COLLEGEdOFdENGINEERING

DEPARTMENTdOFdCHEMICALdENGINEERING

UNIVERSITIdMALAYSIAdPAHANG

BKFd3492dSEPARATIONdPROCESS

LITERATUREdREVIEW

NAME : RENIASHAdA/PdANBALLAGAN

MATRICdID : KA18066

LECTURER : DRdSHALYDAdBINTIdMDdSHAARANI

SECTION : 01dG

TITLE : ADSORPTIONd

DATEdOFdSUBMISSION : 7dJANUARYd2022

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1.0 INTRODUCTIONdOFdADSORPTIONdPROCESS

Adsorptiondisdadmassdtransferdmechanismdthatdallowsdsubstancesdtodaccumulate.
dAtdthedinterfacedofdtwodphases,ditdcandbedliquid–liquid,dgas–liquid,dgas–
solid,dordliquid–
solid.dThedadsorbentdisdthedsubstancedthatdisdadsorbingdthedadsorbate,danddthedadsorbat
edisdthedmaterialdthatdisdadsorbingdit.dThedpropertiesdofdadsorbatesdanddadsorbentsdared
governeddbydtheirdconstituents.dWhendthedcontactdbetweendthedsoliddsurfacedanddthedad
sorbeddmoleculesdisdphysical,dthedprocessdisdknowndasdphysisorption.dIndthisdscenario,d
thedattractiondinteractionsdaredvandderdWaalsdforces,danddbecausedtheydaredweak,dthedp
rocessdresultsdaredreversible.dFurthermore,ditdoccursdatdordarounddthedcriticaldtemperatur
edofdthedadsorbeddmaterial.dWhendthedattractiondofdforcesdbetweendadsorbeddmolecules
danddthedsoliddsurfacedisdduedtodchemicaldbonding,dthedadsorptiondprocessdisdknownda
sdchemisorption.dChemisorption,dunlikedphysisorption,donlydoccursdasdadmonolayer,dand
dsubstancesdchemisorbeddondadsoliddsurfacedareddifficultdtodremovedowingdtodthedhighe
rdforcesdatdwork.dUnderdthedrightdconditions,dbothdprocessesdmightdhappendatdthedsam
edtimedordalternately.dPhysicaldadsorptionddecreasesdthedfreedenergydanddentropydofdthe
dadsorptiondsystem,dcausingdthedprocessdtodbecomedexothermic.d(Lofranodetdal.,d2016).
dThus,dthedmostdprevalentdadsorptiondprocessesdaredchemicaldadsorption,dwhichdcorresp
ondsdtodthedformationdofdchemicaldbonds,dphysicaldadsorption,dwhichdisdconnecteddtodt
hedvandderdWaalsdforce,danddiondexchanged(Fig.d1).

Adsorptiondhasdlongdbeenduseddasdadpurificationdanddseparationdproceduredonda
dbigdscale.dBecausedofditsdcheapdcost,defficiency,dsimplicity,danddenvironmentaldfriendli
ness,dthedadsorptiondtechnologydhasdbeendwidelydemployeddfordwaterdanddwastewaterdt
reatmentdindrecentddecades.dAdsorbentsdthatdaredoftenduseddincludedactivateddcarbon,dm
oleculardsieves,dpolymericdadsorbents,danddotherdlow-
costdmaterials.dOrganicdsubstancesdsuchdasdcolours,dphenolics,dhormoneddisruptingdcom
pounds,dpesticides,dpharmaceuticals,dandddifferentdmetaldionsdhaveddemonstrateddexcelle
ntdremovaldcapabilitiesdwhendutilisingdextremelydporousdadsorbentsdwithdhighdselectivit
y,dsuchdasdactivateddcarbond(Aguayo-Villarrealdetdal.,d2017).d

Adsorptiondtakesdplacedindonedofdthreedways:ddiffusion,dsurfacedchemicaldproces
sesdlikediondexchange,dordsurfacedcomplexation.dTodcharacteriseddiffusiondprocesses,dpo
reddiffusion,dsurfaceddiffusion,dordadcombinationdmodeldofdthedtwodmechanismsdareduti

