Write short note on-

Brutland report, Agenda 21, Kyoto protocol

What are the 2 main rating system describe with 2 example

Sustainable Architecture
Assignment

by

NAMAN MEHTA
(17001006045)

Ar. Samriti Paul Semester 9

Teacher Sustainable Architecture B.arch DCRUST

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
DEENBANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL
(SONIPAT), HARYANA – 131039 (INDIA)
DECEMBER, 2021
01: Write a shortnote on Burtland Report
Brundtland Report, also called Our Common Future, publication released in 1987 by the World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) that introduced the concept of
sustainable development and described how it could be achieved.
In response to mounting concern surrounding ozone depletion, global warming, and other
environmental problems associated with raising the standard of living of the world’s population,
the UN General Assembly convened the WCED, an international group of environmental experts,
politicians, and civil servants, in 1983.
The Brundtland Report included chapters covering, among other topics within sustainable
development, the role of the international economy, population and human resources, food
security, species and ecosystems, energy, industry, and proposed legal principles for
environmental protection.
In addition, the Brundtland Report called on the UN to establish the UN Programme of Action on
Sustainable Development to carry out the directives outlined in the report. The report laid the
foundations for the Rio Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, which then ultimately led to the
creation of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development that same year.

Context Towards Architecture

In the last few years sustainable architecture assessment systems have achieved great importance,
not only aimed to measure the environmental impacts of the building, but also as tools that help
establish strategies and make better decisions in the design process.
In first place, dialogue with the natural settings can be registered through the interpretation and
valuation of the experience and perception that the inhabitants have through the use of an
architectural space. It is in the dialogue between object and subject, thanks to the dialogical
significance that society imbues to nature and architecture, that we value, understand, use or
visualize them.
On a second level, a dialogical architecture can be defined by relating and comparing the initial
intentions that the architect incorporates into the project (by listening-understanding-responding
to the ‘voices of the natural and cultural context’) with the experience of the users of the real place.
The main objective is to detect the inter-subjective dialogue (architect and user) that architecture
makes possible, focusing on the natural settings of the environment.

02: Write a short note on Agenda 21

Agenda 21 addresses the pressing problems of today and also aims at preparing the world for the
challenges of the next century. It reflects a global consensus and political commitment at the
highest level on development and environment cooperation. Its successful implementation is first
and foremost the responsibility of Governments. National strategies, plans, policies and processes
are crucial in achieving this. International cooperation should support and supplement such
national efforts.
The programme areas that constitute Agenda 21 are described in terms of the basis for action,
objectives, activities and means of implementation. Agenda 21 is a dynamic programme. It will be
carried out by the various actors according to the different situations, capacities and priorities of
countries and regions in full respect of all the principles contained in the Rio Declaration on
Environment and Development. It could evolve over time in the light of changing needs and
circumstances.
PROGRAMME AREAS
A. Promoting sustainable development through trade Basis for action
Experience has shown that sustainable development requires a commitment to sound
economic policies and management, an effective and predictable public administration, the
 integration of environmental concerns into decision-making and progress towards
democratic government, in the light of country-specific conditions, which allows for full
participation of all parties concerned.

B. Making trade and environment mutually supportive Basis for action

International cooperation in the environmental field is growing, and in a number of cases
trade provisions in multilateral environment agreements have played a role in tackling
global environmental challenges. Trade measures have thus been used in certain specific
instances, where considered necessary, to enhance the effectiveness of environmental
regulations for the protection of the environment.

C. Providing adequate financial resources to developing countries

Investment is critical to the ability of developing countries to achieve needed economic
growth to improve the welfare of their populations and to meet their basic needs in a
sustainable manner, all without deteriorating or depleting the resource base that underpins
development. Sustainable development requires increased investment, for which domestic
and external financial resources are needed. Foreign private investment and the return of
flight capital, which depend on a healthy investment climate, are an important source of
financial resources.

D. Encouraging economic policies conducive to sustainable development

The unfavourable external environment facing developing countries makes domestic
resource mobilization and efficient allocation and utilization of domestically mobilized
resources all the more important for the promotion of sustainable development. In a number
of countries, policies are necessary to correct misdirected public spending, large budget
deficits and other macroeconomic imbalances, restrictive policies and distortions in the
areas of exchange rates, investment and finance, and obstacles to entrepreneurship. In
developed countries, continuing policy reform and adjustment, including appropriate
savings rates, would help generate resources to support the transition to sustainable
development both domestically and in developing countries.

