COMMUNISM

TERMENOLOGIES: COMMUNISIM
 COMMUNISM is a philosophical, social, political, economic
SOCIALISM ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the
establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic
 A system that advocates the state ownership of order structured upon the ideas of common ownership of the
land, industry and capital. Communism is a branch means of production and the absence of social classes, money
of socialism. and the state.
CAPITALISM  Since its start a century ago, COMMUNISM, a political and
economic ideology that calls for a classless, government-
 Economic system in which individuals or controlled society in which everything is shared equally, has
corporations own land and means of production. seen a series of surges-and declines. What started in 1917
Russia, became a global revolution, taking root in countries as
BOURGEOIS far flung as CHINA and KOREA to KENYA and SUDAN to
CUBA and NICARAGUA.
 The middle-class/upper-class, or the owners of
land and means of production.
 COMMUNISM launched from Lenin's October Revolution
PROLETARIAT and spread to China with Mao Zedong's rise to power and to
Cuba, with FIDEL CASTRO’S takeover. It was the ideology
 The working-class behind one side of the Cold War and saw a symbolic decline
with the fall of the BERLIN WALL. Today just a handful of
KULAK countries remain under communist rule. Below is a timeline of
notable events that shaped Communism's arc in history.
 Wealthy peasants
FEBUARY 21, 1848
BOLSHEVIKS/BOLSHEVISTS
 German economist and philosopher Karl Marx and Friedrich
 Russian word for "majority." Also, the political Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, calling for a
party that spawned the Bolshevik Revolution, working-class revolt against capitalism. Its motto, "Workers of
effectively introducing communism in Russia. the world, unite!" quickly became a rallying cry.
MENSHEVIKS NOVEMBER 7, 1917
 By definition, "minority," although this Russian  With Vladimir Lenin at the helm, the Bolsheviks, ascribing to
party had many more supporters than the Marxism, seize power during Russia's October Revolution
Bolsheviks when Lenin returned to Russia in 1917. and become the first communist government. Later that month,
the leftist Socialist Revolutionaries defeat the Bolsheviks in an
REDS election, but, despite his promises of "bread, land and peace,"
Lenin uses military force to take power. It's during this period
 Communist/Bolshevik supporters. Also, "red" is a the RED TERROR (executions of the Czar's officials),
derogatory term to describe communists. prisoner-of-war labor camps and other police state tactics are
established.
WHITES
 Those opposed to the Bolshevik regime's takeover JULY 1, 1921
GULAGS  Inspired by the Russian Revolution, the Communist Party of
China is formed.
 Russian slave labor camps JANUARY 21, 1924
UTOPIA  Lenin dies at AGE 54 of a stroke, and Joseph Stalin, who had
served as Lenin's general secretary, eventually takes over
 A perfect place, in reference to social, moral and official rule of the SOVIET UNION until his death in 1953
political issues. from a brain hemorrhage. He industrialized the country through
a state-controlled economy, but it led to famine. Under his
regime, detractors were deported or imprisoned in labor camps,
and, as part of the GREAT PURGE, 1 million people were
executed under Stalin's orders.
1940 to 1979 OCTOBER 1, 1949
 COMMUNISM is established by force or otherwise in  Following a CIVIL WAR, China's Communist Party
 Estonia leader, Mao Zedong declares his creation of the
 Latvia People's Republic of China, leading the United States
 Lithuania to end diplomatic ties with the Peoples Republic of
 Yugoslavia China (PRC) for decades.
 Poland
 North Korea JULY 5, 1950
 Albania
 Bulgaria  Leading United Nations forces, the first troops engage
 Romania in the Korean War, after communist North Korea
 Czechoslovakia invaded South Korea with the intent of creating a
 East Germany unified communist state. The war would last until July
 Hungary 27, 1953, with North Korea, China and the United
 China Nations signing an armistice agreement.