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lised;dexternaldboundarydlayerdfilmdresistancedisdoftendincludeddindthesedmodels.dNume
rousdkineticdmodelsdfordchemicaldsurfacedreactionsdaredavailable,ddependingdondthedads
orbate–adsorbentdfunctionaldgroupdorderdofdreaction;dexamplesdincludedpseudo-first-
order,dpseudo-second-
order,dElovich,dAvrami,danddBanghamdmodelsd(Wudetdal.,d2019)..dSurfacedcomplexatio
ndmethodsdhavedbeendproposeddfordnumerousdadsorptiondprocesses,dmostdnotablydheavy
dmetaldremovaldfromdwastewater.dIndthisdprocedure,dthedheavydmetaldiondisdcoordinate
ddwithdadvarietydofdfunctionaldsurfacedgroupsdviadlonedpairdelectronddonationdordhydro
gendbondingd(Varmadetdal.,d2015).dThedkinddofdadsorptiondmechanismdisddetermineddb
ydthednaturedofdthedadsorbatedanddthedcharacteristicsdofdthedadsorbent.

Adsorptiondofddyedmoleculesdontodadsorbentsdisdadphysicaldprocessdindwhichddy
edmoleculesdadheredtodthedadsorbentdsurfacedbydvandderdWaalsdforcesdanddhydrogendb
onding.dAdsorptiondoffersdadsubstantialdbenefitdsincedfulldseparationdmaydbedperformed
dindadshortdfixed-
beddcolumndbecausedeachdcontactdpointdindadcontinuousdcontactdsystemdisdcomparabled
todandequilibriumdstagedordtheoreticaldplate.dBecausedofdtoxicity,dgreatdchemicaldstabilit
y,danddthedexistencedofdcolourdindwater,dadsorptiondcandsignificantlydhelpdnaturaldphot
osyntheticdactivitiesd(DedGisidetdal.,d2016)daddressingdthedsignificantdissuesdposeddbydd
ischargeddcolored/dye,dpharmaceutical,dordmetaldiondcontainingdeffluents.d

Figured1:dThedpossibledadsorptiondmechanism

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2.0dBIOSORPTION

Ionsdfromdwaterydsolutionsdlinkdtogetherdtodfunctionaldgroupsdondthedsurfacedof
dbiomassdindadquickdanddreversibledprocessdknowndasdbiosorption.dCelldmetabolismdha
sdnodeffectdondthisdprocessd(Davisdetdal.,d2015).dIndthedliterature,dbiosorptiondisddescri
beddasdandefficientdanddselectivedprocess.dBiosorptiondmaydbedperformeddatdpHdlevelsd
rangingdfromd3–
9danddtemperaturesdrangingdfromd4dtod90d°C.dAdsorptiondandddesorptiondequilibriumda
redquicklydattaineddbecausedthedoptimaldbiosorbentdparticledsizedisdbetweend1dandd2dm
m.dThedoperationaldcostsdaredmodestdsincedthisdprocessddoesdnotdrequiredadsubstantiald
initialdinvestment.dFurthermore,dbiologicaldmaterialsdaredtypicallydinexpensivedanddcand
bedobtaineddfromdagriculturaldordindustrialdwasted(Vieirad&dVolesky,d2020).dLowdcost,
dhighdefficiency,dreduceddchemicaldanddbiologicaldsludge,dnodextradfertiliserdrequired,db
iosorbentdregeneration,danddmetaldrecoverydaredsomedofdthedexcitingdadvantagesdofdbio
sorptiondoverdtraditionaldtreatmentdtechniquesd(Kratochvild&dVolesky,d2018).

Biosorptiondisdadtechniquedthatdincludesdlivingdmaterialdremovingdsubstancesdfro
mdsolutiondthatdisdnotddependentdondphysicochemicaldmetabolismd(Ubandodetdal.,d2021
).dThedbiosorptiondprocessdinvolvesdadsoliddphased(biosorbent)danddadliquiddphased(sol
vent:dcommonly,dwater)dcontainingdtheddissolveddordsuspendeddspeciesdtodbedsorbedd(s
orbate).