Context Towards Architecture

The Indian construction industry, an integral part the economy and a conduit for a substantial part
of its development investment, is not only poised for growth on account of industrialization,
urbanization, economic development and people’s rising expectations for improved quality of
living, it is also bracing for modernization that calls for improved productivity and higher
competitive edge. Its main challenges are fast growth in response to increasing demand for goods
and services; technological upgrading for speed, quality, cost reduction, and substitution of manual
labour; modern management practices for greater profitability and a `modern’, clean image; and
technical skills, financial strength and organizational competence to meet domestic and
international competition and capture a part of the international market. The construction industry,
steeped in traditional technology and largely informal labour practices, is in a hurry to change both
its image and content.
Sustainable construction, is neither the vision nor the immediate goal of its modernization thrust.
It is growth, efficiency, productivity, greater share in the market and profit. Improved performance
on the environmental front (reduction of pollution or substitution of high energy consuming
materials), or on human aspects (better tools and working conditions for the construction
workforce), is mainly a welcome by-product, useful in public relation rhetoric, not more. Nothing
could describe graphically the mental block on the human side of construction practice more than
what one recently saw in a reconstruction project in wake of the January, 2001 earthquake in
Gujarat. During the reconstruction of a village, with 350 houses constructed by a commercial
contractor and funded jointly by four international humanitarian aid agencies, there were no
facilities for some hundred migrant, unskilled construction labourers, who would probably stay on
the site for over a year, in a remote place, under a blazing sun. No shelter, no toilets, no water, no
crèche.

Unsustainable construction cannot produce sustainable cities and settlements. And unsustainable
cities and settlements cannot lead to sustainable happiness-- everyone’s ultimate pursuit. We as
an therefore must strive for sustainable construction, sustainable settlements and cities and
sustainable development.

03: Write a short note on Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocol, in full Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change, international treaty, named for the Japanese city in which it was adopted in December
1997, that aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. In force since
2005, the protocol called for reducing the emission of six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus
the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels during the “commitment period” 2008–12.
It was widely hailed as the most significant environmental treaty ever negotiated, though some
critics questioned its effectiveness.

The protocol provided several means for countries to reach their targets. One approach was to
make use of natural processes, called “sinks,” that remove greenhouse gases from the
atmosphere. The planting of trees, which take up carbon dioxide from the air, would be an
example. Another approach was the international program called the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM), which encouraged developed countries to invest in technology and
infrastructure in less-developed countries, where there were often significant opportunities to
reduce emissions.
Countries that failed to meet their emissions targets would be required to make up the difference
between their targeted and actual emissions, plus a penalty amount of 30 percent, in the
subsequent commitment period, beginning in 2012; they would also be prevented from engaging
in emissions trading until they were judged to be in compliance with the protocol. The emission
targets for commitment periods after 2012 were to be established in future protocols.

The targets cover emissions of the six main greenhouse gases, namely:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2);

• Methane (CH4);
• Nitrous oxide (N2O);
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs);
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and
• Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Context Towards Architecture

Under the principle of 'common but differentiated responsibilities', the Protocol places a greater
burden on developed nations in recognition of the fact that historically they have been principally
responsible for emissions in the atmosphere.

Countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures, however there are three
additional, market-based mechanisms available:

• International Emissions Trading.

• Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
• Joint implementation (JI).
04: What are the 2 main rating system describe with 2 example.
Identification, encouragement, and measurement of sustainability compliance through the
establishment of green rating systems has largely helped mitigate the direct and indirect
environmental impacts of construction over the past thirty years. The introduction of the
Building Research Establishment’s Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), in the
1990s, the first green building rating system in the world, was vital in holding up the idea of
green buildings at a time when sustainability was not a well-known concept. LEED (Leadership
in Energy and Environmental Design), developed by the U.S. Green Building Council
(USGBC) followed shortly thereafter in the 2000s. The objective of green rating systems is to
design and apply resource-efficient and environmentally responsible techniques in architecture.
These systems help verify and demonstrate environmental performance, quantify the scope for
improvement, and assist in positive marketing.

A) LEED

LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most popular green
building rating system in the world. Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council
(USGBC), LEED provides a concise framework for identifying and executing green
building design, construction, operations, and maintenance.