 Tibet
 North Vietnam APRIL 25, 1976
 Guinea
 Cuba  Following the fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam
 Yemen War, South Vietnam's capital is seized by communist
 Kenya forces. A few months later, in July, the nation is
 Sudan reunified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam under
 Congo communist rule.
 Burma
 Angola OCTOBER 25, 1983
 Benin
 Cape Verde  The United States invades Grenada under orders of
 Laos President Ronald Reagan to secure the safety of
 Kampuchea American nationals under the country's communist
 Madagascar regime, led by Prime Minister Maurice Bishop. The
 Mozambique pro-Marxist government was overthrown in about a
 South Vietnam week.
 Somalia
 Seychelles JUNE 4, 1989
 Afghanistan
 Grenada  After weeks of protests, the Communist Chinese
 Nicaragua and others. Government sends in its military to fire on
demonstrators calling for democracy in Beijing's
Tiananmen Square. The bloody violence ends in
COLD WAR BEGINS hundreds to thousands of deaths (no official death toll
was ever released).
MAY 9, 1945
BERLIN WALL FALLS, SOVIET UNION
 The U.S.S.R. declares victory over Nazi Germany in DISSOLVED
WORLD WAR II. With Japan's defeat, KOREA
becomes divided into the communist North (which the NOVEMBER 9, 1989
Soviets occupied) and the South (which had been
occupied by the United States).  The Berlin Wall-that separated communist East Berlin
from democratic West Berlin for nearly 30 years-falls.
MARCH 12, 1947 The years 1989-90 see the COLLAPSE OF
COMMUNIST regimes in Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
 President Harry S. Truman addresses Congress in what Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Benin, Mozambique,
would come to be known as the TRUMAN DOCTRINE, Nicaragua and Yemen.
calling for the containment of communism, and later,
leading to U.S. entry into wars in Vietnam and Korea to DECEMBER 25, 1991
provide defense from communist takeovers. The doctrine
becomes the basis for America's Cold War policy.  With the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev, the
Soviet Union is dissolved. New Russian President
MARCH 5, 1946 Boris Yeltsin bans the Communist Party.
COMMUNISM SOON ENDS in Afghanistan,
 Great Britain Prime Minister Winston Churchill Albania, Angola, Congo, Kenya, Yugoslavia and other
makes his famous "Iron Curtain" speech in Missouri, nations. China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam remain UNDER
alerting Americans to the division between the Soviet COMMUNIST RULE. North Korea remains
Union and the Western allies. NOMINALLY COMMUNIST, although the North
Korean government doesn't call itself communist

Marx also detailed the 10 ESSENTIAL TENETS OF

COMMUNISM NAMELY:
 Central banking system
 Government controlled education
 Government controlled labor
 Government ownership of transportation and
communication vehicles
 Government ownership of agricultural means and factories
 Total abolition of private property
 Property rights confiscation
 Heavy income tax on everyone Elimination of rights of
inheritance
 Regional planning
 In the communist society that MARX described, the
government has supreme authority through its total control
of land and means of production. Because the government
distributes land and property among the people,
communism sets a standard of equality both economically
and socially among its followers.
 FEDERALISM
FEDERALISM
Federalism is a system of government in which the power is
divided between a central authority and various constituent
units of the country.
 Usually, a federation has two levels of government.
 One is the government for the entire country that is
usually responsible for a few subjects of common
national interest.
 The others are governments at the level of provinces or
states that look after much of the day-to-day
administering of their state.
 Both these levels of governments enjoy their power
independent of the other.
 The political principles that animate federal systems
emphasize the primacy of bargaining and negotiated
coordination among several power centres; they stress
the virtues of dispersed power centres as a means for
safeguarding individual and local liberties.
 The various political systems that call themselves federal
differ in many ways. Certain characteristics and
principles, however, are common to all truly FEDERAL
SYSTEM.