2.1dBIOSORBENTS

Adwidedrangedofdbiomaterialsdfounddindnaturedhavedbeenduseddasdbiosorbentsdto
dremovedcontaminants.dAlldtypesdofdmicrobial,dplant,danddanimaldbiomass,dasdwelldasdt
heirdderivativedproducts,dhavedpiqueddthedattentiondofdresearchersdindadvarietydofdways
danddindrelationdtodadwidedrangedofdsubstancesd(Volesky,d2017).dAgriculturaldwastedm
aterials,dpolysaccharides,danddindustrialdwastedbiomaterials,dondthedotherdhand,dhavedrec

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eiveddadlotdofdinterestdindrecentdyearsd(DesireddydHarikishoredKumardReddydetdal.,d20
16).dBecausedofditsdabundancedofdaminodanddhydroxyldfunctionaldgroups,dchitosan,dadn
aturaldaminodpolysaccharide,dhasdcaughtdthedinterestdofdresearchersdforditsdcapacitydtodr
epairdadwidedspectrumdofdaquaticdtoxins.dFurthermore,dadwidedrangedofdbiologicaldmate
rials,dincludingdbacteria,dcyanobacteria,dalgaed(includingdmicroalgae,dmacroalgae,danddse
aweeds),dyeasts,dfungi,danddlichens,dhavedattracteddadlotdofdattentiondfordheavydmetaldi
ondremovaldanddrecoverydduedtodtheirdhighdperformance,dlowdcost,danddwidespreaddava
ilability.dAlldbiologicaldmaterialsdhavedadhigherdaffinitydfordmetaldionsdduedtodthedpres
encedofdchelatingdfunctionaldgroupsd(Blázquezdetdal.,d2016).

Apartdfromdthednaturaldbiosorbentsdlisteddabove,dricedhuskd(Maniquedetdal.,d201
9),dcoconutdshelld(Acheampongdetdal.,d2015),dplantdbarksd(D.dHarikishoredKumardRedd
ydetdal.,d2014),dleavesd(D.dHarikishoredKumardReddydetdal.,d2020),dsawdustd(Witek-
Krowiak,d2015),dsugarcanedbagassed(Khoramzadehdetdal.,d2016),danddpeatdmossd(Mad&
dTobin,d2015)dhavedalldgarnereddadlotdofdattentiondindthedliterature.dAmongdthedbiomat
erialsdlisteddabove,dsignificantdattentiondwasdpaiddtodthedutilisationdofdflydash,dwhichdis
dproduceddduringdcoaldcombustion,dasdadvaluabledsorbentd(Alinnor,d2017).ddAtdhigherd
pH,dflydashdisdadstrongdalkalinedsubstancedwithdadnegativelydchargeddsurface.dPrecipitat
ion,delectrostaticdattractiond(Chodetdal.,d2015),danddiondexchanged(Eroldetdal.,d2015)dar
edalldmethodsdfordremovingdmetaldionsdfromdaqueousdsolutions.dChojnackadanddMichal
akd(2019)dfounddthatdusingdashesdofdbiologicaldorigind(wooddanddbonedash)dasdadsorbe
ntdfordwastewaterdtreatmentdisdadpotentialdalternativedtodtraditionaldadsorbentsd(Chojnac
kad&dMichalak,d2019).dFigured2ddisplaysdadgeneraldframeworkdofdthedmanydbiosorbent
sduseddindthedbiosorptiondprocess.

Indgeneral,ddeaddbiomassdwasduseddasdadbiosorbent,dwhichdhasdseveraldadvantag
esdoverdlivingdmicroorganisms:ddeaddcellsdcandbedeasilydstoreddorduseddfordlongerdperi
odsdofdtime,ddeaddbiomassdisdnotdlimiteddbydmetaldtoxicity,dnutrientdsupplydisdnotdreq
uired,danddmetaldion-
loadeddbiosorbentsdcandbedeasilyddesorbeddanddreusedd(Baysaldetdal.,d2019).dNon-
livingdbiomassdindpowdereddform,dondthedotherdhand,dhasdadnumberdofddrawbacks,dinc
ludingddifficultydseparatingdbiomassdfromdthedreactiondsystem,dmassdlossdafterdregenera
tion,dpoordmechanicaldstrength,danddmicroscopicdparticledsize,dmakingditdchallengingdto

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dutilisedindbatchdanddcontinuousdsystemsd(Aricadetdal.,d2015).dThesedproblems,dhoweve
r,dcandbedalleviateddbydusingdandeffectivedimmobilisationdplan.

