions of the universe
• SANA - cannabis
• SARVAROGAGHNI - which cures all diseases
• SAWI - green leaved
• SHIVBHOOTY - Shiva’s plant
• SIDDHA - which has attained spiritual perfection
• SIDHAMULI - on whose root is siddha
• SIDDHAPATRI - vessel of highest attainment
• TRILOK KAMAYA - desired in the three worlds
• UNUNDA - the laughter mover
• URJAYA - promoter of success
• VIJAYA - victorious, promoter of success, all- conquering

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• VIJPATTA - the strong leaved
• VIRAPATTRA - leaf of heroes
• VRIJAPATA - strong nerved
• SIDDHI - success giver
• SIDDHIDI - which endows siddhi on others
• SIDHDI - emancipation, beatitude, fruit of worship
• SUKNIDHAN - fountain of pleasures
• TANDRAKRIT - causer of drowsiness

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SANATAN DHARMA / HINDUISM
During the Indian and Nepalese festival of Holi, people consume bhang which
contains cannabis flowers. According to one description, when the amrita (elixir
of life) was produced from the churning of the ocean by the devas and the asuras,
Shiva created cannabis from his own body to purify the elixir (whence, for
cannabis, the epithet angaja or “body-born”). Another account suggests that the
cannabis plant sprang up when a drop of the elixir dropped on the ground. Thus,
cannabis is used by sages due to association with elixir and Shiva. Wise drinking
of bhang, according to religious rites, is believed to cleanse sins, unite one with
Shiva and avoid the miseries of hell in the future life. It is also believed to have
medicinal benefits. In contrast, foolish drinking of bhang without rites is
considered a sin.
Although cannabis is regarded as an illegal drug, many Nepalese people con-
sume it during festivals (like Shivaratri) which the government tolerates to some
extent and also for their personal uses and recreation purposes. Further in Nepal
its seeds are also used in making pickles “bhang ko achar”. The dried seeds are
ground and then mixed with aalo (potato). This is common

ISLAM
The Quran does not directly forbid cannabis; however, cannabis is deemed
to be khamr (an intoxicant) by many religious scholars and therefore
generally believed to be haraam (forbidden). A hadith by the prophet
Moham- med states:
“If much intoxicates, then even a little is haraam.” Despite these
prohibitions, cannabis is consumed in many parts of the Islamic world, even
sometimes in a religious context particularly within the Sufi mystic
movement.

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In 1378 Soudoun Sheikouni, the Emir of the Joneima in Arabia, prohibited
cannabis, considered one of the world’s first-attested cannabis bans.
The Sufi tradition attributes the discovery of cannabis to Jafar Sharazi
(Sheikh Haydar), a Sufi leader in the 12th century. Other Sufis attribute its
origin to the apocryphal Khidr (“Green Man”).
Some modern Islamic leaders state that medical cannabis, but not
recreational, is permissible in Islam. Imam Mohammad Elahi in Dearborn
Heights, United States, declared: “Obviously, smoking Cannabis for fun is
wrong. It should be permissible only if that is the only option in a medical
condition prescribed by medical experts.”

JUDAISM

Though the argument has not been accepted by mainstream scholars, some
writers have theorized that cannabis may have been used ritually in early
Judaism, though these claims “have been widely dismissed as erroneous”.
Sula Benet (1967) claimed that the plant kaneh bosm mentioned five times in
the Hebrew Bible, and used in the holy anointing oil of the Book of Exodus,
was in fact cannabis, although lexicons of Hebrew and dictionaries of plants
of the Bible such as by Michael Zohary (1985), Hans Arne Jensen (2004)
and James A. Duke (2010) and others identify the plant in question as either
Acorus calamus or Cymbopogon citratus.
In the modern era, Orthodox rabbi Moshe Feinstein stated in 1973 that
cannabis was not permitted under Jewish law, due to its harmful effects.
However Orthodox rabbis Efraim Zalmanovich (2013) and Chaim
Kanievsky (2016) stated that medical, but not recreational, cannabis is
kosher.
SIKHISM

Early Sikh military history was dominated by the Nihang, who are known
for their victories where they were heavily outnumbered.
Some Nihang groups consume cannabis or bhang to help in meditation.
Sukhnidhaan or Sukha parsad, “peace-giver”,is the term Nihang use to refer
to it.

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At Takht Sachkhand Shri Hazoor Sahib, (one of the five seats of power in
the Sikh Panth) the ‘Sukhnidhaan’ is offered as a holy food.
There is description of ‘Sukhnidhaan’ on many pages of the book ‘Sooraj
Prakaash’. Generally, ‘Bhang’ (from Cannabis plant) is called ‘Sukhnidhaan,
but seeing condemnation of ‘Bhaang’ in the Gurbaani and in the Panthic
‘Sikh Rehat Maryada’, those in favour for the consumption of Bhaang have
named it ‘Sukhnidhaan’, instead of ‘Bhaang’.
In his book ‘Sri Hazoori Maryada Prabodh’, Singh Sahib Bhai Joginder
Singh Ji, then the “chief priest” of Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazoor Sahib, has
expressed his views about ‘Bhaang’ under the heading of ‘Sukhnidhaan De
Bhog Baare’ (page 257 to 264).
He wrote that all the ‘Maryada’, which is being followed at Takht Sahib,
is ‘Puraatan’ (old) tradition.
Supporting the arguments of Sukhnidhaan in the book, the high priest wrote
about the following details:
According to the ‘Janamsakhi Bhai Bala’, the Mughul King ‘Babur’ offered
‘Bhang’ to Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
Delighted on this, it is claimed that Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji granted him the
boon to have the kingdom for seven generations. Guru Ji recited a ‘Shabad’
(divine hymn) on this occasion, in which it is argued he did not condemn
‘Bhaang’. On the other hand, when Yogi Jhangar Naath offered a cup of
wine to Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Ji recited a ‘Shabad’, in which drinking
wine and alcohol was condemned.

TAOISM
Beginning around the 4th century, Taoist texts mentioned using cannabis in
censers. Needham cited the (ca. 570 AD) Taoist encyclopedia Wushang
Biyao (“Supreme Secret Essentials”) that cannabis was added into ritual
incense-burners, and suggested the ancient Taoists experimented
systematically with “hallucinogenic smokes”. The Yuanshi shangzhen
zhongxian ji (“Records of the Assemblies of the Perfected Immortals”),
which is attributed to Ge Hong (283-343), says:
For those who begin practicing the Tao it is not necessary to go into the
mountains. Some with purifying incense and sprinkling and sweeping are
also able to call down the Perfected Immortals. The followers of the Lady
Wei and of Hsu are of this kind.

19
 Some with purifying incense and sprinkling and sweeping are also able to
call down the Perfected Immortals. The followers of the Lady Wei and of
Hsu are of this kind.
Lady Wei Huacun (252-334) and Xu Mi (303-376) founded the
Taoist Shangqing School. The Shangqing scriptures were supposedly
dictated to Yang Xi (330-386 AD) in nightly revelations from immortals, and
Needham proposed Yang was “aided almost certainly by cannabis”. The
Mingyi bielu (“Supplementary Records of Famous Physicians”), written by
the Taoist pharmacologist Tao Hongjing (456-536), who also wrote the first
commentaries to the Shangqing canon, says, “Hemp-seeds are very little
used in medicine, but the magician-technicians (shujia ) say that if one
consumes them with ginseng it will give one preternatural knowledge of
events in the future.” A 6th-century AD Taoist medical work, the Wuzangjing
(“Five Viscera Classic”) says, “If you wish to command demonic apparitions
to present themselves you should constantly eat the inflorescences of the
hemp plant.” Joseph Needham connected myths about Magu, “the Hemp
Damsel”, with early Daoist religious usages of cannabis, pointing out that
Magu was goddess of Shandong’s sacred Mount Tai, where cannabis “was
supposed to be gathered on the seventh day of the seventh month, a day of
seance banquets in the Taoist communities.

BUDDHISM
In Buddhism, the Fifth Precept is frequently interpreted to mean “refrain
from intoxicating drinks and drugs which lead to heedlessness”, although in
some direct translations, the Fifth Precept refers specifically to alcohol.
Cannabis and some other psychoactive plants are specifically prescribed in
the Mahā kā la Tantra for medicinal purposes.