 FIRST, the federal relationship must be established or
confirmed through a perpetual covenant of union, usually
embodied in a written constitution that outlines the terms
by which power is divided or shared; the constitution can
be altered only by extraordinary procedures.
 These constitutions are distinctive in being not simply
compacts between rulers and ruled but involving the
people, the general government, and the states
constituting the federal union. The constituent states,
moreover, often retain constitution making rights of their
own.
LASTING FREEDOM, PEACE AND
PROSPERITY COME FROM ADHERING TO
THE LAWS OF NATURE
 Federal
 State
 Country
 Local
KEYS FEATURE OF FEDELISM
1. There are two or more levels (or tiers) of government.
2. Different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but
each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of
legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of
government are specified in the constitution. So, the
existence and authority of each tier of government is
constitutionally guaranteed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be
unilaterally changed by one level of government. Such
changes require the consent of both the levels of government
5. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the
powers of different levels of government. The highest court
acts as an umpire if disputes arise between different levels
of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
6. Sources of revenue for each level of government are
clearly specified to ensure its financial autonomy.
7. The federal system thus has dual objectives: to safeguard
and promote unity of the country, while at the same time
accommodate regional diversity
Therefore, two aspects are crucial for the
institutions and practice of federalism
1. Governments at different levels should agree to some
rules of power sharing.
2. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of
the agreement.
 An ideal federal system has both aspects: mutual
trust and agreement to live together.
BALANCE OF POWER
 The exact balance of power between the central and the
state government varies from one federation to another.
This balance depends mainly on the historical context in
which the federation was formed.
There are two kinds of routes through which
federations have been formed.
 The FIRST ROUTE involves independent States
coming together on their own to form a bigger unit, so
that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they
can increase their security. This type of 'coming together
federations include the USA, Switzerland and
Australia. In this first category of federations, all the
constituent States usually have equal power and are
strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
 The SECOND ROUTE is where a large country
decides to divide its power between the constituent
States and the national government. India, Spain and
Belgium are examples of this kind of 'holding together
federations. In this second category, the central
government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the
States. Very often different constituent units of the
federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted
special powers.
LIST OF JURISDICTIONS  FEDERALISM also causes disunity due to
diversity in language, culture, religion and
 UNION LIST includes subjects of national importance such economy. This normally causes disintegration and
as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, internal conflicts among different states (Dye,
communications and currency. They are included in this list 114). The state and the nation always evade
because we need a uniform policy on these matters responsibility especially when it comes to dealing
throughout the country. The UNION GOVERNMENT alone with environmental issues such as cleaning up of
can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union Great lakes. FEDERALISM is costly as a lot of
List. money is required to maintain the two
governments.
 STATE LIST contains subjects of State and Local
importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and METHODS OF DEALING WITH PROBLEM
irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws. OF FEDERALISM
ADVANTAGES OF FEDERALISM  Each citizen of any particular state shall be entitled
to equal rights, privileges and immunities.
 FEDERALISM PROMOTES UNITY the system provides  Each state shall give full credit and be faithful to
a united national government deal in matters such as finance, judicial proceedings, public records and public
defense, regulation of business and foreign affairs. Each state actions of all other states.
has the power to trail policies that the citizens consider more  Each state shall grant extradition for fugitives who
important. Dispersing government power between the state reside in a foreign state and had committed crime
and the nation offers greater protection against emergence of in their resident. They will have to face legal
tyrannical government. charges for their actions in whichever state they are
 FEDERALISM promotes efficiency of government: in.
distribution of power between the state and nation provides  National government shall issue grants to states to
division of work and specialization of functions. Thus, each aid in state development. Each state will receive
unit can exercise functions that they are well suited which 22% to 28% funds annually to spend in
promotes efficiency. development.
 States shall make agreement on how to deal with
 FEDERALISM test policies and training of leaders. It is common problems that they face.
possible to test different policies in a country that has local
and state government. If the policy proves to be beneficial,
then it can be expanded to be used nationwide. It also offers
opportunity to test the courage of selected leaders and to
prove whether they are responsible.