Figured2:dGeneraldsourcingdschemedforddifferentdkindsdofdbiosorbentsduseddindbiosorpt
iondprocess

2.2dBIOSORBATES

Biosorbentsdhavedbeenduseddtodremovedmetals,dcolours,dfluoride,dphthalates,dme
dications,danddotherdtargetdsorbatesdfromdaqueousdsolutions.dDespitedthis,dthedmajorityd
ofdbiosorptiondresearchdhasdfocuseddondthedremovaldofdmetaldionsdanddrelateddelements
dsuchdactinides,dlanthanides,dmetalloids,danddtheirdradioisotopedions.dParticulatesdanddco
lloidsdhavedbeendstudied,dasdhavedorganometal(loid)danddorganicdcompounds,dincluding
ddyesd(Aksu,d2015).

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3.0dFACTORSdAFFECTINGdBIOSORPTION

Advarietydofdphysico-
chemicaldparameters,dindadditiondtodthedkinddanddchemicaldformdofdthedsorbate,dinfluen
cedoveralldbiosorptiondperformanced(Gadd,
2018).dThedfollowingdaredimportantdvariablesdtodconsider:

1. SolutiondpH,dwhichdaffectsdthedsolutiondchemistrydofdpollutants,dthedactivitydofd
functionaldgroupsdindbiosorbents,danddcompetitiondwithdcoexistingdionsdindsoluti
on,disdthedmostdimportantdregulatordofdbiosorptiond(Vijayaraghavand&dYun,d201
9).dThedremovaldofdcationicdmetalsdordbasicdcoloursdisdaideddbydincreasingdpH,
dbutdthedremovaldofdanionicdmetalsdordacidicdpigmentsdisdhampered.
2. Increaseddionicdstrengthdofdsolutiondlowersdbiosorptiondofdadsorptivedcontaminan
tsdbydcompetingdwithdadsorbatedfordbindingdsitesdondthedbiosorbent.
3. Initialdpollutantdconcentration,dwhich,dasditdrises,dincreasesdthedamountdofdpollut
antdbiosorbeddperdunitdweightdofdbiosorbentdbutdlowersdremovaldefficiency.
4. Otherdpollutiondeffects,dsuchdasdbindingdsitedcompetitiondordotherdinterferences.d
Increasingdthedconcentrationdofdcompetingdpollutantsdreducesdthedtargetdpollutant
'sdbiosorptivedelimination.dHowever,dduedofdpHdbufferingdeffects,dcationdloading
dofdbiomassdmaydincreasedbiosorptiondofdanotherdcation.dFordexample,dcalcium-
saturateddfungaldbiomassdshoweddimproveddZndbiosorptiond(Fourest,
2015).dIndsomedcircumstances,dcationsdmaydaiddanionicdspeciesdbiosorptiondbydb
oostingdthedbindingdofdnegativelydchargeddanionsd(Gadd,
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 2018).dMetaldspeciation,dco-
existingdmetal(s),danddthedtypedofdthedbiosorbentdalldinfluencedanionicdeffectsdo
ndmetaldbiosorptiondcapacity.dFordthedbiosorptiondofdCr(VI)danddCr(III)dions,dth
edinhibitorydordersdwere,drespectively,d𝑁𝑂3 d>dCld>d𝑆𝑂42 dandd𝑆𝑂42 d>d𝐶𝑙𝑁𝑂3 d(C
hojnackad&dMichalak,d2019).dAnionsdsuchdasd𝐶𝑂32 dandd𝑃𝑂42 dcandaffectdbiosorpt
iondbydformingdinsolubledmetaldprecipitates,dwhereasdchloridedcandinfluencedbios
orptiondbydformingdcomplexes,dsuchdasd𝐶𝑙𝑑d(Gadd, 2018).
5. Thednaturedofdthedbiosorbentdanddthedavailabilitydofdbindingdsites,dthedprehistor
ydofdgrowthdanddtreatment,dphysicaldordchemicaldmodification,ddosage,danddsize
dalldplaydadroledindperformanced(Kotrba, 2018).
6. Temperature,dwhich,dwhendincreaseddbydraisingdsurfacedactivitydanddkineticdener
gydofdthedadsorbate,dusuallydimprovesdbiosorptivedremovaldofdadsorptivedpolluta
nts,dbutdmaydalsodharmdthedbiosorbent'sdphysicaldstructured(Park, 2019).
7. Increasingdthedagitationdspeeddindappropriatedaqueousdsystemsdimprovesdthedbios
orptivedremovaldratedofdadsorptivedpollutantsdbydreducingdmassdtransferdresistanc
e,dbutditdmaydharmdthedbiosorbent'sdphysicaldstructured(Park, 2019).