The LEED certification is an international symbol of sustainability leadership and

performance. LEED is available for all building types – commercial as well as residential
and all building phases including design and construction, operations, interiors, and
retrofit. The levels of certification achieved range from Certified, Silver, and Gold, to
Platinum based on the sustainable strategies adopted.

Examples
01: Taipei 101, Taiwan
One of the tallest LEED-certified buildings in the world is TAIPEI 101, which towers 1,285 feet
above the Taiwanese capital. The megastructure received its LEED Platinum certification in
2011, the highest level possible to attain through the program. Not only was the building
designed to withstand earthquakes and typhoons, it was retrofitted with energy-efficient upgrades
that reduced its overall energy consumption by 33.41 million kilowatt hours (kWh), resulting
in a savings of more than $2 million per year. Improvements to its water consumption save
approximately 7.4 million gallons of water per year.

02: ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon

Spread across a sprawling 1,80,000 sq ft, the ITC Green Centre has set a benchmark for green
buildings in India. Located in Sector-32, Gurgaon, the building has been awarded the Platinum
Green Building rating by USGBC-LEED (Green Building Council-Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design), making it the first corporate house in India to bag this award.

The building is designed keeping in mind the highest environmental standards. It is made up of
bricks and concrete comprising of fly-ash and is equipped with high-efficiency equipment that
reduces 53 percent energy consumption over a conventional building and 40 percent potable
water requirements. Zero water discharge, solar thermal technology, stormwater management
system, reflective high-albedo roof paint, minimal exterior lighting and separate smoking rooms
with exhaust system are some of the other features of the building.
 B) GRIHA
The Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is India’s national framework
for the assessment of environmental impacts of built environments with an individual version
applying to new buildings and one for existing buildings (both starting at 2,500 sqm built-up
area). For both versions, the net impact of buildings on quantitative and qualitative parameters is
totaled and compared against a rating table, resulting in a sustainability certification. Thereby,
the tool aims to support the reduction of detrimental impacts of buildings.
Criteria

The sustainability of new buildings is assessed across a broad set of criteria clustered in eleven
categories:
– Sustainable site planning (3 criteria)
– Construction management (3 criteria)
– Energy efficiency (3 criteria)
– Occupant comfort (3 criteria)
– Water management (4 criteria)
– Solid waste management (2 criteria)
– Sustainable building materials (3 criteria)
– Life cycle costing (1 criterion)
– Socio-economic strategies (4 criteria)
– Performance metering & monitoring (3 criteria)
– Innovation (1 criterion)

For existing buildings, the sustainability is assessed across six categories:

– Site parameters (2 criteria)
– Maintenance & housekeeping (2 criteria)
– Energy (2 criteria)
– Water (2 criteria)
– Human health & comfort (2 criteria)
– Social aspects (2 criteria)
Examples
01: Suzlon One earth, Pune
Suzlon One Earth is a LEED Platinum and GRIHA 5 - star certified building and is one of
the greenest corporate campuses in the world. It is divided into five interconnected, individual
buildings that are aptly named after the elements of nature – Sun, Aqua, Sky, Tree and SEA.

Through sustainable practices like rainwater harvesting, on-site waste conversion and an ‘Office
in Garden’ design to maximise daylight use, Suzlon One Earth successfully reduces its
operating cost by 35%. This benefit is then passed on by the company to its customers through
increased investment in technology.

Situated in Pune, India, it is the eco-friendly, self-sufficient headquarters of the company. The
campus is spread across 10 acres and is completely powered by renewable energy, including
hybrid wind turbines, solar panels and photovoltaic cells.
02: IIM Kozikode, Kerela
The Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode, added a new feather to its cap opening the
Phase-V Green Campus at Kunnamangalam here today. The newly-inaugurated Campus Area
spread across 15 acres has a total built-up area of 3.00 Lakh Square feet.
Water, Soil and Energy conservation measures have been extensively adopted in the Phase-V of
the IIMK campus owing to which the campus has been certified with “ Five Star” rating
under GRIHA. Solar energy to the tune of 50 kWp (Kilo Watt Peak) is also being harnessed
in the campus. Additionally, a rainwater harvesting pond has been developed within the campus
for catering to the water requirements of the whole campus. Besides this the Campus also boasts
of rain water storage tanks with 40 lakh liters storage capacity which have been provided under
the campus buildings so as to meet any emergency requirement. A Sewage Treatment plant has
also been established in the campus for treating effluents which can then be used for toilet/wash
room flushing and gardening/irrigation purposes.

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