20
MODERN
Smoking Cannabis was once viewed as an act of political dissidence against
the Vietnam War, and looking back at the history of what President Nixon
was doing at the time, one can rightfully conclude that one of the reasons
Cannabis was so heavily targeted was to get rid of the hippies.
Cannabis became the fulcrum in the social battle of the day, and the U.S.
government sought a means to take certain types of individuals out of
society,and what better way than to arrest them and put them in jail? As
noted by Gedde
“[Cannabis has] been vilified all along. For what reasons? Maybe it does too
much. It does have the psychoactivity, so people can change how they think
and question things. When we look at cannabis overall, Cannabis and hemp
combined ... all the different cannabinoids in there, we know that it’s
excellent medicine.
We know that it’s popular recreationally, which of course competes with the
al- cohol industry. Hemp also provides excellent biofuel. It actually
competes with the petroleum industry. It provides excellent fiber for
clothing. It competes with lumber, which is one of the reasons apparently
why hemp was restricted earlier in the 20th century.
Medicine, recreation, food, fuel and fiber. What else can do all those things?
It’s excellent food. Hemp oil has essential fatty acids. It’s high-quality oil
and it has high-quality protein. You can actually live on hemp seeds.”

On Entering the Medical Cannabis System Gedde was trained in the idea
that molecular biology will provide us with all the answers we need. By un-
derstanding the details of how cells work, we’ll be able to design a cure for
every disease. However, once she found herself actu- ally working inside the
pharmaceutical industry, seeing how decisions were made, she came to
realize the flaws of the system.
The fact of the matter is, drug companies have the legal mandate to turn a
handsome profit. This in and of itself can create situations where profits are
placed ahead of actual medical benefits. Moreover, when a company selects
a product to develop, that product is not necessarily what is most needed. It’s
the thing that will make the most money.
“I realized there are non-pharmaceutical, non-patentable, more holistic and

21
supportive options, such as nutritional support, hormone balancing and
neurotransmitter support. Instead of taking Prozac, how about some
5-Hydroxy- tryptophan (5-HTP)? Those are things that naturopathic and
alternative phy- sicians are so familiar with and work with. That was not at
all part of conven- tional medical practice.
Certainly not the way I was trained. It was an epiphany. It was kind of a turn-
ing point in my career. It was a big thing to leave the pharmaceutical
industry and open my first alternative practice,” Gedde says
She opened her medical practice in 2004, but it wasn’t until 2009 that she
began realizing the usefulness of cannabis. Initially, she learned from
patients who were using it. They would tell her about how it helped heal
their various ailments. Eventually she began researching it on her own,
discovering the human endocannabinoid system in the process — a
biological system not touched upon in medical school.
“When I started hearing the results patients were getting, I realized that the
reason why [Cannabis] could do so many different things in the body
without being toxic is because it is acting through this natural
endocannabinoid system in our bodies. That’s when I said ‘Wow. This is
huge. There’s nothing like this in medicine. There’s nothing that I can
prescribe that comes close to what this can do for people.”
In 2010, she made the decision to focus on medical cannabis full-time — a
decision she ascribes to careful deliberation of what actually helps patients
the most.

THE ENDOCANNABINOID SYSTEM

The human endocannabinoid system — endo meaning “within” — strongly
suggests the human organism is actually designed to make good use of the
cannabis plant. In other words, the Cannabis plant triggers something that’s
been inside us since the dawn of mankind. The endocannabinoid system
exists in other mammals as well, suggesting it is a truly an ancient biological
system.
The cannabis plant makes cannabinoids, also known as phytocannabinoids or
plant cannabinoids. This encompasses both CBD and THC, the latter of
which is the psychoactive ingredient. In all, there are about 60 different

22
cannabinoids in the cannabis plant, and medicinally, several of them are
used. You also make cannabinoids inside your own body. So far, two major
ones have been identified and studied since the early ‘90s.
The endocannabinoid system was first described in a science article in “The
Journal of Science” in 1992. The primary role of the endocannabinoid
system —which releases human cannabinoids that interact with receptors
found in virtually all tissues in the body — is to bring balance (homeostasis)
to tissues and biological systems.
Essentially, the endocannabinoid system plays a key regulatory role in the
human body. For example, there are endocannabinoid receptors in the
nervous system, where cannabinoids are made locally on demand. What this
means is that, in your nervous system, you have sending nerve cells and
receiving nerve cells, and the endocannabinoid system works with those
cells to maintain balance.
For example, if the receiving nerve cell becomes too excited, you end up
with a seizure. Seizures are due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the
neurons. It’s an overstimulated state. The endocannabinoid receptor detects
this overstimulation and, on demand, makes human cannabinoids to dial
down the sending impulses, thereby balancing the system.
Cannabinoids benefits your entire body by bringing tissues back into
balance, cannabinoids can reduce pain, nerve stimulation causing seizures,
and muscle spasm. They also help you relax and improve sleep.

“[The endocannabinoid system] is a very key system. It totally makes sense

why Cannabis can do so many different things. It affects the mind. It affects
the emotions. It affects the body on multiple levels. That’s the THC. CBD
does that as well. CBD has multiple targets in the body. The system seems
very complex. There are multiple receptors.
It’s not known how CBD acts. It acts in a different way from THC. There’s
much to research. But this is a very rich system, and it’s very involved in our
other body systems.
Those who write about this and report on it in the scientific literature
frequently said that if this were being looked at for the first time, it would be
in all the headlines. ‘Hail. There’s an incredible boon to mankind.’ Because it
can actually work through this natural system and do so many things without
being toxic. So many pain medications are damaging to the stomach, to the
gut.

23
 The cannabis doesn’t hurt the gut. It helps heal the gut. People are so
relieved. There is nothing else that does that. It won’t hurt the organs. It
won’t hurt the liver. It won’t hurt the kidneys. Ibuprofen people can’t stay on
that for months and years. They can stay on cannabis. As we know as well,
there is no known lethal dose for cannabis, whether it’s THC or CBD. A
person couldn’t die from it even if they were trying really, really hard.
There’s nothing you can say that about. It offers so much to people on a
medical level.”

CANNABIS HAS SELF-LIMITING EFFECTS

Too high a dose of THC will trigger anxiety. It can also cause nausea,
confusion and/or disorientation. In severe cases, you might not know where
or who you are. Temporary psychosis can also occur on high doses of THC.
However, these effects are temporary and will resolve once the drug wears
off. Such side effects are actually helpful in that they cause cannabis use to
become self-limiting. People don’t want to feel terrible, so excessive doses
are automatically discouraged by creating adverse reactions. Opiates, on the
other hand, has no such feedback mechanism. People who take too high a
dose simply die in a very relaxed state.
“With opiates, there’s no point at which a person says, ‘This is terrible. I
don’t want to do this.’ There always needs to be more. With cannabis, it does
have that self-limiting effect,” Gedde says.
“We work closely with patients on the dosing. Less works; you want to start
with lower. Because it is an oily medication and it does interact with the
body in a different way, the cannabis can build up in the fatty tissues over
time. We get this build-up effect that’s very beneficial.
We explain this to patients to say, ‘You could start at a certain dose. As you
take that same dose day after day, it’s going to build up for three to four
weeks, so you could wait and see where the build-up effect gets you before
you go to the next level.’ That’s, again, so that they’re not using more than
they need, not having extra side effects. The biggest thing we warn about is
too-high doses of THC that would cause impairment and a very
uncomfortable or unhappy experience.”

24
BENEFITS OF CANNABIS AND SPECIFIC CANNABINOIDS
As mentioned, CBD has no psychoactive activity, and has a long list of
medicinal uses. It’s an excellent muscle relaxer, easing spasms and pain. For
this use, it can be applied topically, although edible versions tend to provide
the deepest and most long-lasting relaxation and pain relief.
THC is famous for settling nausea associated with chemotherapy. According
to Gedde, there’s really nothing a doctor can prescribe that’s as effective as
THC for nausea. It also helps improve digestive function. For this reason,
THC is particularly valuable for digestive disorders such as colitis and
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cannabis has been shown to help
glaucoma by reducing the intraocular pressure. It also helps normalize blood
pressure, although that’s not a valid medical indication for medical cannabis
use in Colorado. As noted by Gedde:
“When you combine the body relaxation and the mental shifts — people talk
about just being able to relax, it brings the stress down — this probably is
part of how it helps blood pressure. But it does help normalize blood
pressure so people are able to reduce their pills. That’s actually one of the
real cautions I do tell people about. If they’re on blood pressure medication
and they add the cannabis, their blood pressure can actually go too low. I
alert them to peel back the blood pressure medications.”
Seizures are a classic indication of use, but you need to be very careful with
the dosing when treating seizures. Gedde has found that CBD tends to be
more difficult to use for seizures than THC, as too much CBD will
exacerbate the seizures. HIV and cancer are other indications for use, as
cannabis helps with sleep, nausea, pain and immune support, and has
anti-tumor activity.
“The ones that aren’t on the qualifying conditions list in Colorado would
include the more psychological diagnosis. THC can induce anxiety if the
dose is wrong or the strain is not compatible with that person. [Still], many
use THC to relieve anxiety. Because we have hundreds of different strains of
Cannabis and cannabis, each of which is slightly different, there is a huge
potential to customize [the drug] for each person.”