3.1dANALYTICALdTECHNIQUESdINdSTUDIESdOFdBIOSORPTION

Atomicdabsorptiondspectroscopyd(AAS),diondselectivedelectrodesd(ISE),dUV–
Visdspectrophotometry,dpotentiometricdtitration,dscanningdordtransmissiondelectrondmicro
scopydcoupleddwithdenergyddispersivedX-raydspectroscopyd(SEM/TEM–
EDX),dinfrareddspectroscopydordFourier-
transformdinfrareddspectroscopyd(IRdordFTIR),dX-
raydabsorptiondspectroscopyd(Xd(DSC)d(Ngwenya,d2017).dThesedapproachesdmaydbedus
efuldindgivingdinformationdondbiosorptiondprocessesd(J.dWangd&dChen,d2016).

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4.0dBIOSORPTIONdEQUILIBRIUM

Variousdformsdofdadsorptiondisothermsdareduseddindthedbiosorptiondprocessdtodexpre
ssdthedequilibriumdconcentrationdofdheavydmetalsdindthedliquiddphasedanddthedquantitydthat
disdbiosorbeddindthedbiosorbentdatdconstantdtemperaturedanddpH.d(Esmaeilid&dAghababaid
Beni,d2015).dBydsupplyingdconstantdvalues,dthedadsorptiondisothermdconveysdbiosorbent
dsurfacedpropertiesdandddemonstratesdtheddependencydofdbiosorbent-
surfacedbiosorbentd(Hasandetdal.,d2016).dThedexaminationdofdadsorptiondisothermsdforde
achdbiosorptiondprocessdisdonedofdthedcriteriaduseddtodcomparedthedquantitydofdbiosorpt
ionsd(Nayakdetdal.,d2017)dBecausedtheydaredthedbestdmodelsdfordpredictingdexperimenta
ldequilibriumdbiosorptionddata,dthedLangmuirdanddFreundlichdisothermdmodelsdhavedbee
nduseddindthedbulkdofdscholarlydresearchdondadsorptiond(Gomez-
Gonzalezdetdal.,d2016).dAccordingdtodMartn-
Laradetdal.d(2016),dbiosorptiondisothermsdbaseddondiondcompetitiondfordbiosorptiondare
dclassifieddintodtwodtypes:d(a)dcompetitivedisothermsdrelateddonlydtodsingledisothermdpa
rameters:dcompetitivedLangmuirdmodeldordcompetitivedFreundlichdmodeld(oftendcalledd
ExtendeddLangmuirdordFreundlichdmodel),dandd(b)dcompetitivedisothermsdrelateddtodsin
gledisothermdparametersdanddcorrectiondfactors:dcompetitivedmodifieddLaplacedmodel.