 FEDERALISM promotes liberty and self-governance. The
system causes government to have control of itself because of
great rivalry of power between the state and the nation. An
action of one government is always opposed by other
government to enforce civil rights in Southern states.
DISADVANTAGE OF FEDERALISM
 Many people avoid following laws such as paying of sales
taxes to state due to federalism. There are those who purchase
goods in neighboring state to escape sales tax in a particular
state.
 It is difficult to enforce law on criminals because of
federalism. This is because most people after they have
committed a crime in a particular state, they escape and move
to other states. Different states also have different laws
making it hard to enforce law on visitors who had moved in
the state.
 There are increased interstate conflicts due to federalism.
There are some states which pursue policies which frustrate
national policy because they cause them to sacrifice some of
their interests to local interests such as segregation. States
also engage in economic competition which causes economic
warfare amongst them.
 PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTAL
SYSTEM

BASIC GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE ADVANTAGES OF PARLIAMENTARY

EXECUTIVE BRANCH SYSTEMS
 Elaborate, coordinate and implement legislature's 1. Unified Government
decisions
 Sets agenda and priorities of government  Greater intra-party discipline/cooperation
 Directs state ministries and departments  Support of majority of Parliament is reaffirmed
 Executive and Legislature overlap - high
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH (governing body) coordination
 Assemblies of representatives - usually directly elected. 2. No veto power and typically no judicial review
 Writes, reviews, debates, approves laws - legislation
may come from executive 3. Clear lines of responsibility
 Oversee the Executive Branch - review, scrutinize,  Governing party is responsible for blame/reward of
criticize government policies, decisions, consequences.
JUDICIAL BRANCH (legal body) DISADVANTAGE OF PARLIAMENTARY
 Intended to be "above" politics - neutral and impartial. SYSTEMS
 Legal Institutions monitoring and enforcing laws - 1. Limited Separation of Powers (Cabinet)
interpret and rule on disputes
 Courts. Judges & supporting staff (Judiciary) 2. Judicial review and veto power can prevent bad
legislation - but are limited/absent in Parliament
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS
3. Minority parties and rights can be trampled
 Only one elected body - the Parliament. Example: Arbitrarily limiting debate (majority party)
 Its bills/resolutions are law.
4. In absence of a "majority" government, instability
ELECTED LEGISLATIVE PARTIALMENT can be constant.
Representative (MP’s) but can Meet in whole/committee  Coalitions usually formed
be more than one house  Repeated political crises of "confidence" votes
APPOINTED EXECUTIVE CABINET COMMITTEES
Minister (usually drawn from Direct/Oversee Department  NON-PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM are
MP’s) committee dominated they have the power, and
they can easily obstruct the work of government.
APPOINTED JUDICIARY (Courts) Strong committees in a PARLIAMENTARY
SYSTEM would weaken central unity.
Judges Appointed by Cabinet Usually, Independent  STRONG LEADERSHIP is important to
Judiciary parliamentary systems.
 Consequently, in Britain, for example, there are no
standing committees per se, but ad hoc committees
PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS EXECUTIVE for each bill. No permanent staff and no open
hearings, etc.
 Executive power is held in a CABINET  The parliament itself tries to maintain the
open spirit of debate.
 Cabinet only serves as long as there is confidence from the
parliament.
 A "Vote of Confidence" can be called at any time,
and a majority vote can unseat the existing cabinet
"government fails" - this requires that a new
government be formed
 But the CABINET can also hold the parliament in
check. THE LEADER OF CABINET (Prime
minister, premiere, etc.) can disband a parliament and
call for NEW ELECTIONS.

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
 The key distinction is the SEPARATION OF
POWERS.