25
MEDICINAL CANNABIS IN
WORLD RELIGIONS

INDICA
Indica grows short and bushy. This variety of plant has a highly relaxing and
sleepy effect.

SATIVA
Sativa grows lean and tall. This Strain of cannabis has an energetic effect.
In addition to cannabinoids, there’s a whole other set of compounds in
cannabis called terpenes — the same compounds found in essential oils.
Terpenes are what give each Cannabis strain its unique color and smell.
Some strains smell like lemon. Other strains are purple and smell like
lavender. In fact, the same terpene found in lavender, linalool, which gives
lavender its calming, relaxing potential, is also found in many Cannabis
strains.
There’s a whole range of Cannabis strains known for their calming,
sleep-inducing, relaxing properties, collectively known as “indicas.” Indicas
strains will not induce anxiety. They’re relaxing and stress-reducing. The
sativas are more stimulating and energizing, and resemble caffeine in this
regard. While helpful for anxiety and depression, sativas could produce
paranoia and put you on edge, especially those with post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). When addressing the psychological spectrum, strain
selection is very important.
“Post-traumatic stress is so difficult to treat. PTSD patients, the veterans,
are a huge population we see. We’re in Colorado Springs. There are military
bases here. We see a lot of the veterans who had been overseas. Not only do
they have all they have all the physical injuries, but they have those
psychological injuries.

26
[They can benefit greatly] from choosing the correct strains and be able to
actually get the benefit of that well-known property of THC where it causes
forgetting. THC is known to slow the mind down. You can’t quite think
about the things maybe that you were going to. For a lot of people, in a lot of
settings, that would be an unwelcomed side effect. But when you have
post-traumatic stress and you have intrusive thoughts, to have the mind slow
down and those thoughts just don’t break through and the nightmares don’t
break through, that’s a huge boon. In post-traumatic stress, we see a lot of
good results.”

Gedde stresses the point that CBD and THC work very well in combination,
and while medical cannabis has been primarily THC-based, the availability
of CBD has been a real boon, as CBD helps temper the psychoactivity of the
THC.

“With hemp being grown now and CBD returning to patients, you can
really use the THC in doses that are effective without the psychoactivity,”
she says. “We’ve been telling patients this is a huge boon for everyone. Get
your CBD. Combine it with your THC. It’s everywhere. It’s not restricted
like the THC. Having this DEA action come out really puts that back on its
heels for people who are not in a legal state. Here in Colorado, certainly we
will continue to have CBD and THC, and continue working with them.”

In closing, another point of note is that when the plant is unheated, meaning
raw, it actually does not have THC in it. That’s another one of its remarkable
properties. The plant actually makes THC acid (THCA) and CBDA. So
when you eat it raw, you get the THCA, not THC, which relieves pain and
spasms. THCA is a synergizing agent, but it doesn’t have the psychoactivity
associated with THC.
This means you can consume Cannabis raw and get health benefits without
the psychoactivity. A number of doctors have become proponents of using
raw cannabinoid as a dietary supplement. The key is to not heat the plant. If
it were legal to use recreationally where I live I would grow it and regularly
throw it in my smoothies.

27
DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE
PLANT AND ITS USES

STALK

HEMP STALK

Stalk Hurd Bast Fiber

bio / ethanol animal bedding cordage/rope
paper products mulch netting, canvas
cardboard chemical absorbant carpet, biocomposites
filters fiberboard non-wovens
insulation clothes, shoes, bags
concrete

The Hurd of the stalk can be used to make animal beddings, mulch, fi-
bre-boards, Insulation and HempCrete (Organic Bio-Concrete which is made
without the toxic cement)
The fibres of the stalk provide raw material to produce hemp twine, ropes,
netting, canvas, bio-composites, shoes, bags etc.
The Stalk has the potential to substitute fuel, paper, textiles, plastic,
contruction materials and furniture.

28
LEAVES

The cannabis leaves are rich in some of the medicinal compounds. It is one
of the most important dietary supplement as it activates certain functions in
the body which can prolong our good health.

Cannabis leaves are grinded into paste to produce Bhaang. One of the oldest
methods of using this medicinal plant was to consume its raw leaves.
Later, In Ayurveda, they started to churn these leaves, boil it with milk to be
taken orally and also topically to cure many kinds of pains.
This traditional practice in India goes by the famous drink called Bhaang,
which is celebrated nation wide during Holi, Shiv Raathri, Raam Navami
and any other auspicious time in order to bring peace, joy and a sense of
sharp clarity.

29
COSMETICS
A wide range of healthy cosmetics made from Cannabis While Bhaang is
celebrated occasionally, the most common use is preparing hash for regular
intake, where the medicinal compounds are collected by rubbing it on the

HEMP SEEDS
Hemp seeds contain nutritious polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 80%.
The highest amount found within the plant kingdom.

HEMP WHOLE SEEDS /

HULLED / FLOUR

No other single plant source

provides complete protein in
such an easily digestible
form.
Hemp seeds can be used both
raw and for the oils they
produce.
The nut of the seed can be
used in breads, salads,
granola/cereals, hemp milk/dairy products and protein powder.
Apart from the Nutritional values, hemp seeds can be pressed to produce oils
which can substitute fuel, lubricants, inks, varnishes, paints and cosmetics.

30
FLOWERS
Cannabis flower which is used to smoke or make medicines
The flower produces all the resins and essential compounds which makes
this plant one of the most medicinal herbs known to man.
These compounds activate the endocannabinoid receptors in the human body
which makes sure that ones body and mind will remain in a balanced state.
Archeological studies shows that Cannabis is one of the first plants that
humans started their agriculture upon. And few researchers have discovered
in ancient burial tombs that the habits of smoking the plants
dates back to over
4500BC.
Today, millions of
humans have
smoked the plant
and have
rejuvenated their
minds and bodies.
Many of them
believe that the
cannabis flowers are
also the spiritual
tonic of life, as its
effects of
concentration and
relaxation swirls
oneself into the
depths of mind and
conscious living.
These flowers are also called as Ganja or Bhang in India. India has lost a
cultural value with this plant because most of them have been brainwashed
that it is a bad narcotic drug. But, the world is finally realising the true
powers of these flowers, which can cure any kind of diseases that we know
of.

31
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Cannabis flower which is used to smoke or make medicines
The flower produces all the resins and essential compounds which makes
this plant one of the most medicinal herbs known to man.
These compounds activate the endocannabinoid receptors in the human body
which makes sure that ones body and mind will remain in a balanced state.
Archeological studies shows that Cannabis is one of the first plants that
humans started their agriculture upon. And few researchers have discovered
in ancient burial tombs, the habits of smoking the plants.

WOODEN FURNITURES
Hemp hurd is the
soft inner core of the
hemp stem. It is
highly absorbent and
rich in cellulose
which offers thermal
and acoustic
insulation.

32
HEMP FIBREBOARD
It can be broken down into tiny pieces which can be converted into Fibre-
boards.
*So all our materialist luxuries like beds, cupboards, sofas, wooden chairs,
tables and ply-boards on the walls can be sourced from hemp hurds instead.
The quality of these Hemp Fibreboards are stronger and more durable and by
adopting to this, we can ensure that there is not a single tree cut for our
requirement of Wooden furniture.

PAPER
We are cutting down trees and forests across the world to make paper from
the pulp of the wood. It takes a tree upto 20 years to mature. And just a few
minutes to be cut down.
Deforestation to meet the global supply
of wood, what is the alternative
solution to cutting down millions of
trees every year? Hemp hurds can be
used to make paper.

HEMP PAPER
It doesn’t require any
chemical processing
and can be recycled
upto 7 times, which is
2 times more than the
wooden pulp paper.
And most importantly,
it takes just one acre
of hemp fields to
produce enough paper
which is equivalent to
4 acres of forests, in
just 3 months as
compared to 240 months (20 years) for the trees to mature.

33
HEMP TEXTILES
Hemp fibres are
one of the strongest
fibres known to
man.
If it wasn’t for
these hemp ropes,
no ship would have
ever sailed and the
world as we know
it wouldn’t be here
today! These fibres
have been used throughout our history to make twines, clothes and ropes. Its
stronger than cotton and it requires no chemicals to grow or process it. The
hemp textiles are durable, lasts longer and breathes better than the cotton
alternative.