4.1dLANGMUIRdISOTHERM

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 Indmostdarticles,dthedLangmuirdisothermd(Dudetdal.,d2016)dhasdfitdthedabsorption
dexperimentalddatadwithdadstrongdcorrelationdcoefficient,dR2d>d0.99.dWithdtwodparamet
ers,dthedLangmuirdisothermdmodeldassumeddthatdthedbiosorbentdsurfacedisdhomogeneous
danddthatdbiosorptiondoccursdindadsingledsurfacedlayerd(Abdelfattahdetdal.,d2016).dAdso
rbeddionsddodnotdinteractdwithdeachdotherd(Lidetdal.,d2017).dBiosorptiondisdhomogenou
sdanddalldactivedsitesdaredequald(Suzakidetdal.,d2017).dEqs.d(1)dandd(2)d(Esmaeilid&dB
eni,d2015)dshowdthednonlineardanddlineardformsdofdthedLangmuirdisotherm:

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 d𝑏d𝐶𝑒
𝑞𝑒 =d ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
1+d𝑏𝐶𝑒

𝐶𝑒 1 𝐶
d=d𝑏d𝑞 d+dd𝑞 𝑒 ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
𝑞𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥

ddddddddddddddddddddd(2)

whered𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 d(𝑚𝑔. 𝑔−1 )disdthedmaximumdbiosorptiondcapacitydandd(𝐿. 𝑚𝑔−1 )disd

thedLangmuirdconstantsdfordenergy.dThedLangmuirdisothermdmodeld(B.dWangdetdal.,d20
17)disduseddtoddefinedtheddimensionlessdfactord𝑅𝐿 dindicateddindEq.d(3):
1
𝑅𝐿 =d1+d𝐾 dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
𝐿 𝐶0

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(3)

whered𝐶0 dddenotesdthedinitialdconcentrationdofdbiosorbated(𝑚𝑔. 𝐿−1 )andd𝐾𝐿 ddeno

tesdthedLangmuirdconstantd(𝐿. 𝑚𝑔−1 )d(Esmaeilid&dAghababaidBeni,d2015).d𝑅𝐿 dspecifies
dwhetherdbiosorptiondisdunfavourabled(𝑅𝐿 d>d1),dlineard(𝑅𝐿 d=d1),dfavourabled(0d<d𝑅𝐿 d<
d1),dordirreversibled(𝑅𝐿 d=d0).d(Esmaeilid&dBeni,d2015).dThisdmodeldisduseddfordsingle
dsystemsdwithdonedmetaldion,dhoweverdthedfollowingdequationd(4)d(Shidetdal.,d2015)dis
dutiliseddfordbinarydsystemsdordmore,dindwhichdionsdcompete:

𝑞 𝐾𝐿.𝑖 (𝐶𝑒.𝑖 )
𝑞𝑒.𝑖 =d1+∑𝑚.𝑖
𝑁 dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
𝑗=1 𝐾𝐿.𝑗 (𝐶𝑒.𝑗 )d

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(4)

whered𝑞𝑒.𝑖 d(𝑚𝑔. 𝑔−1 )dfordidmixturedofdthedionsdatdequilibriumdconcentration,d

𝐶𝑒.𝑖 d(𝑚𝑔. 𝐿−1 )andd𝑞𝑚.𝑖 ,dmaximumdbiosorptiondcapacitydfordidmixturedofdthedionsd
(𝑚𝑔. 𝑔−1 ),dandd𝐾𝐿.𝑖 dLangmuirdisothermdconstantdfordmixturedidofdthedions.djd=dnumbe