 Separation of Powers
(Executive/Legislative do not overlap)
 Doctrine and Checks and Balances
Executive + Legislative + Judiciary must
pass a bill before it comes into force of
law
 Differences in party systems, structures, politics
and electoral processes.
CONTRAST BETWEEN SYSTEMS
PARLIAMENTAEY SYSTEM
POLICY ISSUES
 Leadership more diffuse
 Responsibility very clear
 Comprehensive legislation and practices easier to achieve
GOVERNMENT LEADERS
 PM-Leader of political party with most seats
 Party leader appeals to party members
 Heavy power in PM's Office
DISCOURSE/DEBATES
 Take place between elected members along party lines
 To pass a bill public discussion can be limited
 Can you spot why?
 Executive & Legislature are by structure and definition
cooperative
 Cooperation is the norm.
SYMBOLIC/POLITICAL ASPECTS
 Elections may happen at any time
 Head of State is somebody else Executive is not directly elected
 Between elections there is recourse for removing government
from power
NOT NECESSARILY DEMOCARTIC
 May be powerless in an authoritarian state
 Elections /= Democracy

PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEM
POLICY ISSUES
 Leadership Very High
 Responsibility harder to attribute
 Comprehensive legislation & practices harder to achieve
GOVERNMENT LEADERS
 Directly elected president
 President must appeal to majority of voters
 Head of legislative houses by number of party seats
 Heavy power in president BUT: Pres. Can be blocked ("Lame
Duck President")
DISCOURSE/DEBATES
 Takes place between elected members
 Takes place between Executive and Legislature
 To pass a bill public discussion must take place
 Executive & Legislature may be cooperative but are by
structure & definition a "check & balance"
 Confrontation is the norm
SYMBOLIC/POLITICAL ASPECTS
 Elections are on fixed dates
 Head of State is usually President Executive is directly elected
(partially)
 Between elections there is little recourse to removing
government from power
NOT NECESSARILY DEMOCRATIC
 May be powerless in an authoritarian state
 Elections/= Democracy
 KUWAIT GOVERNMENT
COMPARATIVE
KUWAIT LANGUAGE
 Kuwait's official language is ARABIC and ENGLISH is
the second language.
KUWAIT POLITICS
 KUWAIT is a constitutional monarchy and has the oldest
directly elected parliament among the Arab states of the
Persian Gulf.
 The head of state is the EMIR or SHEILK, a hereditary
office.
 A council of ministers, also known as cabinet ministers,
aids minster, and appoints and dismisses diplomats.
KUWAIT RELIGION
 The majority of Kuwait's population identify themselves
as MUSLIMS.
 Islam being the state religion. KUWAIT has a large
community of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists, and Sikhs.
 MEMBERS OF RELIGION GROUPS not mentioned in
the Quran, such as Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists, are not
allowed to build places of worship or other religious
facilities.
KUWAIT GEOGRAPHY
 The flat, sandy ARABIAN DESSERT covers most of
Kuwait.
 The BUBIYAN is the largest island in Kuwait.
 The spring season in March is warm and pleasant with
occasional thunderstorms.
 It has 9 ISLANDS, all of which with the exception of
FAILAKA ISLAND are uninhabited.
 Kuwait City is the capital of KUWAIT.
KUWAIT ECONOMY
 Kuwait has a GDP of US$167.9 billion and a per capita
income of US$81,800, making it the 5th richest country in
the world.
 KUWAIT has a proven crude oil reserve of 104
BILLION BARELS.
 Petroleum and petrochemicals accounts for nearly half of
GDP.
 Other major industries include shipping, construction,
cement, water desalination, construction materials.
 With the announcement that Kuwait's long-time ruler,
SHEIKH SABAH AL-AHMAD AL-SABAH, had
passed away, on SEPT. 29, at the age of 91, the GULF
states lost their second senior statesman of 2020 following
the death of Sultan Qaboos of Oman at the beginning of
the year. Like Qaboos, Sheikh Sabah played an outsized
role within the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) as well
as in regional and international affairs.