HEMPCRETE
HempCrete is a
stronger, lighter and
more environmentally
friendly version of
concrete.
Cement is the most
fundamental thing in our
modern life. And it
requires a lot of heat to
produce it.
And to supply cement
for a global demand, a
lot of coal is being burnt
which is adding huge amounts of carbon emission into the atmosphere which
results in all the heat to be trapped inside the earth which is driving the global
warming levels upwards. Cement is one of the largest polluting industry in the
entire world. HempCrete is the future of sustainable living. It requires no heat to
process or produce and it is cheaper, lasts longer and safer for our environment.
34
FUELS
Pollution: Petrol vs Hemp

Can be Procured Domestically

Renewable Resource
Biodegradable
Dangerous to Handle and Store
Could Provide Economic Gain to American Farmers and Industry
Contributes to Global Warming
Toxic Byproducts of Emission
Contributes to Sulfur Pollution (acid rain)
Procurement Pollutes Local Environment
Highly Toxic to Humans and Other Animals

HEMP BIODIESEL VS DIESEL

• Overall ozone (smog) forming potential of biodiesel is less than diesel fuel.
The ozone forming potential of the speciated hydrocarbon emissions was
nearly 50 percent less than that measured for diesel fuel.
• Sulfur emissions are essentially eliminated with pure biodiesel. The
exhaust emissions of sulfur oxides and sulfates (major components of acid
rain) from biodiesel were essentially eliminated compared to sulfur oxides
and sulfates from diesel.
• Criteria pollutants are reduced with biodiesel use. The use of biodiesel in
an unmodified Cummins N14 diesel engine resulted in substantial reductions
of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particu- late matter.
Emissions of nitrogen oxides were slightly increased.
• Carbon Monoxide: The exhaust emissions of carbon monoxide (a
poisonous gas) from biodiesel were 50 percent lower than carbon monoxide
emissions from diesel.

35
• Particulate Matter: Breathing particulate has been shown to be a human
health hazard. The exhaust emissions of particulate matter from biodiesel
were 30 percent lower than overall particulate matter emissions from diesel.
• Hydrocarbons: The exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbons (a contributing
factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) were 93 percent lower
for biodiesel than diesel fuel.
• Nitrogen Oxides: NOx emissions from biodiesel increase or decrease
depending on the engine family and testing procedures. NOx emissions (a
contributing factor in the localized formation of smog and ozone) from pure
(100%) biodiesel increased in this test by 13 percent. However, biodiesel’s
lack of sulfur allows the use of NOx control technologies that cannot be used
with conventional diesel. So, biodiesel NOx emissions can be effectively
managed and efficiently eliminated as a concern of the fuel’s use.
• Biodiesel reduces the health risks associated with petroleum diesel.
Biodiesel emissions showed decreased levels of PAH and nitrited PAH
compounds which have been identified as potential cancer causing
compounds.

In the recent testing, PAH compounds were reduced by 75 to 85 percent,

with the exception of benzo(a)anthracene, which was reduced by roughly 50
percent. Targeted nPAH compounds were also reduced dramatically with
biodiesel fuel, with 2-nitrofluorene and 1-nitropyrene reduced by 90 percent,
and the rest of the nPAH compounds reduced to only trace levels.

ENVIRONMENTAL & SAFETY INFORMATION

• Acute Oral Toxicity/Rates: Biodiesel is nontoxic. The acute oral LD50
(lethal dose) is greater than 17.4 g/Kg body weight. By comparison, table
salt (NaCL) is nearly 10 times more toxic.
• Skin Irritation: A 24-hr. human patch test indicated that undiluted biodiesel
produced very mild irritation. The irritation was less than the result produced
by a 4 percent soap and water solution.

36
Aquatic Toxicity: A 96-hr lethal concentration for bluegill of biodiesel grade
methyl esters was greater than 1000 mg/L. Lethal concentrations at these
levels are generally deemed “insignificant” according to NIOSH (National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) guidelines in its Registry of the
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
• Biodegradability: Biodiesel degrades about four times faster than
petroleum diesel. Within 28 days, pure biodiesel degrades 85 to 88 percent in
water. Dextrose (a test sugar used as the positive control when testing
biodegradability) degraded at the same rate. Blending biodiesel with diesel
fuel accelerates its biodegradability. For example, blends of 20 percent
biodiesel and 80 percent diesel fuel degrade twice as fast as #2 diesel alone.
• Flash Point: The flash point of a fuel is defined as the temperature at which
it will ignite when exposed to a spark or flame. Biodiesel’s flash point is
over 300 deg. Fahrenheit, well above petroleum based diesel fuel’s flash
point of around 125 deg. Fahrenheit. Testing has shown the flash point of
biodiesel blends increases as the percentage of biodiesel increases.
Therefore, biodiesel and blends of biodiesel with petroleum diesel are safer
to store, handle, and use than conventional diesel fuel.
• Ethanol:Although the concept of ethanol as a fuel began as early as the first
Model T car designed by Henry Ford, American usage of ethanol-blended
gasoline did not begin until the late 1970s.
Environmentally, the use of ethanol blends has since assisted in reducing
carbon monoxide emissions as mandated by the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1990.

HEMP ETHANOL VS PETROL

Net Reduction in Ground-level Ozone Forming Emissions: Ground-level
ozone causes human respiratory problems and damages many plants but does
nothing to increase ozone concentration in the stratosphere that protects the
earth from the sun’s ultraviolet radiation. There are many compounds that
react with sunlight to form ground-level ozone, which, in combination with
moisture and particulate matter, creates ‘smog’, the most visible form of air
pollution. These compounds include carbon monoxide, unburned
hydrocarbons, benzene, and nitrogen oxides (nitrous oxide and nitric oxide).

37
In an effort to reduce automobile emissions that contribute to the formation
of ground-level ozone, the highly populated state of California has legislated
stringent automobile emissions standards. Several Canadian urban centers
record similar hazardous exposures to carbon monoxide, especially during
late fall and winter, and would be out of compliance if Canada implemented
air quality legislation equivalent to the U.S. Clean Air Act. In Canada,
southern Ontario, southern British Columbia, and parts of Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick are prone to smog. Using oxygenated fuels, such as ethanol,
is one way of addressing the issue of air pollution.
The net effect of ethanol use results in an overall decrease in ozone forma-
tion. The emissions produced by burning ethanol are less reactive with sun-
light than those produced by burning gasoline, resulting in a lower potential
for forming the damaging ozone. In Canada, where the volatility of ethanol
blends must match normal gasoline, the ozone forming potential of ethanol
blends is even lower than in the U.S., where ethanol blends are allowed to
have increased volatility.
Reduction in Harmful Greenhouse Gases: The ‘Greenhouse Effect’ refers to
the Earth’s atmosphere trapping the sun’s radiation. It is a term often used
synonymously with ‘Global Warming’, which refers to the increasing
average global temperature, arising from an increase in greenhouse gases
from industrial activity and population growth. Greenhouse gases
contributing to the Greenhouse Effect include carbon dioxide, methane, and
nitrogen oxide.
The term ‘Climate Change’ refers to a wide range of changes in weather
patterns that result from global warming. A substantial increase in the Earth’s
average temperature could result in a change in agricultural patterns and
melting of polar ice caps, raising sea levels and causing flooding of
low-lying coastal areas.
The use of ethanol-blended fuels such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline) can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as
37.1%. Ethanol-blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline)
reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9%. By the year 2010, the reductions
for E85 and E10 are projected to be 44.5% and 4.6%, respectively. This
represents only a small percentage of the total greenhouse gas reduction
required from the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that once ethanol is made
from cellulose, the greenhouse gas emissions reductions will further
improve. Hemp produces four times as much cellulose per acre than trees.
38
The term ‘Climate Change’ refers to a wide range of changes in weather
patterns that result from global warming. A substantial increase in the Earth’s
average temperature could result in a change in agricultural patterns and
melting of polar ice caps, raising sea levels and causing flooding of
low-lying coastal areas.
The use of ethanol-blended fuels such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline) can reduce the net emissions of greenhouse gases by as much as
37.1%. Ethanol-blended fuel as E10 (10% ethanol and 90% gasoline)
reduces greenhouse gases by up to 3.9%. By the year 2010, the reductions
for E85 and E10 are projected to be 44.5% and 4.6%, respectively. This
represents only a small percentage of the total greenhouse gas reduction
required from the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that once ethanol is made
from cellulose, the greenhouse gas emissions reductions will further
improve. Hemp produces four times as much cellulose per acre than trees.