9
rdofdthedcomponentdindthedsolutiond(Shidetdal.,d2015).dMartn-
Laradetdal.d(2016)draiseddandobjectiondtodthedLangmuirdmodeldfordadbinarydsystemdsin
cedactivedsitesdindmulti-
metaldsystemsdaredunlikelydtodbedhomogeneous,dwhichdcontradictsdLangmuir'sdbasicdpre
mise.dAsdadresult,dthedvaluesdobtaineddfromdthisdmodeldaredexaggeratedd(Putrodetdal.,d
2017).dTheredaredthreedprobabledimpactsdindmulti-
metaldbiosorptiondsystems:d(1)dSynergismd(𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 /𝑄0 d>d1):dtotaldmetals’deffectdindsolutio
ndisdgreaterdthandthedeffectdofdonedmetal.d(2)dAntagonismd(𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 /𝑄0 d<d1):dtotaldmetals’
deffectdindsolutiondisdlessdthandthedeffectdofdonedmetal.d(3)dNon-
interactiond(𝑄𝑚𝑖𝑥 /𝑄0 =d1):dtotaldmetals’deffectdindsolutiondisdequaldtodthedeffectdofdoned
metald(B.dWangdetdal.,d2017).dThedLangmuirdisothermdmodeldappearsdtodhavedsucceed
eddinddescribingdbiosorptiondprocessesdforddeterminingdmaximumdbiosorptiondcapacity,d
butditdisdlimiteddbydsomedwell-
establisheddprinciples:dactivedsitesdaredonlydfounddondbiosorbentdsurfaces,danddmetaldio
ndbiosorptiondondthedactivedsitedfollowsdadstoichiometricdrelationship.dFurthermore,dbios
orptiondresultsdindthedcreationdofdadsingledlayer,danddmetaldiondbiosorptiondondthedacti
vedsitedisdunaffecteddbydadditionaldconnectionsdondnearbydsitesd(Luttsdetdal.,d2016).

4.2dFREUNDLICHdISOTHERM

Asdandexperiment,dFreundlich'sdisothermdmodeld(Farnanedetdal.,d2017)dwasdcreat
ed.dItdwasdlaterdpresenteddasdadmultilayerdbiosorptiondisothermdmodeld(Barquilhadetdal.
,d2017).dThedbiosorbentdsurfacedisdheterozygousd(Lidetdal.,d2017),danddthedenergydofdt
hedactivedsitedondthedbiosorbentdsurfacedvariesd(Abdelfattahdetdal.,d2016).dThedFreundli
chdisothermdrepresentsdmultilayerdbiosorptiondwithdintermoleculardinteractionsd(Rajamoh
andanddRajasimman,d2015).dIndotherdwords,dthedheatddistributiondofdbiosorptiondanddaf
finitiesdisdnon-
uniformdindthisdmodel.dIndotherdwords,dthedheatddistributiondofdbiosorptiondanddaffiniti
esdisdnon-
uniformdindthisdmodeld(Tounsadidetdal.,d2015).dFurthermore,dindthisdmodel,dwhichdisdd
escribeddatdthedsaturationdpoint,dmetaldionsdaredspreaddacrossdthedsoliddanddliquiddphas
esd(P.detdal.,d2017).dEquationsd(5)dandd(6)d(Esmaeilid&dAghababaidBeni,d2015)dshowdt
hedFreundlichdisotherm:

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 1/𝑛
𝑞𝑒 =dd𝐾𝐹 𝐶𝑒 ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(5)

𝐶 1
log 𝑞𝑒 =d(1-d𝑛 d) log 𝐶𝑒 d-
𝑒

dlog 𝑘𝑓 ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(6)

ThedfollowingdFreundlichdisothermdequationdisdpresenteddfordmulti-
metaldsystemsd(Hajahmadidetdal.,d2015):

1/𝑛
𝑞𝑒 =d𝐾𝐹𝑖 ∑𝑚 𝑖
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑒𝑖 ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd

ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd(7)

whered𝐾𝐹 d(mg/g)danddndaredthedFreundlichdconstantsdfordtemperaturedanddsorbe
ntdintensity,drespectivelyd(Esmaeilid&dBeni,d2015).dThedFreundlichdmodeldisduseddtodcl
eandthedphysicaldanddchemicaldsorptiondresponsedprocessesd(Esmaeilid&dBeni,d2015).d
AccordingdtodTreybal,dvaluesdnd>d1dindicatedthatdthedFreundlichdisothermdbiosorptiond
conditiondisdfavourabled(Ojedokund&dBello,d2016),dNonetheless,dbiosorptiondwasdmostd
likelydadminordissued(Tounsadidetdal.,d2015).dBiosorptiondisdminimaldifdndisdlessdthand
one,danddlineardifdndequalsdoned(Ojedokund&dBello,d2016).