 Kuwait's crown prince, SHEIKL NAWAF AL-AHMAD
AL-SABAH, 83 years old, has been sworn in as the new
emir this week. His age and his ascension, which breaks a
long-standing tradition within the ruling al-Sabah of
alternating between the AL-JABER and AL-SELIM
branches of the family, will spark debate over the.
BACKGROUND
 The government of Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwait,
is a constitutional monarchy.
CONSTITUTION
 The Constitution of Kuwait, ratified in 1962, has
components of a presidential and a parliamentary type of
government.
 The EMIR serves as the head of State and exercises the
authority nominate the PM.
 Both the Emer and the judicially independent
Constitutional Court have the power to dissolve the
parliament.
 Kuwait's parliament (per article 3 of the Constitution)
has the constitutional right to approve and disapprove of a
nomination made by the Emir; as such, the parliament
exercises the authority to legally remove an Emir from his
position.
 In 2006, for instance, the parliament successfully
removed the Emir from his position because of his illness.
 While the Constitution clearly supports political
organizations, they are forbidden because there no law
has been passed to outline and legalize them.
 MPs often serve as independents or as members of some
loose afflation or group on the basis of beliefs, sect, class,
or clan.
 Citizen’s age 21 and cider, t they are not currently
serving in the military nor have been legally found guilty
of a crime, are eligible to vote.
 Parliamentary candidates must also be eligible to vote:
they have to be at least thirty years old.
ELECTION
 The Parliament is made up of 50 MEMBERS who are
elected in districts that use the first past the post voting
process.
The major groups (de facto parties) are the following
 National Democratic Alliance: Secular, neo-liberal
group. Has its own TV channel Nabeeha Tahalof, and
publishes the newspaper Al-Jarida.
 Democratic Foundation of Kuwait: leftist political
group that is made up of social democrats, pan Arabs, and
liberals. Run a weekly newspaper called AL-TALEA. Its
candidates are generally supported by the Youth
Association of Kuwait, its de facto youth branch.
 Popular Action Bloc: Secular nationalists, populists, and
progressives. Often give attention to populist issues, such
as funding for housing.
 Hadas: Sunni Islamists. Frequently referred to as the
Islamic Constitutional Movement; has ties to the Muslim
Brotherhood of Egypt.
 National Islamic Alliance: Moderate Shia Islamists who
give attention to Arabist issues.
 Justice and Peace Alliance: Shia liberals and moderates.
 Independents: Non-affiliated; are often liberals and
sympathetic to the ruling family.
NATION ISSUES
 Within two quarrelsome issues that led to 6 DIFFERENT
ELECTIONS between 1991 and 2008 are issues that relate to
the electoral procedure and the ruling family's participation in
the government.
 Other notable points of debate are the denial of female
participation in the electoral process before 2005 the minimum
voting age of twenty-one, and the fact that the existence of
parties are still prohibited.
WORLD NEWS
 15 Female Candidates Ran for Parliament in Kuwait's Latest
Election. Only This Woman Won.
2013 ELECTIONS
 The most recent elections took place on July 27, 2013.
 Voter turnout was an estimated $2.5% despite an opposition
boycott, this was a higher turnout than what was expected.
 Ironically, voter turnout was only 7% lower than the turnout of
the non-boycoffed February 2012 elections 59%.
 Liberals were the BIGGEST WINNERS of the July 2013
election.
 LIBERAL POLICYMAKERS, according to the Associated
Press won no more than six seats
 The Congressional Research Service stated that liberals gained
nine seats, which made them the biggest political faction in the
parliament after independents who support the government.
 Fox News stated that the tribal group gained no more than ten
seats in the fitty member parliament.
 At least two women were elected
 The Shia faction diminished to eight seats after they gained
seventeen seats in December 2012.