HEMP ETHANOL VS PETROL

Reduction in Net Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions: U se of 10% eth-

anol-blended fuels results in a 6-10% net reduction of CO2. The carbon
dioxide released from ethanol production and use is less than that absorbed
by the plants and soil organic matter used to produce ethanol. The carbon
dioxide produced during ethanol production and gasoline combustion is
extracted from the atmosphere by plants for starch and sugar formation
during photosynthesis. It is assimilated by the crop in its roots, stalks and
leaves, which usually return to the soil to maintain organic matter, or in the
grain, the portion currently used to produce ethanol. Over time, the organic
matter breaks down to CO2, but with the implementation of conserva- tion
measures, such as reduced tillage, the soil organic matter will build up.
Therefore, by increasing its organic matter content, the soil acts as a signifi-
cant sink for carbon dioxide.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s):V olatile organic compounds are
highly reactive in the atmosphere, and are significant sources of ground-level
ozone formation. Because ethanol oxygenates the fuel, there is approximate-
ly a 7% overall decrease in exhaust VOC’s emitted from low-level etha-
nol-blended fuels relative to conventional fossil fuels. In high level blends,
the potential for exhaust VOC reduction is 30% or more.

39
MARIJUANA TAXATION
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Particulates: As ethanol contains no sulphur, and
because it promotes more complete fuel combustion, blending gasoline with
ethanol would reduce any potential for these emissions and the adverse
effects of sulphur. In diesel engines, where SO2 and particulates are of con-
cern, the use of ethanol-blended diesel or neat ethanol shows a significant
reduction in these emissions.

REFERENCES
National Biodiesel Board, Fuel Fact Sheet Environmental Benefits Of
Ethanol
Scholarly / Research /thesis Of Medicinal Cannabis By Doctors, Scientists
And Alike.

60 Peer-reviewed Studies On Medical Marijuana Medical Studies Involving

Cannabis And Cannabis Extracts (1990 - 2014)

Sunil Kumar Aggarwal , M.D., Ph.d. Hospice&palliative Medicine

Subspecialist (Cert.-eligible) Physical Medicine&rehabilitation Bd Cert

Dr Uma Dhanabalan

Dr. Sanjay Gupta

How The Cannabis Industry Will Make India A First World Nation With Bio
Fuel, Cement, Food All Ppossible Self Sustaining Hemp/cannabis
Bi-products.

The Economy Boast With The Legalised Sales And The Growth Will Give
Tremendous Results. Https://www.facebook.com/attn/vid-
Eos/1396727147029407/

List Of World Famous Stoners.

Https://www.google.co.in/amp/s/matadornetwork.
Com/nights/41-successful-stoners-time/amp/ 8)David Frawley

40
SOME TAXATION RATES : USA
TAXATION ACROSS THE GLOBE

The Mission of Virapattra and Hempvati, together,

to DELIVER the best QUALITY products and SERVICES at the most
affordable COST

TAXATION INFORMATION : USA

Colorado and Washington have collected marijuana taxes since 2014.

In calendar year 2018, Colorado collected $267 million and Washington
collected $439 million in state marijuana taxes, or roughly 1 percent of state
and local own- source revenue in each state.
Four other states reported a full year’s worth of state marijuana tax revenue
in 2018: Alaska ($15 million), California ($354 million), Nevada ($87
million), and Oregon ($94 million)
There are three ways state and local governments tax marijuana. 1.
Percentage-of-price
2. Weight Based 3. Potency Based

41
STATE TAX INFO

Alaska Per 30 Grams (Approx) : $50 Flower and Bud and $25 for
Immature Flower and Bud and $15 for rest of plant

California 15% State Tax on Retail Sale. Cultivators pay $9.25 per 30 Grams
(approx) flowers and $2.75 per 30 Grams (approx) leaves.
Localities can Levy and Excise Tax on Retail Sales

Colorado 15% State on Retail Sales. 15% Marijuana Tax on contract price for
cultivator. Localities can levy both a retail and/or cultivator tax

District of Columbia Prevented from Taxing sales

7% state tax on gross receipts (cultivator), 10% state excise tax on

retail sales for products with 35% THC or Less, 25% for products
Illinois >35% THC & 20% for cannabis infused products (edibles)

For 0.45Kg Cultivators pay $335 for Flower, $94 for Trim, $1.5 for
Maine Seedling and 0.35$ Seeds

10.75% state excise tax on retail sale. Local excise tax capped at
Massachusetts 3% for retail sales

No Tax System in place as of now. Proposed 10% excise tax on

Michigan retail sale

Nevada 10% Excise tax on retail sales. Localities can levy excise tax on
retail sales

Oregon 17% State excise tax on retail sales. Local excise tax capped at 3%
for retail sales

No Tax System in place

Vermont

Washington 37% state excise tax on retail sale.

42
TAXATION INFORMATION : CANADA
All the provinces and territories except Manitoba (at the time of publication,
Manitoba is negotiating an agreement) executed Coordinated Cannabis
Taxation Agreements (“CCTAs”) with the federal government in 2017

The signatories agreed the combined rate of all federal, provincial, and
territorial cannabis- specific duties and taxes will not exceed the higher of $1
per gram, or 10% of a producer’s selling price.

Federal revenues from the excise duty are capped at $100 million per year
for the 24 months following legalisation.

Recreational cannabis is subject to excise duties (pursuant to newly-enacted

Part IV.1 of the federal Excise Act, 2001), GST/HST, and provincial sales
taxes.

PST, GST/HST, and QST apply at the applicable sales tax rate in the
province of distribution. Manitoba imposes mark-ups on recreational
cannabis but not PST. British Columbia imposes a markup and PST

Some jurisdictions have requested—and received—an adjustment to their

portion of the duties to offset varying sales tax rates in Canadian provinces
and territories

43
Report
REPORT
TAXATION RATES : CANADA

44
 Ayurvedic Herbal Cigarettes with Cannabis

CANNABIS 101
A Classification on the basis of Botany:

CANNABIS SATIVA
Origin: Cannabis sativa is found primarily in hot, dry climates with long
sunny days. These include Africa, Central America, Southeast Asia, and
western portions of Asia.

Plant description: Sativa plants are tall and thin with finger-like leaves. They
can grow taller than 12 feet, and they take longer to mature than some other
types of cannabis.

Typical CBD to THC ratio: Sativa often has lower doses of CBD and higher
doses of THC.

Commonly associated effects of use: Sativa often produces a psychoactive

effect or an energizing, anxiety-reducing effect.

CANNABIS INDICA

Origin: Cannabis indica is native to Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, and Turkey.

The plants have adapted to the often harsh, dry, and turbulent climate of the
Hindu Kush mountains.

Plant description: Indica plants are short and stocky with bushy greenery and
chunky leaves that grow wide and broad. They grow faster than sativa, and
each plant produces more buds.

Typical CBD to THC ratio: Indica strains often have higher levels of CBD
and less THC.

Commonly associated effects of use: Indica is sought after for its intensely
relaxing effects. It may also reduce nausea and pain and increase appetite.

45
HYBRID
Origin: Hybrids are typically grown on farms or greenhouses from a
combination of sativa and indica strains.

Plant description: The appearance of hybrid strains depends on the

combination of the parent plants.

Typical CBD to THC ratio: Many hybrid cannabis plants are grown in order
to increase the THC percentage, but each type has a unique ratio of the two
cannabinoids.

Commonly associated effects of use: Farmers and producers select hybrids

for their unique impacts. They can range from reducing anxiety and stress to
easing symptoms of chemotherapy or radiation.

Popular strains: Hybrids are typically classified as indica-dominant (or

indica-dom), sativa-dominant (sativa-dom), or balanced.

46
B Classification on the basis of Gender

Male Cannabis Plants

Male varieties of Cannabis produce just the pollen that is required to

pollinate the female plant. It does not produce any psychoactive flowers or
seeds. The pollens spread through the air and pollinate the Cannabis females.

Female Cannabis Plants

The female Cannabis produces the flowers which are used for medical and
recreational consumption. These flowers, colloquially known as buds,
possess small glandular structures called trichomes that produce
cannabinoids such as THC and CBD.

Hermaphrodite Cannabis

Hermaphrodites are a type of plant that contains both male and female
flowers, so they will produce buds but they will also pollinate those buds and
the rest of the plants. Plants may naturally become hermaphrodites or be
turned into one due to stress. Both female and male plants can turn.

Uses of cannabis
C

Industrial Use- Industrial Cannabis-Hemp is a variety of Cannabis that is

mainly grown for the purposes of extracting fibres, seeds and stalks with an
intention to supply raw materials to make many bio-products. It is cultivated
densely and hence the plant grows taller – producing lesser branches, lesser
flowers and also lesser psycho-active compounds in its flowers than the
medical varieties of Cannabis.

Medicinal Use- Medical Cannabis Indica is a variety of Cannabis that is

mainly grown for the purposes of creating relaxing effects on the mind and
body that is essential to treat many diseases and illnesses.