5.0dBIOSORPTIONdAPPLICATIONS,dTRENDSdANDdPERSPECTIVES

Currently,dadvarietydofdbiosorbentsdhavedbeendsuccessfullydemployeddtodremove
dmetaldanddmetalloiddcontaminantsdfromdthedenvironment,dwithdgenerallydhighdcontami
nantdremovaldpercentagesdanddbiosorptiondcapacities.dMicroorganisms,dagriculturaldwaste
s,danddplantdderivatives,dwhichdaredcommonlyduseddinddecontaminationdprocesses,dwilld
beduseddasdbiosorbentsdindthedfuturedduedtodthednumerousdbenefitsdtheydhaveddemonstr
ated,dincludingdlowdmaterialdcost,dbiodegradability,dreutilizationdfordmultipledbiosorption

11
–
desorptiondcycles,danddthedabilitydtoddevelopdenvironmentallydfriendlydprocesses.dThedf
astdusedofdnanotechnologydindadrangedofddisciplines,dondthedotherdhand,disdleadingdindt
hedrapiddproductiondofdnoveldnanomaterialsdanddnanoparticlesdwithddistinctdphysicaldch
emicaldproperties.dThisdopensdtheddoordtoddevelopingdnoveldbiosorptiondmaterialsdbydc
ombiningdnanomaterialsdwithdbiomassd(microorganisms,dbacteria,dfungi,danddsodon)dord
bydfunctionalizingdtheirdsurfacesdwithdselecteddbiomolecules,dwhichdcoulddprovidedincre
aseddretentiondcapacity,dphysicaldanddchemicaldstability,danddremarkabledadvantagesd(e.
g.,dmagneticdseparation)dfordmoredefficientdanddstraightforwarddapplicationdofdthesednov
eldbio-nanohybridsdmaterialsdindthedfuture.dThesedwell-
knowndadvantagesdmaydresultdindthedpartialdreplacementdofdstandarddbiosorptiondmateri
alsdwithdbio-nanohybriddmaterialsdindthedneardfuture.

Furthermore,donedofdthedfundamentalddisadvantagesdofdtypicaldbiosorbentsdisdthe
irdlackdofdselectivitydfordadparticulardmetaldor,dworse,dadspecificdchemicaldspeciesdofda
ndelement.dAsdadresult,dtheredisdadtrenddtowarddtheddevelopmentdofdnewdbiomaterialsd
capabledofdmitigatingdtheseddisadvantages.dIndadditiondtodnanotechnology,dgeneticdengin
eeringdwilldcontinuedtodplaydandimportantdroledindbiosorption-
basedddecontaminationdbecausedchangeddcellsdcandacceleratedcontaminantdremoval,dincr
easedbiosorptiondcapacity,danddenhancedbiosorbentdselectivitydtowarddcertaindmetalsdand
dmetalloids.dAsdadresult,ditdisdexpecteddthatdnewdanddbetterdbiosorptiondmaterialsdwoul
ddprogressivelydemergedindthedliteraturedoverdtime.

6.0dCONCLUSION

Biosorptiondresearchdhasdshowndthedprocess'sdcomplexities,dreliancedondphysicoc
hemicaldanddbiologicaldfactors,danddthedmysterydsurroundingdthedmechanismsdinvolved.
dBiosorptiondhasdnotdbeenddemonstrateddtodbedfinanciallydfeasible,dandditsdtraditionaldf
unctiondasdadlow-
12
cost,denvironmentallydfriendlydpollutiondtreatmentdtechniquedshoulddbedrevisited.dTheda
pplicationdofdphysicochemicaldanddbioticdtreatmentsdtodimprovedbiosorptiond(capacity,ds
electivity,dkinetics,danddre-
use)draisesdcostsdanddraisesdenvironmentaldissues.dFurtherdresearchdintodotherdapplicatio
ns,dsuchdasdorganicsdremoval,dpharmaceuticaldrecovery,dessentialdmetalsdanddelementsdr
ecovery,danddtheddevelopmentdofdenhanceddfeeddadditivesdanddfertilisers,dshoulddbeddir
ecteddbydrealisticdmarketdanddeconomicdconcerns.

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