 SUNNI ISLAMISTS gained three seats.
SABAH AL-SABAH
 Born 16 June 1929 in Kuwait City, Streikhdom of Kuwait.
 5th and current Emir of Kuwait and the Commander of the
Military of Kuwait.
 Assumed office on 29 January 2006, having been confirmed
by the National Assembly of Kuwait.
 4th son of the 10th ruler of Kuwait, Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-
Sabah.
 Is, as of 2014, also head of the SABAH MONARCY.
 Received his primary education at Al Mubarakya School in the
1930s, and then finished his education under tutors.
 Half-brother of former Emir of Kuwait Sheikh Jaber III al-
Ahmad al-Jaber al-Sabah, who nominated Sabah as PM in
July 2003, thereby replacing the then CROWN PRINCE OF
KUWAIT, Sheikh Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah.
 Previously served as Foreign Minister for forty years 1963-
2003, making him one of the world’s longest serving foreign
ministers.
 His wife, SHEIKHA FATUWAH (also his cousin) died before
August 1990.
 Has 2 SONS, Sheikh Nasser (Minister of the Ruler's Court
“Diwan Amiri”) and Sheikh Hamed.
 Also had 2 OTHER CHILDREN WHO DIED (His daughter,
1. Sheikha Salwa, died of breast cancer in London on 23 June
2002- the Emir named his palace “Dar Salwa”, or the “House of
Salwa” after her;
his third son 2. Sheikh Ahmed, was killed in a car accident in
1969).
NAWAF AL-SABAH
 Born 25 June 1937 in Kuwait City, Steikhdom of
Kuwait.
 Crown Prince of Kuwait and Deputy Supreme
Commander of the Military of Kuwait.
 HALF-BROTHER of the Emir of Kuwait, Sabah
Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.
 Was appointed CROWN PRINCE on 7 February
2006, which broke with the Al- Sabah family’s
tradition, which alternates the offices of Emir and
CROWN PRINCE between the Al-Ahmad and Al-
Salem branches.
 A son of the 10th Ruler of Kuwait, H.H. Sheikh
Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah.
 Enrolled in a university in the United Kingdom after
he finished his secondary education.
 One of the most senior serving members of the
House of Sabah.
 Served as the Governor of Hawalli Governorate from
1962 to 1978; was subsequently nominated as the
third acting Deputy PM and Minister of the Interior
of the Kuwaiti Ministry of Interior from March 19,
1978 until July 12, 1986.
 Was then nominated Deputy PM and Minister of
Defense on January 26, 1988.
 Reassumed the position of Deputy PM and Minister
of the Interior on July 13, 2003 until his naming as
the OFFICIAL CROWN PRINCE OF KUWAIT
in 2006.
 Is married; has 4 SONS and 1 DAUGHTER.
JABER AL-HAMAD AL-SABAH
 Born 5 January 1942 in Kuwait City.
 Member of the Kuwaiti ruling family and PM of
Kuwait since 4 December 2011, having been
nominated the same day.
 Was reappointed as PM by the ruler of Kuwait on 5
December 2012 after the parliamentary election four
days earlier.
 Also served as 1st Deputy PM and Minister of
Defense.
 Started his career as an advisor at the administrative
affairs DEPARTMENT IN THE AMIRI DIWAN
in 1968, serving there until 1971; later served as
director of the administrative affairs department in
the Diwan until 1975.
 Went on to become assistant undersecretary of
administrative and financial affairs at the Diwan until
1979; became a governor the same year, and served
at Hawally and Ahmedy from 1979 to 1985 and 1985
to 1986, respectively.
 Was named the minister of social and labor affairs,
serving from 1986 to 1988; was also subsequently the
minister of information from 1988 to 1990.
 Became an advisor to the office of the Amir, a post
he occupied until 2001, after Kuwait was liberated
10 YEARS earlier; was named as Deputy PM and
Minister of Defense on 14 February 2001.