47
D Common ways of consumption

Oral Ingestion Juicing

Brewing Tea Smoking
Vaping
Topical Application

E CBD v/s THC- The Legal Test4

THC (Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive compound found in

the cannabis plant. THC strongly binds to receptors in the brain, which is
why those who consume it are more likely to report feeling "euphoria" after
consuming it.

CBD (aka cannabidiol) is the non-psychoactive compound found in the

cannabis plant that is not typically associated with psychoactive effects.

The main difference between CBD and THC is the effects they have:

i. CBD does not bind effectively to our endocannabinoid system - the body’s
unique system that regulates elements such as sleep, appetite and our
immune system.

ii. THC initiates a psychological response via the endocannabinoid system’s

cannabinoid 1 receptors (CBD1), found primarily in the central nervous
system and the brain. When the CB1 receptor is activated, it produces a
psychoactive effect.

The THC content in industrial hemp regulated by international law states

0.3% by dry weight or less. For medical cannabis, the percentages may
hover over 3% and can be up to 10-15% of THC. For recreational purposes,
the percentages are usually above 10%.

48
Cannabis in Ayurveda
Mention of Cannabis in Ayurveda

Book 11, Hymn 6, Verse 15 of Atharva Veda-Samhita

“To the five kingdoms of the plants which Soma rules as Lord we speak.
Darbha, hemp, barley, mighty power: may these deliver us from woe.”

Ayurvedic system of medicine is based on a conceptual medical system which

depends on balancing three functional elements of human body viz. Vayu (air),
Pitta (fire) and Kapha (water and earth). As per Ayurveda, good health
depends on equilibrium between these three factors and imbalance may cause
disease. In India, the properties and use of Cannabis sativa were described by
many ayurvedic physicians before thousands of years.

In Susruta, the well-known treatise on Hindu medicine, cannabis leaves are

recommended along with a number of other drugs as anti phlegmatic, as a
remedy for catarrh accompanied by diarrhoea, and as a cure for biliary fever.
In Rajanirghanta, edited by Narahari Pandita (A.D. 300) and again published
in A.D. 1500, a detailed description was given of the cannabis plant and its
medicinal properties. The drug is described as astringent and soothing, and is
also credited with the power of dissolving phlegm, relieving flatulence,
reducing costiveness, sharpening the memory and exciting the appetite. In
Sarangadhara Samhita, a medical treatise believed to have been written during
the Mohammedan period, the drug is mentioned as a general stimulant. In
Dhurtasamagama (A.D. 1500), ganja is described as a soporific which
"corrects derangements of humours and produces a healthy appetite, sharpens
the wit and act as an aphrodisiac ". In Bhavaprakash (A.D. 1600), cannabis is
mentioned as "antiphlegmatic, pungent, astringent and digestive ".

49
On account of its marked narcotic properties it was probably also used as an
anaesthetic, sometimes combined with alcohol, by the ancient Indian and
Chinese surgeons. Cannabis is also considered to have an aphrodisiac action
by the Hakims and Vaidyas and a number of preparations are mentioned in
the books of these systems for this purpose.

Cannabis finds reference in different forms and in many ancient Indian texts
throughout centuries. The fact that there are almost 40 names by which
Vijaya has been referred to in the texts to describe its morphological and
pharmacological characters itself shows various uses that have been
attributed to it over time. Many of these synonyms are of mythological
origin which suggest their ancient connections with the indian society.
Samgraha granthas p rovide about 191 formulations including both internal
and external usage.

Ayurvedic texts list cannabis as a sub-poisonous plant which when processed

properly and consumed in the prescribed forms with dosages of 125-250 mg,
can reap many benefits. 8,9,10
Sodhana of vijaya (processing of cannabis) has been done in four ways in the
texts:
i. Drying thoroughly washed leaves;
ii. Roasting dried, washed and pressed leaves in direct sun light in ghee;
iii. Fomenting leaves in cow’s milk for three hours, washing with water
thereafter and then being roasted in ghee after drying;
iv. Fomenting leaves in decoction of acacia arabica for 12 minutes in
moderate heat and then drying under direct sunlight to be subsequently
ground to powder with cow’s milk and then dried again.
Sodhana is a the ayurvedic process whereby possible toxic effects of the
plant are removed.

50
Ayurvedic texts list cannabis as a sub-poisonous plant which when
processed properly and consumed in the prescribed forms with dosages of
125-250 mg, can reap many benefits. 8,9,10
Sodhana of vijaya (processing of cannabis) has been done in four ways in the
texts:

i. Drying thoroughly washed leaves;

ii. Roasting dried, washed and pressed leaves in direct sun light in ghee;
iii. Fomenting leaves in cow’s milk for three hours, washing with water
thereafter and then being roasted in ghee after drying;
iv. Fomenting leaves in decoction of acacia arabica for 12 minutes in
moderate heat and then drying under direct sunlight to be subsequently
ground to powder with cow’s milk and then dried again.
Sodhana is a the ayurvedic process whereby possible toxic effects of the
plant are removed
The modern Ayurvedic properties of Cannabis as described by Chopra and
Chopra (1957) are:
paphahari (promoting loosening and elimination of (phlegm), grahini
(promoting retention and binding the bowels), pachani (promoting
digestion), ushna (promoting heat), pitala (exciting the flow of bile),
modavardhani (promoting happiness), vagvardhani (stimulating the digestive
fire), dipani (stimulating appetite), ruchya (promoting taste), nidraprada
(hypnotic). Dwarakanath listed 48 modern Ayurvedic and eight Unani Tibbi
formulas containing Cannabis for a wide range of indications (Dwarakanath,
1965).
On account of its marked narcotic properties it was probably also used as an
anaesthetic, sometimes combined with alcohol, by the ancient Indian and
Chinese surgeons. Cannabis is also considered to have an aphrodisiac action
by the Hakims and Vaidyas and a number of preparations are mentioned in
the books of these systems for this purpose.

Cannabis finds reference in different forms and in many ancient Indian texts
throughout centuries. The fact that there are almost 40 names by which
Vijaya has been referred to in the texts to describe its morphological and
pharmacological characters itself shows various uses that have been

51
origin which suggest their ancient connections with the indian society.
Samgraha granthas p rovide about 191 formulations including both internal
and external usage.

Ayurvedic texts list cannabis as a sub-poisonous plant which when processed

properly and consumed in the prescribed forms with dosages of 125-250 mg,
can reap many benefits. 8,9,10
Sodhana of vijaya (processing of cannabis) has been done in four ways in the
texts:

i. Drying thoroughly washed leaves;

ii. Roasting dried, washed and pressed leaves in direct sun light in ghee;
iii. Fomenting leaves in cow’s milk for three hours, washing with water
thereafter and then being roasted in ghee after drying;
iv. Fomenting leaves in decoction of acacia arabica for 12 minutes in
moderate heat and then drying under direct sunlight to be subsequently
ground to powder with cow’s milk and then dried again.

Sodhana is a the ayurvedic process whereby possible toxic effects of the

plant are removed

The modern Ayurvedic properties of Cannabis as described by Chopra and

Chopra (1957) are:
paphahari (promoting loosening and elimination of (phlegm), grahini
(promoting retention and binding the bowels), pachani (promoting
digestion), ushna (promoting heat), pitala (exciting the flow of bile),
modavardhani (promoting happiness), vagvardhani (stimulating the digestive
fire), dipani (stimulating appetite), ruchya (promoting taste), nidraprada
(hypnotic). Dwarakanath listed 48 modern Ayurvedic and eight Unani Tibbi
formulas containing Cannabis for a wide range of indications (Dwarakanath,
1965).

52
“Dhumpaan” in Ayurveda

Ayurvedic Self-Empowerment model provides a user friendly daily regimen

of self-care procedures for the ‘daily precise detoxification & due
rejuvenation.’ ‘Dhumpan’- Ayurvedic Herbal Smoking (quite popularly
known as ‘Herbal Smoking’) is described within this ‘to do’ list as well as
within plans of treatment.
Ayurvedic Dhumpan: Etymology and Meaning- Dhum Pan compiles two
words – dhum and pana. ‘Dhum’ Meaning Vapor, Mist, Smoke (smoke –
smoke of medicinal drugs here.) ‘Pana’ meaning ‘intake’- the term relating
to therapeutics used in Ayurveda. Dhum Pan consists of the inhalation of
medicated smoke through mouth and/or nose and releasing it only through
the mouth. Smoke should never be exhaled by nostril as a protocol of
Ayurvedic DhumPan.
References about Dhum Pan and concerned herbs are found mainly in the
description of lifestyle, daily regimen within the authentic traditional texts of
Ayurveda, [10-13] viz. Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita, Ashtanga Hriday
Samhita, Ashtanga Samgraha Samhita etc.
Description of Dhumpan is also referred as type of Ayurvedic detoxification
procedure, i.e. Panchakarma called as Nasya-nasal administration of
medicine in the form of inhalation of smoke (Charak Samhita Siddhisthan
Chapter 9 – 89)
Method- Sushrut Samhita Chikitsasthana, chapter 40 – 6
For Dhum Pan, one should sit in a pleasant set up and sitting position. Keep
the body erect, backbone straight and eyes looking at the floor. While
smoking with the mouth, by holding the mouthpiece of dhuma apparatus
between two lips, the dhum should be sucked by mouth and then inhaled.
This can be followed by smoking through one nostril while closing the other
one. In either case a person should exhale strictly through mouth only with a
wide open mouth. If exhaled through the nose, smoke harms the vision by
vitiating eyes.

Cannabis 1. Indian Anticonvulsant, 1.Bhavprakash

Hemp Antispasmodic, cough, cold nighantu,
2. Cannabis and asthma, diarrhea and 2. Ayurveda
Sativa Linn. IBS, anorexia, Chintamani
3. Cannabis tetanus,hydrophobia, senile
Indica Lam. insomnia, ovarian irritation,
cholera etc.
53
Dhumpan and Cannabis ( Annexure 2,3)
Formulation Description/ Contraindications
Types Reference
/Ritual/Herb Main Indications Avoid if you have-

Dhumpan 1. "Snigdha"- Cough, Cold, 1. High pitta dosha in 1. Astang

means with Asthma, body Hridayam Sutra
lubrication (using Hoarseness of Sthanam Chapter
lipids, ghee and voice, Bad 2. Bleeding disorders -21
medicated oil). smell of mouth
It is suggested for and nose, 3. Some special type 2. Charak
all “vata diseases” Paleness of of diabetes samhita Sutra
ie. above the face, Hair sthan Chapter -5
jatruasthi (clavicle) problems, 4. Eye diseases like Shloka 20 to 55
eg. degenerative Discharge from timir
diseases of the ear, eye and 3. Sadangdhar
brain, insomnia, mouth, Itching, 5. Acidity samhinta Uttar
dryness of nose , Pain, Stiffness, khand Chapter-9
dryness of eye, Hiccup, 6. Flatulence
headache with Napping, Brain,
recurring pain. psychological 7. Throat disease like
and ENT rohini (diphtheria)
2. "Madhya"- disorders etc.
means medium or 8. Ayurveda
not as lubricated medicated anema
and sharp. (basti)
Suggested in
diseases having 9. Fish, curd , milk,
“vata + kapha” heavy oily food in
dosha, like your meal
sinusitis.
10.Consumed poison
3. "Tikshana"
means very sharp 11. Severe head
and penetrating. injury
Suggested in
“kapha diseases”, 12. Anaemia
like over sleeping,
heaviness in head 13. Insomnia
etc.

54
Studies and Roadblocks

Important studies-

1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Part-I, Volume-I and National Institute of

Drug Abuse 12

Bhang (Cannabis sativa) is included in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Part-I,

Volume-I and National Institute of Drug Abuse .
As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Part-I, Volume-I, bhang is Vijaya and
consists of dried leaves of cultivated or wild plants of Cannabis sativa Linn.
(Fam Cannabaceae). In Ayurveda, it has different names are Bhanga,
Madani, Bhan, Sidhi, Indian Hemp, Bhaang, Bhang, Bhangigida, Ganjagida,
Pang, Bangi, Kanchavu, Ganja, Ganjei and Qinaab.
The Ayurvedic formulations are Jatiphaladi churna and Madanananda
modaka. Its therapeutic uses are for: Â Agnimandya (in which food is not
properly digested due to the diminished power of Jatharagni) Â Atisara
(acute diarrhea) Â Grahaniroga (irritable bowel syndrome) Â Klaibya
(erectile dysfunction) Â Anidra (insomnia). It is prescribed in a dose of
125-250 mg of the drug in powder form.

The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report, 1894

The Report covers the issues of physical, mental, and moral effects of hemp
drugs, although the topics of cultivation, processing, and administrative
control schemes make up significant portions of the work itself.
The commission concluded that a total prohibition of the cultivation of the
hemp plant for narcotics ‘is neither necessary nor expedient in consideration
of their ascertained effects, of the prevalence of the habit of using them, of
the social and religious feeling of the subject, and of the possibility of its
driving the consumers to have recourse to other stimulants or narcotics
which may be more deleterious’.

55
b. Other Findings
Several studies and clinical trials are investigating the potential
pain-relieving properties and mechanisms of action of substances in
cannabis, including minor cannabinoids (those other than THC). The goal of
these studies is to strengthen the evidence regarding cannabis components
and whether they have potential roles in pain management.
Some of these are-

1. Cancer Pain-
Cannabis and cannabinoid medicines, as modulators of the endocannabinoid
system, offer novel therapeutic options for the treatment of cancer-related
pain, not only for patients who do not respond to conventional therapies, but
also for patients who prefer to try cannabis as a first treatment option.14
The administration of single oral doses of THC to patients with cancer pain
demonstrated a mild analgesic effect15

2. Pain-
Cannabinoids have shown significant promise in basic experiments on pain.
Peripheral nerves that detect pain sensations contain abundant receptors for
cannabinoids, and cannabinoids appear to block peripheral nerve pain in
experimental animals. Even more encouraging, basic studies suggest that
opiates and cannabinoids suppress pain through different mechanisms.

56
Legal Perspective
What’s legal?

India’s Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act from 1985 clearly
lists cannabis as a narcotic drug. It, however, only prohibits the consumption
of certain parts and preparations from the cannabis plant, namely the flower
and resin created from the plant or its buds. Whereas the production of
products made with cannabis seeds and
As enumerated in “the National Policy on Narcotic Drugs and Substances”,
Bhang made from cannabis leaves is not covered in the definition of Cannabis
and State governments have power to make rules for the same. Several states
permit the production and sale of Bhang by licensed shops only. Whoever is so
licensed to produce Bhang is allowed to produce it from the leaves of the
wildly grown cannabis plants only.

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) 1985 and NDPS

Rules-18,19

Indian government passed the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

(NDPS) Act in 1985. The Act maintained the same definition of cannabis,
excluding bhang from its purview. According to section 2(iii) of the NDPS
Act, “cannabis (hemp)” means:

(a) Charas, the separated resin, in whatever form, whether crude or purified,
obtained from the cannabis plant and also includes concentrated preparation
and resin known as hashish oil or liquid hashish;

(b) Ganja, the flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant (excluding the
seeds and leaves when not accompanied by the tops), by whatever name they
may be known or designated; and

(c) Any mixture, with or without any neutral material, of any of the above
forms of cannabis or any drink prepared therefrom.

57
NDPS also banned the production and sale of cannabis resin and flowers, but
permitted the use of leaves and seeds, allowing the states to regulate the latter.

Section 14 of the NDPS Act empowers the Government to, by general or special
order, permit cultivation of cannabis exclusively for horticultural and industrial
purposes.

c. Drugs & Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Drugs & Cosmetics, Rules 1945- 20,21

Manufacture and quality control of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani Medicines

come under the purview of Drugs & Cosmetics Act and Drugs & Cosmetics
Rules.

d. Labelling/ Packaging
As per Rule 161(2) of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, the container of a medicine for
internal use made up ready for the treatment of human ailments shall, if it is
made up from a substance specified in Schedule E(1), be labelled conspicuously
with the words ‘Caution: to be taken under medical supervision’ both English
and Hindi languages. Cannabis Sativa is a Schedule E(1) drug under the Drugs
& Cosmetics Rules, 1945.

e. Import
1. Ordinarily, as per Rule 53, NDPS Rules, Narcotic Drugs (which includes
Cannabis) may not be imported into and exported out of India, however, under
Rule 56, the Narcotics Commissioner may issue an import certificate, on an
application being made.
2. The application must be accompanied by the excise certificate issued by the
State Government.
3. As per the Plant Quarantine Order, 2003,issued by the Directorate of Plant
Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare, Government of India, cannabis sativa is a Schedule VII item, which
means that an import permit is not required for the same, and import is
permissible on the basis of

58
‘phytosanitary certificate’ issued by the exporting country, and the inspection
conducted by the Plant Protection Adviser or officers authorized by him, and
fumigation, if required.

4. A Pest Risk Analysis or a Plant Quarantine Clearance is not required

for cannabis sativa.

f. Manufacturing Licence

1. According to Rule 153 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules,1945, an application

for the grant or renewal of a licence to manufacture for sale any Ayurvedic
(including Siddha) or Unani drugs shall be made in Form 24D to the
Licencing Authority.

2. Rule 154 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945 states that- subject to the
conditions of rule 157 being fulfilled, a licence to manufacture for sale any
Ayurvedic (including Siddha) or Unani drugs shall be issued in Form 25D.
The licence shall be issued within a period of three months from the date of
receipt of the application licensing authority along with a fee of rupees one
thousand

3. Rule156 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules,1945 lays down rules for

procurement of original license in Form 25D or a renewal licence in Form
26D. The licence shall be valid for a period of three years from the date of its
issue if not suspended or cancelled before time.

4. Rule 157 of Drugs & Cosmetics Rules, 1945 enumerates the following
conditions to be fulfilled before a licence is granted-

(1) The manufacture of Ayurvedic (including Siddha) or Unani drugs shall be

carried out in such premises and under such hygienic conditions as are
specified in Schedule T.

59
(2) It shall be conducted under the direction and supervision of competent
technical staff consisting at least of one person, who is a full-time employee
and who possesses the qualifications mentioned in this sub clause.

g. Cultivation of Cannabis

1. Section 8 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 19852

(hereinafter referred to as the ‘NDPS Act’), states that “no person shall
cultivate any cannabis plant or produce, manufacture, possess, sell, purchase,
transport, warehouse, use, consume, import inter-State, export inter-State,
import into India, export from India or tranship any narcotic drug or
psychotropic substance, except for medicinal or scientific purposes, in the
manner and to the extent provided by the provisions of the Act and the rules
thereunder.”

2. Under Section 9(v) of the NDPS Act, the Central Government may permit
and regulate the manufacture of manufactured drugs, Medicinal Cannabis
being one such drug.

3. As per Section 10 (a)(iii), NDPS Act, State Government may by rules,

permit and regulate the cultivation of any Cannabis plant, production,
manufacture, possession, transport, import inter- State, export inter-State,
sale, purchase, consumption or use of Cannabis. Further, under Section 14,
Government may allow cultivation of any Cannabis plant for industrial
purposes only of obtaining fibre or seed or for horticultural purposes.

4. Under Rule 36(3), Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Rules,

1985 (hereinafter referred to as ‘NDPS Rules’), the State Government may
grant license for the manufacture of medicinal hemp. Therefore, Cannabis
may be cultivated in India, only with the prior approval of the Government,
and the same may be done only for medicinal purposes.

60
Process to procure licence-

1. Application must be made to the State Government for a license under

Rule 36(3) of the NDPS Rules for grant of license. Since only three states
have started granting licenses for the cultivation of cannabis, it is not clear to
whom the application shall be made in other states. The three states that
presently have a policy on hemp cultivation are Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
and Madhya Pradesh. In Uttarakhand the application shall be made to the
District Magistrate, whereas in UP and MP, the application has to be made to
the Excise Department.

2. For grant of import license, first an application shall be made to the State
Government for the issue of an excise certificate. This certificate shall
accompany the application being made to the Narcotics Commissioner for
import.

3. For the manufacture and sale of ayurvedic drugs containing Cannabis, an

application for grant of license (under Form 24-A), shall be made to the
Licencing Authority22 notified by the State Government under the Drugs
and Cosmetics Act. For example, in Karnataka the application will have to
be made to the Drug Controller, Drugs Control Department which is under
the aegis of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

4. The composition, benefits and manner of use of the medicines, or the

cigarettes will have to be demonstrated. It is advisable that the opinion of an
expert on Ayurvedic medicines be sought for precise instructions regarding
the same.

5. The clinical trials shall be conducted to comply with Rule 158(B) of the
Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. The clinical trials must be conducted in
accordance with the guidelines laid down by the Indian Council of Medical
Research.

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Certifications-

GMP Certification: Good Manufacturing Practice

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is a framework whereby it is

guaranteed that the items are reliably produced and controlled as per the
quality principles norm as recommended in accordance with the WHO. The
aim behind such certification is to limit the dangers associated with any
pharmaceutical creation.

Certificate of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) demonstrates that the

pharmaceutical manufacturing organization has gone through the
examination and passed it conducted by the regulatory body of that country
and is sheltered even to be traded and it guarantees that the item fulfils the
guidelines of good manufacturing practices as expressed by the WHO.

CoPP: Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product

The COPP is the authoritative document that confirms the manufacturing

organization having this certificate is legitimately permitted to sell their
pharmaceutical item in the nation they are manufacturing in. In situations
where the pharmaceutical item is to be registered in a foreign country the
administration body responsible for approving the application will request
COPP to guarantee that the item is being sold as a commercial finished
product in the nation that is producing it.

h. THC Threshold

Presently the only guidance that is available from the Government is from
the State of Uttarakhand where the cultivation of Cannabis is permissible on
the condition that the THC content remains up to 0.3 percent. The 0.3
percent threshold seems to be borrowed from the Agriculture Improvement
Act, 2018 in the USA which prescribes this limit.24Through the AIA, 2018,
the Controlled Substances Act,1970 was amended to exclude hemp plants
containing under 0.3% THC.

62
However, there is no such restriction in the NDPS Act, or the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act. Therefore, individual states are at liberty to issue their own
guidelines on the same with higher thresholds. Among the three states
(Uttarakhand, UP and MP) which have permitted cultivation of cannabis, only
Uttarakhand has set a threshold for acceptable THC levels.

Certifications-

GMP Certification: Good Manufacturing Practice

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is a framework whereby it is guaranteed
that the items are reliably produced and controlled as per the quality principles
norm as recommended in accordance with the WHO. The aim behind such
certification is to limit the dangers associated with any pharmaceutical creation.

Certificate of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) demonstrates that the

pharmaceutical manufacturing organization has gone through the examination
and passed it conducted by the regulatory body of that country and is sheltered
even to be traded and it guarantees that the item fulfils the guidelines of good
manufacturing practices as expressed by the WHO.
CoPP: Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product23
The COPP is the authoritative document that confirms the manufacturing
organization having this certificate is legitimately permitted to sell their
pharmaceutical item in the nation they are manufacturing in. In situations where
the pharmaceutical item is to be registered in a foreign country the administration
body responsible for approving the application will request COPP to guarantee
that the item is being sold as a commercial finished product in the nation that is
producing it.

h. THC Threshold
Presently the only guidance that is available from the Government is from the
State of Uttarakhand where the cultivation of Cannabis is permissible on the
condition that the THC content remains up to 0.3 percent. The 0.3 percent
threshold seems to be borrowed from the Agriculture Improvement Act, 2018 in
the USA which prescribes this limit.24Through the AIA, 2018, the Controlled
Substances Act,1970 was amended to exclude hemp plants containing under
0.3% THC.

63
However, there is no such restriction in the NDPS Act, or the Drugs and
Cosmetics Act. Therefore, individual states are at liberty to issue their own
guidelines on the same with higher thresholds. Among the three states
(Uttarakhand, UP and MP) which have permitted cultivation of cannabis,
only Uttarakhand has set a threshold for acceptable THC levels.

AYUSH Guidelines

Drug Development- The “General Guidelines for Drug Development of

Ayurvedic
Formulations” lays down standards and processes to be followed with
respect to-

1. Bioactive ingredients and synthetic modifications of it

2. Evaluation of safety and efficacy
3. Regulatory approval of the therapeutic agent in case of a new drug.
4. Clinical Trials

Toxicity Tests-

The “General Guidelines for Safety/Toxicity Evaluation of Ayurvedic

Formulations” lays down rules and processes to be followed at different
stages of drug development. It also addresses system specific issues for
conducting safety/toxicity studies of ASU drugs.

Clinical Evaluation

The “General Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation of Ayurvedic Interventions”

provides standards and rules in the areas of clinical research, validation of
the fundamental principles of Ayurveda; Validation and development of
diagnostic/assessment tools, standardization and validation of the therapy/
procedures; to establish dosage form, dose, duration, indication of any given
drug as per the classics and to develop new regimen.

64
Industry Position
a. Institution with license for cultivating cannabis
The Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) has taken legal license to
cultivate cannabis for scientific and medical research purposes to develop
products for epilepsy and cancer treatment.

b. Organizations with license to cultivate cannabis (Industrial Use)

Zestha Biotech

c. Organizations with license to manufacture ayurvedic medicine with

cannabis
Hempcann- Orissa- Vedi Clinic- Bangalore Hempstreet- Delhi

d. Organizations with license to manufacture ayurvedic herbal cigarettes

Mea Ame- Herbal Cigarettes

65
ANNEXURES

Ministry of AYUSH’s response to RTI filed by Heart Care Foundation of

India on 12.8.19

66
Mention of “Cannabis” or “Bhanga” in Bhavprakash Nighantu

67
68
Ministry of AYUSH’s response to RTI filed by Heart Care Foundation of
India on 12.8.19

69
- HEMPVATI